Alex’s Advanced Journey: Mastering SAP Finance
and Controlling (FICO) with Essential T-Codes
In our previous blog, Alex started his adventure into the world of SAP. Now, with a solid
grasp of the basics, Alex is ready to deepen his expertise in the SAP FICO (Finance and
Controlling) module. This continuation of his journey dives into real-world scenarios where
Alex learns the most crucial SAP T-Codes to manage financial transactions, control costs,
and generate critical reports.
With the guidance of his mentor Mia, an experienced SAP consultant, Alex explores the
technical details of FICO, mastering key transaction codes along the way.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Core of SAP Financial
Accounting (FI)
The first stop on Alex’s learning path is Financial Accounting (FI), where he manages the
company’s financial transactions and prepares financial statements. Mia introduces Alex
to the backbone of financial accounting—the General Ledger (G/L).
1.1 General Ledger (G/L): Recording Every Financial Movement
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Alex quickly learns that the General Ledger is where all the company’s financial
transactions are recorded. Every purchase, payment, and sale must flow through the G/L.
Real Example: The company recently bought $10,000 worth of raw materials. Alex is
tasked with viewing this transaction in the system.
• T-Code FB03: Mia shows Alex how to use FB03 to view the document posted in the
General Ledger. This code allows him to check the details of the purchase—such as
the vendor, amount, and associated G/L accounts.
• T-Code FS00: Next, Mia explains how to create a new G/L account using FS00. For
example, if the company introduces a new line of products, Alex can set up a
dedicated G/L account for tracking those specific expenses.
After viewing and understanding these entries, Mia explains, "The General Ledger is like the
financial diary of the company, and using FB03, you can always go back and check any
entry."
1.2 Accounts Payable (AP): Managing Vendor Payments
Efficiently
Now that Alex understands how financial documents are recorded, Mia introduces him to
Accounts Payable (AP). This module handles the company’s obligations to vendors—
ensuring bills are paid on time.
Real Example: The company received a $25,000 invoice from a vendor for materials. Alex
must post the invoice and manage the payment.
• T-Code FB60: Alex uses FB60 to post the vendor’s invoice. He enters details such
as the invoice amount, vendor name, and relevant G/L accounts. The system
automatically reflects this entry in the company’s financial records.
• T-Code F-53: After the invoice is posted, Alex uses F-53 to manually process the
payment. This T-Code lets him enter the payment method and update the vendor’s
account, confirming the company has settled the debt.
• T-Code F110: Mia then introduces F110, a game-changer for processing bulk
payments. With this tool, Alex schedules automatic payments for multiple vendors,
making sure that no payment is missed during busy periods.
1.3 Accounts Receivable (AR): Tracking Incoming Payments
After working with vendors, Alex turns his attention to Accounts Receivable (AR), where
the company tracks money that is owed by customers.
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Real Example: The company sold $40,000 worth of products to a client. Alex needs to
ensure the payment is properly recorded.
• T-Code F-28: Alex uses F-28 to post incoming payments from the customer. This
transaction code links the payment to the relevant invoice, updating both the
customer’s balance and the company’s cash account.
• T-Code FBL5N: To monitor outstanding customer payments, Alex uses FBL5N. This
T-Code provides a detailed display of all customer line items, helping Alex keep an
eye on overdue accounts.
Mia explains, "In AR, you don’t just post payments. You need to track who owes what, and
FBL5N is where you’ll manage that."
1.4 Asset Accounting: Managing the Company’s Investments
With the company growing, Alex is introduced to Asset Accounting. This module tracks
long-term investments, such as machinery or office buildings, and calculates
depreciation.
Real Example: The company recently purchased a new delivery truck for $50,000. Alex
needs to record the asset and set up depreciation.
• T-Code AS01: Using AS01, Alex creates an entry for the new truck. He records its
acquisition cost, asset category (Vehicle), and other details. This ensures that the
company can track the truck’s depreciation over time.
• T-Code AW01N: Mia also shows Alex AW01N, which allows him to explore and view
asset information. "It’s where you get a detailed snapshot of any asset, from
acquisition to current value," she says.
Chapter 2: Exploring SAP Controlling (CO)
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After mastering financial accounting, Alex dives into SAP Controlling (CO), which helps
the company manage internal costs and improve profitability.
2.1 Cost Center Accounting: Monitoring Departmental Expenses
Cost centers allow Alex to track expenses for different departments. Mia explains that
each department has its own cost center to manage its budget.
Real Example: The IT department has spent $15,000 on software licenses. Alex needs to
record these costs.
• T-Code KS01: Alex creates a cost center called “IT Department” using KS01. Now,
all IT-related expenses will be allocated to this center, making it easier for
management to monitor spending.
• T-Code KSB1: To analyze the expenses, Alex uses KSB1, which displays all line
items posted to the cost center. This detailed view allows Alex to track individual
costs within the IT department.
2.2 Profit Center Accounting: Understanding Revenue
Generation
Profit centers help the company track profitability for different business units or product
lines. Alex’s company operates two main divisions: "Consumer Electronics" and "Home
Appliances."
Real Example: To track each division’s performance, Alex creates profit centers.
• T-Code KE51: Alex uses KE51 to create profit centers for both "Consumer
Electronics" and "Home Appliances." Now, any revenue and expenses related to
these divisions will be tracked separately, allowing management to compare their
profitability.
2.3 Internal Orders: Tracking Special Projects
Internal orders allow companies to manage costs for specific projects, such as
construction or marketing campaigns.
Real Example: The company is organizing a $20,000 marketing campaign, and Alex needs
to track all related expenses.
• T-Code KO01: Alex creates an internal order using KO01. This order will accumulate
all costs related to the campaign, allowing the finance team to track the project’s
budget and prevent overspending.
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• T-Code KO88: When the project is complete, Alex uses KO88 to settle the internal
order. This ensures that all costs are assigned to the appropriate cost centers and
profit centers.
2.4 Cost Allocations: Distributing Shared Costs
Often, costs like rent or utilities need to be shared across multiple departments. Alex
learns how to distribute these shared costs using Cost Allocations.
Real Example: The company’s $30,000 office rent needs to be allocated between the
Marketing and Sales departments based on the floor space they occupy.
• T-Code KSU5: Alex uses KSU5 to allocate rent costs between the two departments.
The T-Code distributes the shared cost based on predefined criteria, ensuring each
department pays its fair share.
Chapter 3: Integrating FI and CO for Comprehensive
Financial Management
Alex discovers that FI and CO are deeply integrated, ensuring financial transactions
recorded in FI reflect accurately in CO.
Real Example: When Alex posted the $25,000 vendor invoice in FB60 (Accounts Payable),
the system automatically updated the relevant cost center in CO, linking the expense to
the appropriate department. This integration ensures that both financial accounting and
internal cost tracking are aligned.
Chapter 4: Reporting and Analysis in SAP FICO
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Mia emphasizes that while posting transactions is critical, generating reports is where true
financial analysis happens.
4.1 Financial Statements
• T-Code F.01: Alex uses F.01 to generate the company's balance sheet and income
statement. These reports give management a high-level overview of the company’s
financial performance.
4.2 Profitability Analysis (CO-PA)
• T-Code KE30: Alex runs profitability analysis reports using KE30. These reports
allow him to break down revenue, costs, and profit by product line, giving the
company valuable insights into its most profitable products.
Chapter 5: Year-End Closing – A Critical Milestone
As the fiscal year comes to an end, Alex learns about the Year-End Closing process,
ensuring the books are ready for the next year.
• T-Code F.07: Alex uses F.07 to carry forward account balances to the new fiscal
year, ensuring that all transactions from the previous year are finalized.
• T-Code AJAB: Alex completes the year-end closing for asset accounting using AJAB,
which ensures that all asset transactions are properly closed, and the system is
ready for the next year.
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FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions About SAP FICO
1. What is the difference between SAP FI and SAP CO?
o SAP FI (Financial Accounting) focuses on external financial reporting, like
balance sheets and income statements, while SAP CO (Controlling) is
concerned with internal cost management, profitability analysis, and budget
control.
2. What does the T-Code FB03 do in SAP?
o FB03 is used to display a financial document that has already been posted in
the system. It provides a detailed view of the document, including line items,
amounts, and G/L accounts.
3. What is the role of T-Code F110 in Accounts Payable?
o F110 automates the payment process for multiple vendors. It’s used for
scheduling and processing bulk payments, ensuring timely vendor payments
without manual effort for each transaction.
4. What is a cost center in SAP CO, and how do you create one?
o A Cost Center in SAP CO is used to track expenses for a specific department
or function. You can create a cost center using T-Code KS01, assigning it to
a particular department or activity within the company.
5. How does SAP integrate FI and CO modules?
o SAP integrates FI and CO to ensure seamless financial and cost data flow.
For example, when a financial transaction is posted in FI (like a vendor
payment), it simultaneously updates the cost center or profit center in CO,
ensuring both modules are in sync.
6. What are internal orders, and how are they managed in SAP CO?
o Internal Orders are used to track costs related to specific short-term
projects or tasks. You can create and manage internal orders using T-Code
KO01 and settle them using KO88 to ensure costs are accurately allocated
at project completion.
