Tuesday, March 7, 2023
History Term 2 Review
The Council of the Indies
- The Council of the Indies was set up by the Crown of Spain.
- It had supreme control over all the colonies in the New World in all matters of administration:
civil, military, commercial and even ecclesiastical (Religion).
Vice Royalty
- Spain divided the New World into viceroyalties.
- Each viceroyalty was headed by a viceroy, appointed from Spain and responsible to the king
through the Council of the Indies.
1. Vice Royalty of New Spain
2. Vice Royalty of New Greneda
A. Audiencia of Bogota
B. Audiencia of Quito
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3. Vice Royalty of Peru
A. Audiencia of Lima
B. Audiencia of Cuzco
C. Audiencia of Santiago
4. Vice Royalty of La Plata
A. Audiencia of Caracas
B. Audiencia of Buenos Aires
Cabildo
- A cabildo was municipal council that governed the people.
- The cabildo was the backbone of the administration throughout the Spanish empire.
- The municipal council was not only the town , but also the surrounding country.
- The members of a cabildo were known as the regidores.
Why was the Spanish System so slow?
- The Spanish System was so slow because there was too much authority to pass things
through.
Breaking the Spanish Monopoly in the New World
• Catholic- Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese
• Protestant- English, Dutch
People/ Things they used to break the Spanish Monopoly are:
1. Pirates- rob at sea, any ship, rob for themselves
2. Privateers- sea robbers (French), have special permission from government (Letters of
Marque)
3. Smugglers- bring goods into country without granted permission (Portuguese were the
biggest smugglers)
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4. Buccaneers- type of pirates, only rob in the Caribbean area, got their name from the way
they smoked their meat.
Buccaneers
- Buccaneers were French, English or Dutch sea adventurer who hunted chiefly the Caribbean
and Pacific seaboard of South America, preying in Spanish settlements and shipping during
the second half of the 17th century.
- Buccaneer comes from the French toucan, a grill for smoking or drying of meat for the use in
their ships at sea.
Privateers
- Privateer was a privately owned armed vessel commissioned by their state to attack enemy
ships usually vessels of commerce (trade)
- Privateering was carried out by all nations until the 19th century.
- Letters of Marque were given to French Privateers.
Clauses of the Agreement on the island of St. Kitts
• The English would take the middle section of the island and the French would take to
ends.
• Fishponds and sultans would be shared.
• The English and French settlers would keep peace with their mother countries were at war.
• The English and French would unite against a common enemy.
Western Design
- The Western Design is a plan to rob the Spaniards by the English of their Empire in the
Western Hemisphere.
Proprietary System
- The Proprietary System is a system run by a proprietor- the owner of a land, who undertook
the land’s economical and agricultural duties.
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- The English started their colonies under the Proprietary System because they didn’t want to
take a risk and go on adventures that wouldn’t make money.
Which famous place was discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh?
- Sir Walter Raleigh discovered Pitch Lake in Trinidad.
Colonies
- A colony wads a country under control of another country.
- The colony that was very important to the French was Haiti.
- The colonies that were first settled by the English were St. Kitts, Barbados and Nevis.
The French colonies
- St. Kitts was colonized by Bothe French and English.
- St. Domingue was the name given to Haiti by the French.
- The three islands which were settled by the French are St. Kitts, Guadeloupe and Martinique.
- The island which was of economic importance to France is Haiti.
- The two persons who started colonies on St. Kitts are:
1. Pierre D’ Ensambuc- French
2. Thomas Warner- English
The Dutch in the Americas
- Netherlands means Low Countries.
- Two countries which are known as Netherlands are Holland and Belgium.
- The Dutch were experts in building seawalls and dykes.
- The Dutch colonies in the Caribbean are Curacao, Bonaire, Aruba, Saba, St. Martin and St.
Eustatius.
- New York was previously known as New Amsterdam.
- The Dutch wetter famous for setting up sugar industries.
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Brazilian Settlements
- Two Brazilian settlements which were temporary captured by the Dutch are Recife and
Bahia.
- Bandaleiros were raiders.
- Mamalucos are persons of Indian and Portuguese descent.
- The mezitizos were mixed people.
- Brazil’s old capital was Rio de Jeneiro.
- The name of Brazil’s current capital is Brasilia.
- Brazil got its name from Brazil- wood.
The Sugar Revolution
- The Sugar Revolution is the complete change from tobacco to sugar as a cash crop.
- The planting of sugar in the colonies in the Caribbean caused drastic changes.
- Causes for the Sugar Revolution are:
1. The decline of tobacco as the main economic crop because of the competition from
Virginia in the USA.
2. The was a rise in demand for sugar in Europe because coffee and tea were becoming
popular.
- The changes that came with Sugar Revolution are:
I. Land Tenure
II. The price of Land
III. Population Changes
IV. Tobacco was only a cash crop
V. Monoculture
VI. A stratified society
VII. Absenteeism
Land Tenure
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- The size of land holdings changed.
- Tobacco had been drowned by small planters or smallholdings.
- Sugar could only be grown economically on large estates.
Price of Land
- The price of land leapt up as much as thirty times. For example a parcel of land of about four
hectares had bee sold for 25 pounds in 1630 which gave a price of 6 pounds per hectare.
During the Sugar Revolution the price was 80 pounds per hectare.
Population Changes
- Population changed from one that was mainly white to one that was mainly black because of
the introduction of African slaves.
Monoculture
- The concentration on the cultivation of a single crop.
- This was a dangerous foundation for their economies and would eventually lead to much
distress.
Absenteeism
- The sugar revolution brought the practice of absenteeism (owning land in one country but
live in another).
Stratification
- Society changed from over 90 percent free before the sugar revolution to being over 90
percent slave after it.
- Free meant white while slave meant black.
- The white were at the top of the society while the blacks were at the bottom.
- There were divisions amongst the slaves. Divisions based on occupations: domestic artisan,
factory worker, field.
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List the changes under these headings
1. Physical- Land Tenure
2. Economical- Price of Land, Monoculture
3. Social- Population Changes, Stratification, Absenteeism
Who started the Triangular Trade?
- Thomas Warner started the Triangular Trade.
What is the Middle Passage?
- The middle Passage is the the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to
the West Indies.
