Drawing is a
manufacturing process
that uses tensile forces
to elongate metal,
glass, or plastic.
Drawing
Shallow Drawing
• Shallow drawing is a similar process to deep
drawing but involves forming parts where the
depth is less than or equal to the diameter.
• Key Features:
– Smaller depth compared to deep drawing.
– Less material deformation and generally easier to
achieve.
– Lower risk of defects such as wrinkling or tearing.
• Applications: Lids, shallow containers, cups, and
some automotive parts.
• Shallow drawing is a metal forming process
similar to deep drawing, but the key difference
is the depth of the part being formed. In
shallow drawing, the depth of the drawn
component is less than or equal to its
diameter. This process is widely used in the
manufacture of shallow or simple parts like
lids, trays, cups, or other shallow containers.
Process Overview
• Blank Preparation: The process begins with a flat sheet
metal blank, typically circular in shape. The material is
usually a ductile metal, such as aluminum, steel, or
copper, chosen for its ability to undergo plastic
deformation without cracking or tearing.
• Drawing Die and Punch: The blank is placed over a die
with a corresponding cavity shape. A punch then
presses down on the blank, forcing it into the die
cavity. In shallow drawing, the force applied is
sufficient to create a shallow, formed part but not
enough to result in deep shapes or significant depth-
to-diameter ratios.
• Material Flow: As the punch presses the material
into the die, the metal flows radially (inward) and
circumferentially (around the edges). Since
shallow drawing involves less depth, the flow of
material is more controlled, reducing the chances
of defects like wrinkling or tearing, which are
more common in deep drawing.
• Part Ejection: Once the material conforms to the
shape of the die, the punch retracts, and the
shallow-drawn part is removed from the die.
Ironing
• Ironing is a sheet metal process often used after deep
drawing, where the thickness of the walls of the drawn
part is reduced to create uniform thickness along the
length of the part.
• Key Features:
– Reduces wall thickness and increases the height of the part.
– Provides improved dimensional control and surface finish.
– Applied mainly to cylindrical parts like cans.
• Applications: Beverage cans, cartridge cases, and other
cylindrical components where uniform wall thickness is
important.
Deep
Drawing
Step 1: Calculate the Blank Size
•First, calculate the diameter of the blank required to form the desired cup
using the formula:
•where Dc is the final diameter of the cup and h is the height of the cup.
Step 2: Calculate the Drawing Force
• Once Db is obtained, use the following formula to calculate the drawing force
required to perform the deep drawing operation:
Fd = π Db t Y (0.7+μ)
•where:
•Db is the blank diameter from Step 1,
•t is the thickness of the blank,
•Y is the material’s yield strength,
•μ is the coefficient of friction between the blank and the die.
