INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 16134

First edition
2006-02-01

Earthquake- and subsidence-resistant

design of ductile iron pipelines
Conception de canalisations en fonte ductile résistant aux tremblements
de terre et aux affaissements

Reference number
ISO 16134:2006(E)

© ISO 2006
ISO 16134:2006(E)

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Earthquake-resistant design ............................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Seismic hazards to buried pipelines................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Qualitative design considerations ...................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Design procedure ................................................................................................................................. 2
3.4 Earthquake resistance calculations and safety checking ................................................................ 3
3.5 Calculation of earthquake resistance — Response displacement method.................................... 3
4 Design for ground deformation by earthquake ................................................................................. 6
4.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Evaluation of possibility of liquefaction............................................................................................. 6
4.3 Checking basic resistance................................................................................................................... 7
5 Design for ground subsidence in soft ground (e.g. reclaimed ground) ......................................... 7
5.1 Calculating ground subsidence .......................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Basic safety checking .......................................................................................................................... 7
6 Pipeline system design ........................................................................................................................ 8
6.1 Pipeline components............................................................................................................................ 8
6.2 Earthquake-resistant joints ................................................................................................................. 8
Annex A (informative) Example of earthquake resistance calculation......................................................... 9
Annex B (informative) Relationship between seismic intensity scales and ground surface
acceleration ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Annex C (informative) Example of calculation of liquefaction resistance coefficient value .................... 18
Annex D (informative) Checking pipeline resistance to ground deformation............................................ 23
Annex E (informative) Example of ground subsidence calculation ............................................................ 26
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 32

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 16134 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 5, Ferrous metal pipes and metallic fittings,
Subcommittee SC 2, Cast iron pipes, fittings and their joints.

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Introduction
Buried pipelines are often subjected to damage by earthquakes. It is therefore necessary to take earthquake
resistance into consideration, where applicable, in the design of the pipelines. In reclaimed ground and other
areas where ground subsidence is expected, the pipeline design must also take the subsidence into
consideration.

Even though ductile iron pipelines are generally considered to be earthquake-resistant, since their joints are
flexible and expand/contract according to the seismic motion to minimize the stress on the pipe body,
nevertheless there have been reports of the joints becoming disconnected by either a large quake motion or
major ground deformation such as liquefaction.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16134:2006(E)

Earthquake- and subsidence-resistant design of ductile iron

pipelines

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the design of earthquake- and subsidence-resistant ductile iron pipelines
suitable for use in areas where seismic activity and land subsidence can be expected. It provides a means of
determining and checking the resistance of buried pipelines and also gives example calculations. It is
applicable to ductile iron pipes and fittings with joints that have expansion/contraction and deflection
capabilities, used in pipelines buried underground.

2 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

2.1
burying
placing of pipes underground in a condition where they touch the soil directly

2.2
response displacement method
earthquake-resistant calculation method in which the underground pipeline structure is affected by the ground
displacement in its axial direction during an earthquake

2.3
liquefaction
phenomenon in which sandy ground rapidly loses its strength and rigidity due to repeated stress during an
earthquake, and where the whole ground behaves just like a liquid

2.4
earthquake-resistant joint
joint having slip-out resistance as well as expansion/contraction and deflection capabilities

3 Earthquake-resistant design

3.1 Seismic hazards to buried pipelines

In general, there are several main causes of seismic hazards to buried pipelines:

a) ground displacement and ground strain caused by seismic ground shaking;

b) ground deformation such as a ground surface crack, ground subsidence and lateral spread induced by
liquefaction;

c) relative displacement at the connecting part with the structure, etc.;

d) ground displacement and rupture along a fault zone.

Since ductile iron pipe has high tensile strength as well as the capacity for expansion/contraction and
deflection from its joint part, giving it the ability to follow the ground movement during the earthquake, the

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

stress generated on the pipe body is relatively small. Few ruptures of pipe body have occurred during
earthquakes in the past. It is therefore important to consider whether the pipeline can follow the ground
displacement and ground strain without slipping out of joint when considering its earthquake resistance. The
internal hydrodynamic surge pressures induced by seismic shaking are normally small enough not to be
considered.

3.2 Qualitative design considerations

3.2.1 General

To increase the resistance of ductile iron pipelines to seismic hazards, the following qualitative design
measures should be taken into consideration.
a) Provide pipelines with expansion/contraction and deflection capability.
EXAMPLE Use of shorter pipe segments, special joints or sleeves and anti-slip-out mechanisms according to
the anticipated intensity or nature of the earthquake.

b) Lay pipelines in a firm foundation.

c) Use smooth back fill materials.
NOTE Polyethylene sleeves and special coating are also effective in special cases.

d) Install more valves.

3.2.2 Where high earthquake resistance is needed

It is desirable to enhance the earthquake resistance of parts connecting the pipelines to structures and when
burying the pipes in
a) soft ground such as alluvium,

b) reclaimed ground,
c) filled ground,
d) suddenly changing soil types (geology) or topography,
e) sloping ground,

f) near revetments,
g) liquefied ground, and/or
h) near an active fault.

3.3 Design procedure

To ensure earthquake-resistant design for ductile iron pipelines:
a) select the piping route;
b) investigate the potential for earthquakes and ground movement;
c) assume probable earthquake motion (seismic intensity);
d) undertake earthquake-resistant calculation and safety checking;
e) select joints.

Solid/firm foundations should be chosen for the pipeline route.

When investigating earthquakes and ground conditions, take into account any previous earthquakes in the
area where the pipeline is to be laid.

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3.4 Earthquake resistance calculations and safety checking

When checking the resistance of pipelines to the effects of earthquakes, the calculation shall be carried out for
the condition in which the normal load (dead load and normal live load) is combined with the influence of the
earthquake.

The pipe body stress, expansion/contraction value of joint, and deflection angle of joint are calculated by the
response displacement method. Earthquake resistance is checked by comparing these values with their
respective allowable values. The basic criteria are given in Table 1.

A flowchart of earthquake resistance determination and safety checking is shown in Figure 1. The basic
equations only for earthquake resistance calculation are given in 3.5. A detailed example of calculation is
given in Annex A.

Table 1 — Basic earthquake resistance check criteria

Load condition Criterion

Pipe body stress u Allowable stress (proof stress) of ductile iron pipe
u Allowable expansion/contraction value of ductile
Load in earthquake motion Expansion/contraction value of joint
and normal load iron pipe joint
u Allowable deflection angle of ductile iron pipe
Deflection angle of joint
joint

3.5 Calculation of earthquake resistance — Response displacement method

3.5.1 General

This method shall be used except when the manufacturer and the customer agree on an alternative
recognized method.

3.5.2 Design earthquake motion

The design acceleration for different seismic intensity scales can be determined according to the relationship
between the several kinds of seismic intensity scales and the acceleration of ground surface, as given in
Annex B.

3.5.3 Horizontal displacement amplitude of ground

The horizontal displacement amplitude of the ground is calculated using Equation (1) (see Annex A):

2
TG x
Uh x a cos (1)
2 2H

where

Uh x is the horizontal displacement amplitude of the ground x m deep from the ground surface to the
centre line of the pipe, in metres (m);

x is the depth from the ground surface, in metres (m);

TG is the predominant period of the subsurface layer, in seconds (s);

a is the acceleration on the ground surface for design, in metres per second squared (m/s2);

H is the thickness of the subsurface layer, in metres (m).

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Figure 1 — Flowchart for calculation of earthquake resistance of buried pipelines

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3.5.4 Pipe body stress

Pipe body stress is calculated using Equations (2), (3) and (4).

Axial stress:

Uh x
L 1 1 E (2)
L
Bending stress:
2
2 D Uh x
B 2 2 E (3)
L2
Combined stress:

2 2
x 3,12 L B (4)

where

L, B are the axial stress and the bending stress, respectively, in pascals (Pa);

x is the combination of the axial and bending stresses, in pascals (Pa);

1 is the correction factor of axial stress in the case of expansion flexible joints;

2 is the correction factor of the bending stress in the case of expansion flexible joints;

1, 2 are the transfer coefficient of ground displacement in the pipe axis and pipe perpendicular
directions, respectively;

Uh x is the horizontal displacement amplitude of ground x m deep from the ground surface, in
metres (m);

L is the wavelength, in metres (m);

D is the outside diameter of the buried pipeline, in metres (m);

E is the elastic modulus of the buried pipeline, in pascals (Pa).

3.5.5 Expansion/contraction of joint in pipe axis direction

The amount of expansion/contraction of the joint in the pipe axis direction is calculated using Equation (5)
(see Annex A):

u G l (5)

where

u is the amount of expansion/contraction of the joint in the pipe axis direction, in metres (m);
Uh
G is the ground strain
L
L is the wavelength, in metres (m);

Uh is the horizontal displacement amplitude of ground x m deep from the ground surface, in metres (m);

l is the pipe length, in metres (m).

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

3.5.6 Joint deflection angle

The joint deflection angle is calculated using Equation (6) (see Annex A):
2
4 l Uh
(6)
2
L

where

is the joint deflection angle, in radians (rad);

l is the pipe length, in metres (m);

Uh is the horizontal displacement amplitude of ground x m deep from the ground surface, in metres (m);

L is the wavelength, in metres (m).

The above calculations, such as the amount of expansion/contraction of joint by the response displacement
method, are based on the assumption that the ground will deform uniformly. However, since strain can be
concentrated locally during an earthquake (due to the heterogeneity of the ground) and there is a possibility
that the value can be greater than the calculation result, a certain value of safety margin — for instance, twice
as much — is recommended.

4 Design for ground deformation by earthquake

4.1 General

Large-scale ground deformation such as ground cracks, ground subsidence and lateral displacement near
revetments and inclined ground can be generated by liquefaction during an earthquake. Since such ground
deformations can affect the buried pipeline, it is necessary to consider this possibility and to take it into
account in the pipeline design.

4.2 Evaluation of possibility of liquefaction

The possibility of liquefaction shall be evaluated for soil layers when the following conditions are present:

a) saturated soil layer u 25 m from the ground surface;

b) average grain diameter, D50, u 10 mm;

c) content by weight of small grain particles (with grain diameter u 0,075 mm) u 30 %.

The possibility of liquefaction can be evaluated by calculating the liquefaction resistance coefficient, FL, using
Equation (7):

FL R L (7)

where

R is the dynamic shear strength ratio indicating the resistance to liquefaction;

L is the ground shear stress ratio during an earthquake, which indicates the generated shear stress in
ground due to the earthquake.

When FL 1,0, the layer is considered to be liquefied.

A detailed example of the evaluation of liquefaction assessment is given in Annex C.

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4.3 Checking basic resistance

For ground deformation such as lateral displacement and ground subsidence induced by liquefaction, the
basic resistance of the pipeline shall be checked by observing whether it can absorb the ground movement by
the expansion/contraction and deflection of joints.

A detailed example of safety checking is given in Annex D.

5 Design for ground subsidence in soft ground (e.g. reclaimed ground)

5.1 Calculating ground subsidence

When burying pipes in soft ground, the amount of ground subsidence is estimated by calculating the
increased earth pressure at the bottom of the trench in considering the weight of pipes, the weight of water in
the pipes and the earth pressure of back-fill, using Equations (8), (9) and (10):

e0 e
c Hc (8)
1 e0

c mv P Hc (9)

Cc P P
c H c log (10)
1 e0 p

where

c is the consolidation settlement, in metres (m);

e0 is the initial void ratio of the undisturbed ground;

e is the void ratio after loading;

Hc is the thickness of consolidated layers, in metres (m);

mv is the volume change ratio of the soil (coefficient of volume compressibility), in square metres per
newton (m2/N);

Cc is the compression index of the soil;

P is the pre-load of the undisturbed ground, in newtons per square metre (N/m2);

P is the increased load, in newtons per square metre (N/m2), where

P I W (11)

I is the influence by depth value;

W is the increased load, in newtons per square metre (N/m2).

A detailed example of calculation of the amount of ground subsidence is shown in Annex E.

5.2 Basic safety checking

For ground subsidence in soft ground such as reclaimed ground, safety shall be checked by observing if the
pipeline can absorb the ground movement by expansion/contraction and deflection of the joints. This way of
safety checking is the same as for the ground deformation in the pipe perpendicular direction induced by
liquefaction, which is given in Annex D.

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

6 Pipeline system design

6.1 Pipeline components

According to the results of calculations for expansion/contraction, slip-out resistance, and joint deflection, the
pipeline system may be designed using the same joint for all pipes, or, alternatively, using a
range/combination of pipeline components. If necessary, pipeline system components may be classified
according to Table 2.

Table 2 — Classification of pipeline components

Parameter Class Component performance

S-1 1 % of L or more
Expansion/contraction
S-2 0,5 % to less than 1 % of L
performance
S-3 Less than 0,5 % of L
A 3 d kN or more
B 1,5 kN to less than 3 kN
Slip-out resistance
C 0,75 kN to less than 1,5 kN
D less than 0,75 d kN

M-1 15 or more
Joint deflection angle M-2 7,5 to 15
M-3 Less than 7,5
L is the component length, in millimetres (mm)
d is the nominal diameter of pipe, in millimetres (mm)

6.2 Earthquake-resistant joints

In cases where pipelines are to be laid in locations where ground deformation could be induced by liquefaction
during an earthquake, and where ground subsidence is anticipated in soft soil such as reclaimed ground, a
pipeline having earthquake-resistant joints with slip-out resistance, as well as an expansion/contraction and
deflection capability, should be used.

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Example of earthquake resistance calculation

A.1 General
This annex presents an example of the calculation of the earthquake resistance of a pipeline, specified in A.2.

A.2 Specifications and conditions

The example pipeline and conditions are the following.

a) Type of pipe: 500 mm nominal diameter ductile iron pipe (K-9 class)

b) Outside diameter of pipe: D 0,532 m

c) Standard thickness of pipe: t 0,009 m

d) Calculated thickness of pipe 1): t1 0,007 2 m( t 0,001 8)

e) Pipe length: l 6m

f) Soil covering above pipes: h 1,20 m

g) Unit weight of soil: t = 17 kN/m3

h) Elastic modulus of ductile cast iron: E = 1,6 108 kN/m2

i) Design acceleration on the ground surface: a 0,94 m/s2 (corresponding to Modified Mercalli scale
intensity of VII).

A. 3 Ground model
See Figure A.1.

A.4 Various values of pipe profiles

A.4.1 Cross-sectional area, Ar

This is calculated using Equation (A.1):

2 2
Ar D2 D 2 t1 0,532 2 0,532 2 0,007 2 1,187 10 2
m2 (A.1)
4 4
where
D is the outside diameter of pipe 0,532 m;
t1 is the calculated thickness of pipe 0,007 2 m.

1) The casting tolerance is subtracted from t.

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Dimensions in metres

Key
1 first layer (alluvium sandy soil) 6 thickness of subsurface layer
2 second layer (alluvium sandy soil) 7 ground surface
3 thickness of layer 8 bedrock surface
4 thickness of layer 9 diluvium sandy soil
5 soil covering

Figure A.1 — Ground model

A.4.2 Moment of inertia of area, I

This is calculated using Equation (A.2):

4 4
I D4 D 2 t1 0,532 4 0,532 2 0,007 2 4,087 10 4
m4 (A.2)
64 64

A.5 Pipe body stress, expansion/contraction and deflection angle of joint due to
earthquake motions

A.5.1 Calculation of seismic properties

A.5.1.1 Shear elastic wave velocity by layer

See Table A.1 for the shear elastic wave velocity and Table A.2 for the shear elastic wave velocity for different
types of soil with respect to the shearing strain of the ground.

A.5.1.2 Average shear elastic wave velocity of surface layer, VDS

This is calculated using Equation (A.3):

Hi 20,0
VDS 81,23 m/s (A.3)
Hi 0,154 0 0,092 2
Vs i

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Table A.1 — Shear elastic wave velocity

Layer Thickness of layer Hi Soil type N value a Average shear elastic wave velocity b Hi /Vsi
Vsi
m m/s s

12 61,8 N 0,211 61,8 3 0,211 0,154 0

First Alluvium sandy soil 3
( H1) 77,92 V s1 ( H1/Vs1)

8 61,8 N 0,211 61,8 5 0,211 0,092 2

Second Alluvium sandy soil 5
( H2) 86,79 Vs 2 ( H2/Vs2)

205 N 0,125 205 50 0,125

Bedrock — Diluvium sandy soil 50 —
334, 29 VBS

a The N value is derived from the standard penetration test defined in JIS A-1219, ASTM D-1586 and BS 1377 test 19, etc.
b Japan Water Works Association, Seismic Design and Construction Guidelines for Water Supply Facilities (1997).

Table A.2 — Velocity of ground shearing elastic wave

Vs
Soil type m/s
10 3 10 4 10 6

Clay 129 N 0,183 156 N 0,183 172 N 0,183

Diluvium
Sand 123 N 0,125 200 N 0,125 205 N 0,125
Clay 122 N 0,077 7 142 N 0,077 7 143 N 0,077 7
Alluvium
Sand 61,8 N 0,211 90 N 0,211 103 N 0,211
NOTE 1 10 3, 10 4 and 10 6 show the shearing strain of ground.
NOTE 2 Classified by composition ratio of sand and clay type soils.
NOTE 3 For the surface ground, use shearing strain of 10 3 level, and 10 6 for the bed rock.
NOTE 4 Table taken from Seismic Design and Construction Guidelines for Water Supply Facilities (1997), Japan Water Works
Association.

A.5.1.3 Predominant period of subsurface layer, TG

This is calculated using Equation (A.4):

TG 4 H i / Vsi 4 0,154 0 0,092 2 0,98 s (A.4)

A.5.1.4 Wavelength, L

This is calculated using Equation A.5:

L1 VDS TG 81,23 0,98 79,61m

L2 VBS TG 334,29 0,98 327,60 m

2 L1 L2 2 79,61 327,60
L 128,09 m (A.5)
L1 L2 79,61 327,60

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

where

VDS is the average shear elastic wave velocity of subsurface layer 81,23 m/s [Equation (A.3)];

VBS is the shear elastic wave velocity of bedrock 334,29 m/s (see Table A.1);

TG is the predominant period of subsurface layer 0,98 s [Equation (A.4)].

A.5.1.5 Apparent wavelength, L

This is calculated using Equation (A.6):

L 2 L 2 128,09 181,15 m (A.6)

where

L is the wavelength 128,09 m [Equation (A.5)].

A.5.2 Calculation

A.5.2.1 Horizontal displacement amplitude of ground, U h x

This is calculated using Equation (A.7):

2 2
TG x 0,98 1,47 2
Uh x a cos 0,94 cos 2,27 10 m (A.7)
2 2H 2 2 20
where

TG is the predominant period of subsurface layer 0,98 s [Equation (A.4)];

a is the design acceleration on the ground surface 0,94 m/s2 (corresponding to a Modified Mercalli
scale intensity of VII);

H is the thickness of the subsurface layer 20 m;

x is the depth of pipe centre h D / 2 1,20 0,532 2 1,47 m.

A.5.2.2 Ground strain in pipe axis direction, G

This is calculated using Equation (A.8):

Uh x 2,27 10 2
G 0,000 56 (A.8)
L 128,09

where

Uh x is the horizontal displacement amplitude of ground 2,27 10 2 m [Equation (A.7)];

L is the wavelength 128,09 m [Equation (A.5)].

A.5.2.3 Rigidity coefficient of ground, Kg1, Kg2

This is calculated using Equations (A.9) and (A.10):

17
K g1 C g1 t Vs12 1,5 77,92 2 1,58 10 4 kN/m 2 (A.9)
g 9,8
17
K g2 Cg2 t
V s12 3 77,92 2 3,16 10 4 kN/m 2 (A.10)
g 9,8

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where

t is the unit weight of soil 17 kN/m3;

g is the gravitational acceleration 9,8 m/s2;

Vs1 is the shear elastic wave velocity of subsurface layer (first layer) in pipeline
position 77,92 m/s (see Table A.1);

Cg1, Cg2 are the constants corresponding to the rigidity coefficient of layer per unit length in the pipe
axis and pipe perpendicular directions of buried pipelines, where Cg1 1,5 and Cg2 3.

A.5.2.4 Transfer coefficient of ground displacement, 1, 2

This is calculated using Equations (A.11) and (A.12):

1 1
1 0,873 (A.11)
2 8 2 2
E Ar 2 1,6 10 1,187 10 2
1 1
K g1 L 1,58 10 4 181,15

1 1
2 1,000 (A.12)
4 8 4 4
E I 2 1,6 10 4,087 10 2
1 1
K g2 L 3,16 10 4 128,09

where

Kg1 is the rigidity coefficient of ground in pipe axis direction 1,58 104 kN/m2 [Equation (A.9)];

Kg2 is the rigidity coefficient of ground in pipe perpendicular direction 3,16 104 kN/m2
[Equation (A.10)];

E is the elastic modulus of ductile cast iron 1,6 108 kN/m2;

Ar is the cross-sectional area of pipe 1,187 10 2 m2 [Equation (A.1)];

I is the moment of inertia of area 4,087 10 4 m4 [Equation (A.2)];

L' is the apparent wavelength 181,15 m [Equation (A.6)];

L is the wavelength 128,09 m [Equation (A.5)].

A. 5 . 2 . 5 Stress correction factor for pipelines with expansion-flexible joints, 1, 2

This is calculated as follows, with the results expressed by Equations (A.13) and (A.14):

2 2
1 1 2 exp v' 1 L' exp v' 1 L'

2 2
2 3 4

where

K g2 3,16 10 4
4 4 0,590 m
4 EI 4 1,6 10 8 4,087 10 4

v L 6 128,09 0,047

v L 6 181,15 0,03

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

l 2
3 128,09 0,023
L

l /2
3 181,15 0,017
L

K g1 1,58 10 4
1 4 0,091 2 / m
E Ar 1,6 10 8 1,187 10 2

C1 sin v L sinh v L 6,952

C2 sin v L cosh v L 6,963

C3 cos v L sinh v L 15,979

C4 cos v L cosh v L 16,006

e1 sin L sinh L 2,717

e2 sin L cosh L 2,89

e3 cos L sinh L 0,459

e4 cos L cosh L 0,488

C3 C2 C3 C2 2C12 303,506

1 2
f1 C1 C 4 C1 C3 C3 C2 C1 cos 2 C3 C2 sin 2 0,103 36
L

1 2
f2 C1 C 3 C2 C4 C3 C2 C3 C2 cos 2 C1 sin 2 1,076 25
L

1 2
f3 C1 C 4 C1 C2 C3 C2 C1 cos 2 C3 C2 sin 2 0,020 22
L

1 2
f4 C3 C4 C1 C2 C4 C1 C2 C3 cos 2 2 C1 sin 2 0,098 92
L

1 2
f5 C3 C2 2
2 C1 C 4 2 C1 cos 2 C2 C3 sin 2 1,044 2
L

1 exp 1 L cos 2 exp 1 L exp 1 L cos 2 exp 1 L

2 sinh v 1 L cos 2 0,046 61

2 2 sin 2 v sinh 1 L 2 sin 2 sinh v 1 L 0,004 9

3 f 3 e3 f1 e2 f 4 e1 sin 2 0,104 79

4 e4 f 2 e3 f 2 e2 f 5 e1 cos 2 0,710 31

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l is the length between expansion flexible joints 6 m, equivalent to pipe length;

Kg2 is the rigidity coefficient of the ground in the pipe perpendicular direction
3,16 104 kN/m 2 [Equation (A.10)];

E is the elastic modulus of ductile cast iron 1,6 108 kN/m 2;

I is the moment of inertia of area 4,087 10 4 m4 [Equation (A.2)];

L is the wavelength 128,09 m [Equation (A.5)];

L' is the apparent wavelength 181,15 m [Equation (A.6)];

Kg1 is the rigidity coefficient of ground in the pipe axis direction 1,58 104 kN/m 2 [Equation (A.9)];

Ar is the cross-sectional area of pipe 1,187 10 2 m2 [Equation (A.1)].

Consequently,

1 0,041 02 (A.13)

2 0,718
(A.14)

A.5.2.6 Pipe body stress, L, B, x

This is calculated using Equations (A.15) to (A.17):

Axial stress:

Uh x 0,022 7
L 1 1 E 0,041 02 0,873 1,6 10 8 kN/m 2
L 128,09
3,19 10 kN/m 2
3
3,19 MPa (A.15)

Bending stress

2
2 D Uh x 2 2
0,532 0,022 7
B 2 2 E 0,718 1,000 1,6 10 8 kN/m 2
2
L 128,09 2
1,67 10 3 kN/m 2 1,67 MPa (A.16)

Combined stress

2 2
x 3,12 L B 3,12 3,19 2 1,67 2 5,88 MPa (A.17)

where

1 is the transfer coefficient of ground displacement in the pipe axis direction 0,873
[Equation (A.11)];

2 is the transfer coefficient of ground displacement in the pipe perpendicular direction 1,000
[Equation (A.12)];

Uh(x) is the horizontal displacement amplitude of the ground 2,27 10 2m [Equation (A.7)];

L is the wavelength 128,09 m [Equation (A.5)];

D is the outside diameter of pipe 0,532 m;

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

E is the elastic modulus of ductile cast iron 1,6 108 kN/m 2;

1 is the correction factor of axial stress when there are expansion flexible joints 0,041 02
[Equation (A.13)];

2 is the correction factor of bending stress when there are expansion flexible joints 0,718
[Equation (A.14)].

A.5.2.7 Amount of expansion/contraction of joint in pipe axis direction, u

This is calculated using Equation (A.18):

u G 0,000 56 6 0,003 36 m (A.18)

where

G is the ground strain in pipe axis direction 0,000 56 [Equation (A.8)];

l is the length between expansion flexible joints 6 m, equivalent to the pipe length.

A.5.2.8 Deflection angle of joint,

This is calculated using Equation (A.19):

2
4 l Uh x 4 2
6 0,022 7
0,000 328 rad 0 1' 08" (A.19)
2
L 128,09 2

where

l is the length between expansion flexible joints 6 m, equivalent to pipe length;

Uh(x) is the horizontal displacement amplitude of ground 2,27 10 2m [Equation (A.7)];

L is the wavelength 128,09 m [Equation (A.5)].

A.6 Summary of calculation results

Table A.3 shows the calculation results.

Table A.3 — Calculation results

Pipe body stress (MPa) 5,88

Amount of expansion/contraction of joint (mm) 3,36
Deflection angle of joint 0° 1' 08"

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Annex B
(informative)

Relationship between seismic intensity scales and ground surface

acceleration

The Richter scale, the magnitude scale of earthquake size at the epicentre, is essentially different from
seismic intensity scales such as the Modified Mercalli, JMA and MSK scales, which are measures of ground
shaking at a particular site. See Figure B.1.

NOTE The relationship between the JMA, MSK and Modified Mercalli scales and acceleration is taken from [5]; that
between the Richter and Modified Mercalli scales is taken from [6], given for locations near the earthquake epicentre.

Key
1 acceleration, , m/s2
2 JMA scale
3 MSK scale
4 Modified Mercalli scale
5 Richter scale

Figure B.1 — Relationship between seismic intensity scales and ground surface acceleration

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Annex C
(informative)

Example of calculation of liquefaction resistance coefficient value

C.1 General
This annex presents an example calculation of the liquefaction resistance coefficient, FL.

C.2 Calculation conditions

C.2.1 Soil layers model

The soil layers model is shown in Figure C.1. The calculation point is at a depth of 3 m.

Dimensions in metres
except for N

Key
1 first layer (alluvium clay) 5 ground water level
2 second layer (alluvium sand) 6 calculation point
3 thickness — first layer 7 ground surface
4 thickness — second layer 8 bedrock

Figure C.1 — Soil layers model

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

C.2.2 Ground acceleration for design

The maximum ground surface acceleration: a 2,02 (m/s2) (corresponding to a Modified Mercalli scale
intensity of VIII).

C.3 Calculation of ground shear stress ratio during earthquakes

C.3.1 Reduction coefficient of shear stress along depth, d

This is calculated using Equation (C.1):

d 1,0 0,015 x 1,0 0,015 3 0,955 (C.1)

where

d is the reduction coefficient of shear stress along the depth;

x is the depth of the calculation point from the ground surface 3 m.

C.3.2 Correction factor for cyclic load of seismic motion, n

This is calculated using Equation (C.2):

n 0,1 M 1 0,1 7 1 0,6 (C.2)

where

n is the correction factor for the cyclic load of the seismic motion;

M is the magnitude of the subjected earthquake 7.

C.3.3 Total load pressure at the calculation point, x

This is calculated using Equation (C.3):

x 11 hw 12 x hw 11c H 1 11s hw H 1 12s x hw

13,73 1,0 17,65 1,5 1,0 19,61 3,0 1,5 51,97 kN/m 2 (C.3)

where

x is the total load pressure at the calculation point, in kilonewtons per square metre (kN/m2);

11 is the unit weight of soil at the position above the ground water level, in kilonewtons per cubic
metre (kN/m3);

hw is the depth of the ground water level from the ground surface 1,5 m;

12 is the unit weight of soil at the position below the ground water level, in kilonewtons per cubic
metre (kN/m3);

x is the depth of the calculation point from the ground surface 3 m;

11c is the unit weight of clay at the position above the ground water level 13,73 kN/m3;

H1 is the thickness of the clay layer (first soil layer) 1,0 m;

11s is the unit weight of sand at the position above the ground water level 17,65 kN/m3;

12s is the unit weight of sand at the position below the ground water level 19,61 kN/m3.

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

C.3.4 Effective load pressure at calculation point, x

This is calculated using Equation (C.4):

x 11 hw 12 x h w 11c H 1 11s h w H 1 12s x h w

13,73 1,0 17,65 1,5 1,0 9,80 3 1,5 37,26 kN/m 2 (C.4)

where

x is the effective load pressure at the calculation point, in kilonewtons per square metre (kN/m2);

11 is the unit weight of soil at the position above the ground water level, in kilonewtons per cubic
metre (kN/m3);

hw is the depth of the ground water level from the ground surface 1,5 m;

12 is the effective unit weight of soil at the position below the ground water level 12 w, in
kilonewtons per cubic metre (kN/m3), where

12 is the unit weight of soil at the position below the ground water level, in kilonewtons per
cubic metre (kN/m3);

w is the unit weight of water 9,81 kN/m3;

x is the depth of the calculation point from the ground surface 3 m;

11c is the unit weight of clay at the position above the ground water level 13,73 kN/m3;

H1 is the thickness of clay layer (first soil layer) 1,0 m;

11s is the unit weight of sand at the position above the ground water level 17,65 kN/m3;

12s is the effective unit weight of sand at the position below the ground water level
12s w 9,80 kN/m3, where

12s is the unit weight of sand at the position below the ground water level 19,61 kN/m3.

C.3.5 Ground shear stress ratio during earthquakes, L

This is calculated using Equation (C.5):

a x 2,02 51,97
L d n 0,955 0,6 0,165 (C.5)
g x 9,81 37,26

where

L is the ground shear stress ratio during earthquakes;

a is the maximum ground surface acceleration 2,02 m / s 2;

g is the acceleration of gravity 9,81 m /s 2;

d is the reduction coefficient of shear stress along the depth 0,955 [Equation (C.1)];

n is the correction factor for the cyclic load of the seismic motion 0,6 [Equation (C.2)];

x is the total load pressure at the calculation point 51,97 kN/m2 [Equation (C.3)];

x is the effective load pressure at the calculation point 37,26 kN/m2 [Equation (C.4)].

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

C.4 Calculation of dynamic shear strength ratio, R

C.4.1 Equivalent N value, N1

This is calculated using Equation (C.6):

N1 CN N 1,62 8 13,0 (C.6)

where

N1 is the equivalent N value;

CN is the coefficient of the equivalent N value 10 9,81 x 1,62 , where

x is the effective load pressure at the calculation point 37,26 kN/m2 [Equation (C.4)];

N is the N value at the calculation point 8.

C.4.2 Added modified N value, N F

When the small grains content Fc is 5 % at the calculation point, added modified N value N F is 0 according
to Figure C.2.

Key
X small grains content, Fc, %
Y added modified N value, NF

Figure C.2 — Relationship between Fc and NF

C.4.3 Modified N value, Na

This is calculated using Equation (C.7):

Na N1 NF 13,0 0 13,0 (C.7)

where

Na is the modified N value;

N1 is the equivalent N value 13,0 [Equation (C.6)];

NF is the added modified N value for small grains content 0 [Figure C.2].

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

C.4.4 Dynamic shear strength ratio, R

Dynamic shear strength ratio R is determined by the modified N value Na according to Figure C.3 and
Equation (C.8). T h e shear strain of 5 % is selected.

R 0,15 (C.8)

Key
X modified N value, Na
Y dynamic shear strength ratio in saturated soil layer, R
shear strain

Figure C.3 — Relationship between Na and R in saturated soil layer

C.5 FL value calculation

This calculation of the value FL is made using Equation (C.9):

FL R L 0,15/0,165 0,91 (C.9)

where

FL is the liquefaction resistance coefficient;

R is the dynamic shear strength ratio 0,15 [Equation (C.8)];

L is the ground shear stress ratio during the earthquake 0,165 [Equation (C.5)].

Consequently, the soil layer at the calculation point is evaluated to be liquefied for the assumed earthquake,
because the liquefaction resistance coefficient FL is less than 1,0.

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Annex D
(informative)

Checking pipeline resistance to ground deformation

D.1 General
This annex presents examples of the safety checking of ductile iron pipelines for resistance to ground
deformation caused by earthquake.

D.2 Example in pipe axis direction

D.2.1 Specifications and conditions

The example pipeline and conditions are the following.

a) Joint: earthquake-resistant joint

b) Amount of expansion/contraction of joint: 1 % (ratio for pipe length);

c) Number of joints: n 20

d) Pipe length l 6m

e) Assumed ground strain in pipe axis direction: G 0,5 %

f) Reduction ratio of amount of expansion/contraction of joint for ground displacement: f 0,5

D.2.2 Result of safety checking

D.2.2.1 Total amount of expansion/contraction of joint, E

This is calculated using Equation (D.1):

n l 1 20 6
E 1,2 m (D.1)
100 100

where

is the amount of expansion/contraction of the joint 1 % of pipelength;

n is the number of joints 20;

l is the pipe length 6 m.

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

D.2.2.2 Ground displacement in pipe axis direction, a

This is calculated using Equation (D.2):

2
a f G n l 0,5 0,5 10 20 6 0,3 m (D.2)

where

f is the reduction ratio of the amount of expansion/contraction of the joint for the ground
displacement 0,5;

G is the ground strain in pipe axis direction 0,5 %.

D.2.2.3 Result of safety checking

When E l exceeds a E l a , then the pipeline can absorb the ground displacement and has been safely
designed for ground deformation in its axis direction.

D.3 Example in pipe perpendicular direction

D.3.1 Specifications and conditions

The example pipeline and the conditions acting upon it are as follows.

a) Joint: earthquake-resistant joint

b) Maximum deflection angle at joint: 7

c) Number of joints: n 12

d) Pipe length: l 6m

e) Assumed ground displacement in pipe perpendicular direction: r 3m

D.3.2 Result of checking

D.3.2.1 Maximum amount of displacement in the pipe perpendicular direction, Hmax

This is calculated using Equation (D.2):

H max l tan tan 2 tan3 tan2 tan 6,0 tan7 tan14 tan 21 tan14 tan7
7,0 m (D.3)

where

l is the pipe length 6,0 m;

is the maximum deflection angle at joint 7;

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Dimensions in metres

Figure D.1 — Maximum amount of displacement

D.3.2.2 Result of safety checking

When H max exceeds r H max r , then the pipeline can absorb the ground displacement and has been
safely designed for the ground deformation in its perpendicular direction.

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Annex E
(informative)

Example of ground subsidence calculation

E.1 General
This annex presents an example of the calculation of ground subsidence, using Equation (9). The end result
varies depending on the number of layers chosen for the calculation and could be an under-estimation of the
degree of subsidence. Where any doubt exists, a fully integrated solution should be carried out.

E.2 Specifications and conditions

The example pipeline and conditions are the following.

a) Kind of pipe: Ductile iron pipe, nominal diameter 1 000 mm (K-9 class pipe)

a) Outside diameter of pipe: D 1,048 m

b) Standard thickness of pipe: t 0,013 5 m

c) Inner diameter of pipe: D1 1,021 m ( D 2t)

d) Weight of pipes: W1 4,0 kN/m (including cement mortar lining)

e) Soil covering above pipes: h 1,5 m

f) Excavation width: w 2,2 m

g) Excavation depth: d 3,0 m

h) Unit weight of back-fill sand: s 20 kN/m 3

E.3 Ground model for investigation

See Figure E.1.

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

Dimensions in metres

Key
1 thickness of first layer
2 thickness of second layer
3 thickness of third layer
4 first layer (clay)
5 second layer (clay)
6 third layer (sand)
7 replace with sand
8 soil covering
9 ground surface
10 bedrock

Figure E.1 — Ground model

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

E.4 Soil layer data

See Table E.1.

Table E.1 — Soil layer data

Thickness of layer Unit weight of soil Volume change ratio

Layer Soil type
Hi i mVi
m kN/m3 m 2/kN

First Clay H1 2 1 16 mV1 3,6 10 3

Second Clay H2 2,7 2 16 mV2 2,1 10 3

Third Sand H3 3,3 3 20 mV3 1,0 10 4

E.5 Calculation of ground subsidence

E.5.1 Weight of excavated soil, W2

This is calculated using Equation (E.1):

W2 w d 2,2 3,0 16 105,6 kN/m (E.1)

where

w is the width of excavation 2,2 m;

d is the depth of excavation 3,0 m;

is the unit weight of excavated ground 1 16 kN/m3.

E.5.2 Weight of back-filling sand, W3

This is calculated using Equation (E.2):

D2 3,14 1,048 2
W3 w d s 2,2 3,0 20 114,8 kN/m (E.2)
4 4

where

w is the width of excavation 2,2 m;

d is the depth of excavation 3,0 m;

D is the outside diameter of the pipe 1,048 m;

s is the unit weight of back-fill sand 20 kN/m3.

E.5.3 Weight of the water in pipes, W4

This is calculated using Equation (E.3):

D12 3,14 1,0212 9,81

W4 w 8,0 (E.3)
4 4

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

where

D1 is the inner diameter of the pipe 1,021 m;

w is the unit weight of water 9,81 kN/m 3.

E.5.4 Increased load on face A, W

This is calculated using Equation (E.4):

W W1 W3 W4 W2 w 4,0 114,8 8,0 105,6 2,2 9,6 kN/m 2 (E.4)

where

W1 is the weight of the pipes (including cement mortar lining) 4,0 kN/m;

W2 is the weight of excavated soil 105,6 kN/m [Equation (E.1)];

W3 is the weight of back-filling sand 114,8 kN/m [Equation (E.2)];

W4 is the weight of water in the pipes 8,0 kN/m [Equation (E.3)];

w is the width of excavation 2,2 m.

E.5.5 Influence value by depth, Xi

The influence value by depth is determined as follows according to Figure E.2, in which depth ratio Xi is the
value of the depth at the centre of each layer divided by the excavation width w. See Equations (E.5) to (E.7).

First layer:

H1 2 2,0 2
X1 0,45 then I 1 0,78 (E.5)
w 2,2

Second layer:

H1 H2 2 2,0 2,7 2
X2 1,52 then I 2 0,38 (E.6)
w 2,2

Third layer:

H1 H2 H3 2 2,0 2,7 3,3 2

X3 2,89 then I 3 0,22 (E.7)
w 2,2

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Key
X depth ratio, Xi
Y influence value, I

Figure E.2 — Relationship between the influence value and the depth ration

E.5.6 Increased load, Pi

This is calculated using Equations (E.8) to (E.10):

P1 I 1 W 0,78 9,6 7,5 kN/m 2 (E.8)

P2 I 2 W 0,38 9,6 3,6 kN/m 2 (E.9)

P3 I 3 W 0,22 9,6 2,1 kN/m 2 (E.10)

where

P1 is the increased load at the first layer, in newtons per square metre (N/m2);

P2 is the increased load at the second layer, in newtons per square metre(N/m2);

P3 is the increased load at the third layer, in newtons per square metre(N/m2);

I 1 is the influence value by depth at the first layer 0,78 [Equation (E.5)];

I 2 is the influence value by depth at the second layer 0,38 [Equation (E.6)];

I 3 is the influence value by depth at third layer 0,22 [Equation (E.7)];

W is the increased load at face A 9,6 kN/m2 [Equation (E.4)].

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 ISO 16134:2006(E)

E.5.7 Ground subsidence, i, of each layer

This is calculated using Equations (E.11) to (E.13):

3
1 mv1 P1 H 1 3,6 10 7,5 2,0 0,054 m (E.11)

3
1 mv 2 P2 H 2 2,1 10 3,6 2,7 0,020 4 m (E.12)

4
3 mv3 P3 H 3 1,0 10 2,1 3,3 0,000 7 m (E.13)

where

1 is the subsidence at the first layer;

2 is the subsidence at second layer;

3 is the subsidence at third layer;

mv1 is the volume change ratio at the first layer 3,6 10 3 m2/kN (see Table E.1);

mv 2 is the volume change ratio at the second layer 2,1 10 3 m2/kN (see Table E.1);

mv3 is the volume change ratio at the third layer 1,0 10 4 m2/kN (see Table E.1);

P1 is the increased load at the first layer 7,5 kN/m2 [Equation (E.8);

P2 is the increased load at the second layer 3,6 kN/m2 [Equation (E.9)];

P3 is the increased load at the third layer 2,1 kN/m2 [Equation (E.10).

E.5.8 Total amount of subsidence,

This is calculated using Equation (E.14):

1 2 3 0,054 0,020 4 0,000 7 0,075 1 m (E.14)

where

1 is the subsidence at first layer 0,054 [Equation (E.11)];

2 is the subsidence at second layer 0,020 4 [Equation (E.12);

3 is the subsidence at third layer 0,000 7 [Equation (E.13)].

Consequently, subsidence is calculated to be 0,075 1 m at this point.

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 2531:1998, Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for water or gas application

[2] ISO 7186:1996, Ductile iron products for sewage applications

[3] ISO 10803:1999, Design method for ductile iron pipes

[4] ISO 10804-1:1996, Restrained joint systems for ductile iron pipelines — Part 1: Design rules and type
testing

[5] National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention of Japan, Kyoshin Network
([Link]

[6] United States Geological Survey: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: National Earthquake
Information Center ([Link]

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ISO 16134:2006(E)

ICS 23.040.10
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© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved