Unit <2 # Cn Conphics =, er — pictures lines charts .ekc. On Computers cyeen Some programming . | Tn Coabnutey. Ppraphics objec< Gre pyintes Os _Ol_CoMNection__of discyete Called olXels- ~Cavophic Devices = Aneot Dev ces Display Does ra v Se oie ost quality GyYaphics dt Low on PC's «Prowse J So qian aad 1 2 oduce omimation. \sing sMotion dynamic ool¢. > Usey can wake Objea Aosionany Gnd viewey m0) Oy ayouns hewn? . Agno cs 2 op ee ee hope Color OY: pies: : propertiva of Object.+ Basic of Coxnputey Cnyaphics = x | Di : ‘Yel > Pixels ave Me aynalles+ Unit ino. [igi , Lp onions “of pixels smoke Up anim age Or Iden On a device's gcxeey+ —Yed_gveen ond blve (R02) Calox, Whids —clisploys at different intensites- *& | Resolution > 7 Resolution vefers ta the total numba OF pixels wa digitkad image. Tf ca image ha I M Yows nd nN column, en On “Yesolution i | clo Rnelo8 MXN. joe +) The quality of the. \mnage depends on the pike | Pixel Pew Inch= d Pixel pex ‘inch {s Uses bo wamcaaure the density of a_pixel ofan etechonic — _clevice Svdy as Computes moni oy image oa 5 — - To ColcuJate te PPT Cys, we have -fo dee dlagonal: q ® do= Vw 24+) Whee. Ww= Number of pixele on the honrontal tine.Eat etainple, “io 6) 8 6 & 5 —* Aspect Ratio = i : re | determine the relative horizonal_and Vecsisal Sizea = Df, Computes. graphics. sped _Vatio_of 3:1, this means the wid | of the groptic.: is tnyvee “times. ‘of th hie hejalrt OF the “twa H Aspect “Lasio Plays OM important wle in NESIZi x Frame BuFfecs ve A frame akkey is a potion roe Yondon= ace memoy (Ram Caniain i pO. __ =o __btraap_thes Ayives Q video dis olay: Lt iso —wnennary buffex So salling dato, reps . [ Modevy video Cove containing a Pte Nec uly jon _dthe\y Coxe. g Re ee ee1 Graphial_Usex_Toter face ( f ! A_gyaphi ——— Mouse —ovlented _parodigun hich alloiss the sn tetera lata Ho Computey. DQ: Business Presentanian Lavaphics: = - A picture is tovth a thousanl words E S Caclegaply oo — [ay ‘Mg__O¥ Shyer. pe: Oly of MOK): ‘S 2 fer 10: Entertainment Simlatim tc Modding ekc-be | ree to che di Javlce is cn output —L a es i - | apes of Ss alms axe arn Callel _O vide moni or Sate LIS ploy Oni Wot : Moni jax See clas eben aed te tanta isplag — es » oC displays —tnfrrmaian «—_____@ — phe puttpose sa Spit tectnntagg is —e_Sisnpl iff — -reconolggy isto Simplify “I Thee Qve__Some Ks ploy en [eae ic a TET leuicea Ope =- Ae 7 Vv 3 Liquid crystal i “Ge: at ee Exnitig Dio LED): \ Lcsaye Tules DVST) ra Plaswna 1 De At = Di Play:| X__Cathate= ray Tube ( cme 7 e_ Operations CRT > A. _deFlection Systema Yoot_died it towaad ——_Specifiel_pasiti Y= + When the beam hits the scyten, the phosphor Toes : eagya, | Conrtacted bey Mhe ele. zal beawn- | fh [Base Flectren 1 Defer I CueI a * | Random and Ractey COM systems * Random Scan System =~ | ——{ the electron beam is divectes a a ——_!! Pay of he SC ¥en hex —__| is 40 be dyaiwn Yodtnes aN CANN Ny —— from deft tn xialt and _topto-bottow” | on in Yastey ¢can- I = ot - Lu Play ssh ken “| Pictu defuitien is stove, Vaso ced _ of tine - rales Comnmnrcanda yO OLKE at | OF Ee nda weld yed Ao om dn Rie. i gh e Set_of _Comynan N 1S ile, dyouuin, npone vt Line in turn. peta tas ie Pyacessed, the System cyctés Iback +0 th — Random = Sco displays ogee des ignedto___ draw QU the onent Diner OF aupicture 3o +o Go times _eath Lecand -a Jonages i x Al je hace gecoan beam Biren | nate Pails Of the scxeen theta oun image — Lis t0 be dyawn.__ 2. Produce smooth line Sion Coe SI Wigla Resolution. —Tisaan a, n_Monitpys Comnot disp lags realistic “Shader scenes: x Raster Scan steps tow at_a time Grom App tn_bottom + To a yaster Scan System —Tgstate a pats, “ofa——-Serten—ta_loegi iM n_displayiny wioeagent 2 —— Sco dine. Scan Lin | Vox zansar [as “y Vertical —# Tidings = iFferertt Coloys ‘0 be Gene voted __ GE Shadow Scenes nae possible 7 —¥Disodvantog 4 oly ReSalvtion: 2. Expensive: emit pigs! sate ue We Suhx Di eae are ee ____ Scan Display:———_ ~ Random Scan | —_—Rastey Scan a. Tt has high Resalvtin- [4 Lt has Low yesolutio 9. Tt iS mor?_expensive._| 2 [+ is less expensive ) zd Pray “modificoution if J S+ Modi ficcution_is tough. Needed 1S €asy + — 4, Solid pattern is ough -£ Gold poten is_easy to AY dt GY 7 on 5 Qefah rate depends | 5: Refresh rate does rot Te -_ Se en _f nly Severn tuith view! 6. Whole Scyeem is on * an area is displayel| Scaned. 3. Beam pene tration +: Shadow Mask teCanaleyy eC e Unter | he __&. Th do ga not Use $: Th uses wterlaciyg.te Coax ics ped vice reer te BE a . "aa devices ee The hardware thot is_used to trevtsfers a —input_to- the “com puter The dada _can hein the form of tex, graphic __Sound_ste. at Tnpur_ Devices» a. Keyboard. _ 2. Mouse. : 3. ay tics A. pace ball: S: \loice 6. image Scanner. i Touc Seyeey, &: Light pen . nics Sathuaie cond Glandavdss * 2 Lopes Sof te pa ee ons | classifications (or graphics oftwage- 4 Lpenevatl Pros = i ‘ . . + b _ extensive Set of funcions Yaak can be aie 0 : 9. Such as Cox frtdon:Epi paso ication Postage Nhese packages ate. deal mel_for_tan =p mm en So thot users “isa gene tech ploy 5 Without _ Wow ng about the hot 0 Yaphics operation | Work: +The {merface to See graphics. wutines n Such | —Commuyy Cote ie eran tn theiy own -teyms- Software Standards = ! th ‘Moy got of he _Srondyi: Spee ack. is “pabtability ioned_tuith Standard. gaps Sfynciions, Sod.tluake Can be moved L (onn_OVe- hawwaze system +p Cnothe? Pena as i \ Tapp lication, Without_stanlats p tS plippoms despel— Seem for _one hardware, Sogtus TE be ansferred to. ornatheh sy Sten \uithout extensive Zola iting of the Bogie.{ the pixel_that Confanos 4 le saints -putpiver (Lo, 30) 5 Lines > by stwo_end pain mee an atakion: [TA Ge. the points as = (x. | And * (Xo yads The eosin of toe tine wale d sexmiwe i at (Yaya) 7Xrover on_of _o_Straight Aline y=em [ype meh 4 b = hey fctar e e pth — xy NAT “aoe teproem Uae ne Ghat Senta Of, pixel perils of —fool_Lina_dxuing lyon s= ee, __ 3! Lines should have cons =n ine density should be calepeaiehs oe line Leng Qn: le. x ithms for Line dy auing> = € i 0" > | Tk jc 4ne _sivnplest 1 Flys} of au scan "Panda points: P ha _Co-oxdinabes iu) gund Po hag co = Then m= (ys pil Ow) ond b= y+rmnx Sanne Consider x1 _Qund—tL put_value of x from WWitial point _in equation) tie, (0, 0) =0,4=0 Q= Sxo+b OQ= b> b=0 put b=o in equation \) y= X +0 y= Sx=e Now Carculate imtermediote points) bet xX=1 = 3x) > let X=2 >y = 3X2 2 le} X=3 2 y = 3x37? Let kee Dy = Bxt e+ X=h y= 3xs 2 et X=6 24 =3xb ? it Wy SUM we Lt Qn 5 = [lS sy Wl de dede de Ge So points _are:= Pi (o,0) Po CO, 3) | Po (1, 6) | pe (3,9) I os (% W | Pe (5, 15) py Ce, 1)—Conversion op tine . + Tn this metho calculation i performed Tat eat Step or by using esis Of guevieus— Gieps. | mx — eq abo) es ; v0 enc gieby Equation (3) | | “YpqXp-= A === equation (4) Bye hy | i, = mbx - Sar = yp tmx Ax= —hy Lm Xp = Kit Ax X= it Aydinhen Veil 4 then : iL X= XY = yy Set Ax=1 Speer hts XS ; | Until 4 y = yo aT 4. Tt ic av factes method Yoon -medpod of us ing divert Use of \ime_equaton: _ 24 ea ' i ie T+ allows us to det ce the es im the r | twice iS To} possible: : 01 _Hoint is eae j———intolwes just “Funo_caceli tions y , » y | ,iin atm Youn} yg off_is done. Accumviatom a oo Eau actos e Raval ott jOns_And ’ \ sys : 1 x Aleoxitam: - Grepa! Start Altganibin- sk Catculate dx= Xo=-x se Coucnlate dy = lx | Entes. value of Yap ha de Tae Ags ys: nee cha | then step = al (x Step #2 Else Kine = detstep inc = Ls-tep assign =X | ASSjan Y= Yo i U WV U i : ef Sex pixela y)-include < crdfo b> | Mince int} mains {Mt Xp Yi vo, Ys dx dy 13 Poat X, ¥, Vine yine yeps 5 int _ga = DETECT guns J + lyscy() 3 Imitayaph (sgt, “Ds Scomf (“tedsbasha 24" Lxi chy, da, yo) 5 dx = X9-X13 dy = Ya 95if Cdx > dy) S g ree = dx else if (dx= 2 = dy) oes ese ‘a3 J X> ‘oy (i=03 id= steps 5 jt) putpixel( oe RED)5 =xt%ie 3 4 J=4 gerch | > Close gxapla yetum O> +c > g O32 Dion Lip A atinen a d in im ee read am - _ is. On efficient metnol_because it Tnwlvec eae eee 5 tail So ling cae oma > one _twho hase teas ee en we tine B x! N dvantages:— s a Ly involve, on inte p__9. So it is simple.” Le Gyaide the oe genatntin of ) duplicates points. o—4- Th is faxtex ar Compared yo DDA because it does e —00+_jnvalvta_ floating Qoimt Calculations Like o——_DDA_Algositimn. 7 # I Disadanninges Thi Algeria _ is mean} fax nn Of Qyesenham's Line algaxinm - Re dyaw noo Lines you vlad want Ht aeyeygegr i oe tee hm. — — ~ 5 cs Enter value of YW oyss das Yo \hese Yi yy Ate Coordinates of touting point Caley dou dy = a Calculate i, = 9 Calculate iy = 9% ye Ax) Calculate d= i-ax S & (x,y) 4 int and Xen! Gi_ Maximum Possible re of X- _ Tf dx do Then x= x g=y2—__ ; Xenl =X _ Tf dx>o | Then X= Xp eee ay as Xen = Ya. = Grencrate_point Ot Guy) Coord vdia rates: Step Check if whole ine js <—fenerates a _ Tf X>= Xenl _ _ Sine.' i -—__ Step s3— - — Gillen cine ar a en d= dtl, ; If d>o Then d= dtl ae A 9 cxemett ysyta | d Strep 9: = Step \o= point_of Datest uy) comainares. ——_Step i= k= Cro to Step 1- Se En of gpm Ancemen x= x11Prograin:— Mn chide _int maind) WO Yu Yi toyo, dady tex, ty, Steps, Ok uk B15 Mt gd z DEXECT gm; wscyl) 3 ini tgraph as Scan ("+ waned sy” EX V4 yy dra, ey ods dx =X2-x15 dy =y2-\ 5 Adx= 1x dx; Ady = Ledy5 ita doy Hedy z 2 dy) Steps = jx 1 msI | | | I GVO | = Ady = dx5 ' | —"E x y— J S-yas I 7 | fovUi= 05 id= step s5 i++) { . 7 iploxp=o) Bouter y, E23 —_______ i ps tly = ped 5 so Me Mts Ss Je ytl5 y 3s » else 7 ed ( REDY @. y XY ED» 3 Fb cts @. + XEX413 7 t > pod gerce > = = Fetumths ABBY REE“ll gu i 7 The ae of circle ss ‘he same in alk | quadyan 2 « —te ti) Tn each quatiant, Weke Ole Hue octavits: | octant is done, then the other. severe I aces j | Foy _dyaw) ci mnsiders. it aft the | Oita jan Tf a _poiyt._is Piouy), then Nhe | othex Seven pois will be. pPeCy, =x), P(-Ys-x) , oe l-¥ )- e e « « ‘ Aye =p Pax =y2 Py E “gd PsCyno : « ‘ 4 4 4 4 'e s s | Fe p 2 BresenamsCilegptinn s a i N- Convey _O_Cjycle vs ing yesenham's. algonitam works‘ 7 | a8 follows. : 5 Points ater el fyom 210" to 4-5", aver 5 i till) be wmMauvée only in dhe +x Ay divech’ ons. Qh chown ar fig’s- t dS 7 0 5 a 5 O° 6 & ~ elo BS last ° s iB » aX a” »—_ a | one decegetl by Inet pinche tn fe see o——_that_falls tne ject distance fiom the tyue civcle. We want +p genevate Yne - PoiV\ts. As to 45° AVHRR EGERHSGhme — Start Deciare_p 9X4 yd. Vaniall XTAAAXA” ne cde * ee Yis the yaullus of the cjyde- € —Siep L Enreg the Valve of _¥. \- _ e Sep oe Ln jt oki 2 =o © ke boy = ¥ Step qt Chec if | hole cj ic ¢ Ho nVerie e th 2=y = Op © a a [il | Axel +p, = rpivel (y+ +4) | foapite) yr 44) | putpixel | =Yrp, ytq [ tour (=X+ ps =4 +9). t putp peel Coy bp, Wat) ___ Purp el Op, yp Hil 4 aoa val al cal alNext pixels +o be Scannes if Addo . 2 Maen dedtaxt inaement X= X+]) if deo Incvemenk X= Xb decyement y= yo Step q3— Cro_+ grep _G | Step \o2— Sine lL“Brampe= Plot _¢ pointe of. pf cite ee eee (So, Se) - Sode _ _ Let ye lo Cuiven) _ ; Take initial_paint (oo) \= 3= we dade 2X |0= = |3 : de -d=_dtax+é : = -+a4lo) +6 4 =} \ ! Step 2:= { Plot (1,10) ! d= d+4x4+¢ Co Jo) ! = -}p+40)+C ! = -| i | | L- | Por (2, 10) | j= jt 4x46 Ciddo) | = -\+4%046 = \ “Tig Poe gid is >o So X=X+ly=yel j= d+ 4 ( =yltlo d>D) 2 \2t 413-5) +10 I \3+ 4(-6) +o 92-14 =-) wf| 5:— Plot (4.92 9/3 Sep Se wi ae | 2 -\t4 (4) +b i SoD | Step 627 Plo C5, 9) ded+4la-y+lo Cid>o { = U+4(5-9)+\0 = VW=)\2410= 19 | Go P, (0,0) » (50, 50) _ | fo Cy io) = (5), 60) {| Ra (2,\0) > (52, 60) pa( 3,9) > (53, 59) Ps(4,9) > (54, 59) pe 528) > (55, 58)CHiafai Crcl Aga evytekel ak Yhe_ovigin : onthe Fs ae eS Spatial xeloums\y\p_vetweeia the Point Lou.) ono _o_civde of Yadius € é Xiy) = xtyyd — : fy yea . | 40 foy \xiy) inside tne_civaé) e _flwy= [20 Gy xo e ! 20 fov (Xr) Outside the Civd e : Q garitws — —Stepat Pu! x=0, y= y S hep s+ Step a) Plot Oxy) . rf ( Peo) Then Ser p= pr@xX+3 Else P= p+ LOX= y+ ae al at \©) =X+! Cent Jovy End: : Ja dam mk Lam Lm La“tf Frogyaxm Lo indudJe <{ostyeam- h> | +hindue | Binclude | #inclule| vs pe ivel (yc4x, ¥ ony, VELLOW)5 | putpivel ica, cay, REDI3 ——__purpixeL(xc- yy c=xulaREENDG ——____putpirel Mons yotXs BLUE) 3 - Ni - ; Ee Lhow +5 Si aekchO% Volo e.grcaohl D5 Yeruyyyo> I# EMip “= ips=_alyoulthns x pet ta toate" aliple in Pcompuina— Ferre > faropbice: > — B i a Reg fon 4 > EXD -R gion 2 B | a Oy 5 _ ~~ % = 6 I (x, =¥9 cept Myx vi & ! - Mid point 7 2 e Sa Quote ( finds) Cait A’ S v) q A, AY) I Each Paint oy i iS then BS ecitd > Other dnvee quadyant (=X, =y) (-x)~y) ; he = way Symmetry. > El Eunchon_af evipse = pA feuigse UY) = War HEE YG Al Quy) 40 Y i i - 53+ feninse OLY) 20 then QUY) is outside the OMlipse. : A feliipse (XV) =0 then OGY) is oy the ellipse. nl | d I anx pec Jo. “fasainctos _ —Teiiatly, we have aaa me & Towed a Ore i These Qavametroa ook defined ag :- Ba = yt d/o. = Ty LB, = at 4127+ Yea ay 2. \ lue assume elise to be OS (% yol= Co y2 3.1 Obtain mika deck | Sy yegilon OS: Plo = Fy 24 V4 re G 5 A. | Fox exbiy Xe positions iw Xe. Ye g Raion 1: aed dt_Oyigin and the Fs parais_4 4 awe ipso Ihnen — pai | Phe ext pojint ory iy SP yee vez ped Kea hy a nee pe DVy yar De yyasb geEl Obtain tne initial alue isa—xegion_2 Sin e lost ooinmt (ke, Yo) of), lon 1 act ces 2 pai eet (yo- plas G_RA_coch each yx sa Seg ioan 2 Seana) penis 1). Pry,>2 mn poi: SOK, Yuet) and eda = Ple- ma Yk YX Else. | ne next -POiMt_iS On, Te and | Oy) = P2e+ D¥y" Xpqa= Dat yee + Vs 8. Now obtain she sammetic Dos in the __ Payee quad Yan ond Oot the Gardinate Value O63 X= X-+XC y= yatyc- 9-1 Q eat Pre iteps ta = [ el QyPX >= Qyshy gel| Program. ttinclule uk <4 =X 4 Xe KK UN KE “yAGc Cenll if GS 0) 3 d Bay =p Coy ¥xX* ¥X)5 ao +( Cx Xxx =dy5 boelse ea X= +5. dx=dx+(O¥ Yu¥ yy 5 dys dy- (ox Vx Fy5 dye jaedn-dy +(x x YX); | i$ Ay} main) 3 omidgreipse (0,15, 30, 30)5 Yetvyn 03| Print rae ! » EL Aveo _Privnitives on iltiw, i I fil) imaye Ox ion lig ha Lato 0 ition gia s TPounday. | 4 Fil iyhms ase used to fl) poe = Thownd ayy au KiOod- 4 Gill algorithm ose used __ | 40 Fil’ the inte yor: Tike ye curSive acfiaod > WEN I TX Boundary filled Pilgorttiann = Bo C This algoritinn “uses S fi b y i S i pixe\s “Oke Colored ox nots ait slenve iestoditalas fil ph.‘This my vag ecome of Onahes dnieiby {oy ‘e4 ny 1a —Che.ck_all_pikels_coloy_be-fort_appiyivg ae dhe—oljovitinm.vi “a he A\zoy4 thm = ny yruererw intege) | Procedure Sl Cy, color, cotova 2 [el : [Wx os T | _ el ( T P| c= get pial ng yi eh CL= color) C chs calor) a capa Colox.) ; it Fatt Be Sa colar); yo | Ay Cx yr Coley, Colevi)5 iit y- \, Color, Colov 1);Fhic_anedaat oh or ea Ch ecieg Selecteer. “Thi is pL our connected pcannected approaches is used do a with ____-Specified Colov+ Rig Bo lp eal ea ee ae Bor dine Sepak Move gu itrabh . Y ‘ * e . = the us os Ww sal Shay Colors _and sie xy i to be ined Lith ‘one Color Wwe Use Ynisfa] = rt SYS oO 3s a \ ae pn i ' ; Ri oy tay ada ay Wi Glo, Old~ colors L_ color, OL — Colors Gur k J FVII Fx~eeeoseeesevs 6 Cli¢didi4do_jyn: ca Cc : Phogiow 4:— Flood fill_adgon thin. L HE include _# inc lule | icS¢h> Hy ch void f\ood (int, ind, int, iod-25 pi amain ) in gd_= DE ECT, 9m3 | inthe x gm, ny; | 0,50, 250, 250) yec Flood 55,55, ]o) 0D3 L [“s aetchC)3 0 Tyoia Stoas On X.1 wt Allele. i foul Color) I$ if C } == defen | delow (5 kel Cy 4, All Coloy 5 Plan g( Xr 4 GiCaler, deFauld- Color)fa] Program 22 To. implemen @-Comected floo4 > _ iN Han = yp ——_-4einctute< ctdio-*h> = y——-Hinclue | Finciube edocs! h> ;— 4 imewe ;—| vg -aoabinlint Xe i gn oud vite) i bp mh _curvent 5. > | current = getpixel Quy) 5 | if€C current = = odes 3 > l a » Bye » | petpiveivy y newe)5 Boo i OK Ly Olas veut) 5 Plood fil) (X=) yp Olde, Mew); Poof (X, 4415 01.0 news | oot AN Ox y=), ol C, news | | - 1] oA AL), +1014 Os Prooy A OK 1 yea New )3 tia 2a eal| el s_mawl) | \ = a 1 > Ww a DETEC Rm aw itavagh (9d bern I Ye Clovyie (a6, 5d, 152, 15025 Flood Ait (Ge, 40, 0,155 c hb (C)5 $wTewrwrvre Polygon Filling Algorithm Ac} |ygon Filing —Agos Th oy SCamiin I bg he aifan between oi #, »¥ Ase thy Shen a= Find out the “Yniv_omd_Yinax vam dhe qiven py gon: 5 b b B 7 fren hal ; b ] scaw Une See : 6 7a: > T b \ \ | aan _ a: : | = Line intersects uit Cadn elge >| ofthe ply gom_fiomn Ynitn_ja_Yna_ Name ead, Piel niece cacti ae ep iv ote. + Co Pe. Pax Pipa. _and_.p2, pa Sie &:— Hill all Jhose paiy of, comdinates — thot Ose inside palygons ond ignore the alienate POs. i+k | Tcide - Ourside “Tes\-> | Known as. Coundiyoy snuten . ! \lhile Ging ng Object, We often eel 4s | the obyed. oy_outside jh) On object oY outside « 4-1 Odd- Even Qule > ¥ ; On anit MW, 4 sto Ainfvalty- VU | jee. pois wy ts Oita pntexisy poi} avd LC dhe spumnbek of, intevauims seven, dhem | dhe pola _a1,y-is_am exterin pois 1 ima ho . 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