Data Types
Fundamental Types: int, char, float, double, bool.
Derived Types: Arrays, pointers, references.
User-defined Types: Structs, enums, classes.
Variables
Declaration: Define the type and name.
Initialization: Assign a value.
Scope: Local vs. global.
Operators
Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %.
Relational: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=.
Logical: &&, ||, !.
Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>.
Control Structures
Conditional Statements
if, else if, else: Decision-making.
switch: Multiple choice branching.
Loops
for: Iterates a specific number of times.
while: Continues until a condition is false.
do while: Executes at least once.
Break and Continue
break: Exits a loop.
continue: Skips the current iteration.
Functions
Function Declaration and Definition
Return types and parameters.
Overloading: Same function name, different parameters.
Inline Functions
Short functions defined within the class.
Recursion
A function calling itself; involves base and recursive cases.
Object-Oriented Programming
Classes and Objects
Class Definition: Blueprint for objects.
Member Variables and Methods: Attributes and behaviors.
Constructors and Destructors
Constructors: Initialize objects.
Destructors: Cleanup before object destruction.
Inheritance
Base and Derived Classes: Reusing code.
Types: Single and multiple inheritance.
Polymorphism
Function Overloading: Same name, different implementations.
Virtual Functions: Allow derived classes to override base class
methods.
Standard Template Library (STL)
Containers
vector, list, map, set: Data structures.
Algorithms
Common algorithms: sort, find.
Iterators
Mechanism to traverse elements in containers.
Memory Management
Dynamic Memory Allocation
Use new and delete to manage memory manually.
Smart Pointers
std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, std::weak_ptr: Automatic
memory management.
Exception Handling
Try, Catch, Throw: Manage errors gracefully.
Additional Tips
Practice Coding: Use platforms like LeetCode.
Review Sample Questions: Familiarize with exam formats.
Understand Key Concepts: Focus on understanding over
memorization.
Resources
Books:
o "C++ Primer" by Lippman
o "Effective C++" by Scott Meyers
Online Courses: Coursera, Udemy, edX.
1. Basic Syntax
Hello World Example
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#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
Explanation: This program includes the iostream library, defines the
main function, and prints "Hello, World!" to the console.
2. Data Types
Common Data Types
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int age = 25; // Integer
double salary = 50000.50; // Floating-point
char initial = 'A'; // Character
bool isEmployed = true; // Boolean
3. Control Structures
Conditional Statements
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int number = 10;
if (number > 0) {
std::cout << "Positive\n";
} else if (number < 0) {
std::cout << "Negative\n";
} else {
std::cout << "Zero\n";
Loops
For Loop
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for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
std::cout << i << " ";
While Loop
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int count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
std::cout << count << " ";
count++;
4. Functions
Function Definition and Call
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int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
int main() {
int sum = add(5, 10);
std::cout << "Sum: " << sum << std::endl;
return 0;
5. Object-Oriented Programming
Classes and Objects
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class Dog {
public:
void bark() {
std::cout << "Woof!" << std::endl;
};
int main() {
Dog myDog;
myDog.bark(); // Calls the bark method
return 0;
Constructors and Destructors
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class Cat {
public:
Cat() { std::cout << "Cat created!" << std::endl; } // Constructor
~Cat() { std::cout << "Cat destroyed!" << std::endl; } // Destructor
};
int main() {
Cat myCat; // Automatically calls the constructor
return 0; // Destructor is called here
6. Inheritance and Polymorphism
Inheritance Example
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class Animal {
public:
void speak() {
std::cout << "Animal speaks" << std::endl;
};
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
void speak() {
std::cout << "Meow" << std::endl; // Overriding
};
int main() {
Cat myCat;
myCat.speak(); // Outputs "Meow"
return 0;
7. Standard Template Library (STL)
Using Vectors
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#include <vector>
int main() {
std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
numbers.push_back(6); // Add element
for (int num : numbers) {
std::cout << num << " "; // Output all elements
return 0;
8. Exception Handling
Try-Catch Example
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#include <iostream>
int main() {
try {
throw std::runtime_error("An error occurred");
} catch (const std::exception& e) {
std::cout << "Caught: " << e.what() << std::endl;
return 0;
9. Memory Management
Dynamic Memory Allocation
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int* ptr = new int; // Allocate memory
*ptr = 5; // Assign value
std::cout << *ptr; // Output value
delete ptr; // Free memory
10. Tips for Success as a Developer
1. Practice Coding: Regularly solve problems on platforms like LeetCode
or HackerRank.
2. Build Projects: Create small projects to apply what you learn.
3. Read Documentation: Familiarize yourself with C++ standards and
libraries.
4. Join Communities: Engage in forums or local developer groups.
Additional Resources
Books: "C++ Primer" by Lippman, "Effective C++" by Scott Meyers.
Online Courses: Look for C++ courses on platforms like Coursera or
Udemy.
