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Big Data Analytics and AI for Green Supply Chain Integration and
Sustainability in Hospitals

Article in WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT · December 2023

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111

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 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

Big Data Analytics and AI for Green Supply Chain Integration and
Sustainability in Hospitals

MAHMOUD ALLAHHAM1, ABDEL-AZIZ AHMAD SHARABATI2, HEBA HATAMLAH3,

AHMAD YAHIYA BANI AHMAD4, SAMAR SABRA1, MOHAMMAD KHALAF DAOUD6
1
Department of Supply Chain and Logistics, College of Business,
Luminus Technical University College,
Amman 11831,
JORDAN
2
Business Department, Business Faculty,
Middle East University,
Amman 11831,
JORDAN
3
Department of Hospital Management, Faculty of Business,
Philadelphia University,
JORDAN
4
Department of Financial and Accounting Sciences,
Middle East University,
Amman 11831,
JORDAN
6
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business,
Applied Science Private University,
JORDAN
also with
MEU Research Unit, Middle East University,
Amman,
JORDAN

Abstract: - This paper examines how big data analytics and AI improve hospital supply chain sustainability.
Hospitals are recognizing the need for eco-friendly operations due to environmental issues and rising healthcare
needs. It analyzes data from 68 UK hospitals using a conceptual model and partial least squares regression-
based structural equation modeling. The research begins by examining hospital supply networks' environmental
impact. Energy use, trash, and transportation emissions are major issues. It then explains how big data analytics
and AI can transform these implications. This study prioritizes big data analytics for inventory management,
demand forecasting, and procurement. Hospitals can reduce inventory, waste, and supply shortages using data-
driven insights, saving money and the environment. AI also boosts hospital supply chain logistics and
transportation efficiency, according to the study. Fuel consumption, carbon emissions, and delivery routes are
optimized by AI. Predictive maintenance preserves medical equipment. In conclusion, hospital supply chains
benefit greatly from big data analytics and AI. Hospitals can improve the healthcare business, reduce their
environmental impact, and preserve resources for future generations. Healthcare leaders, politicians, and
researchers seeking data-driven solutions for sustainable hospital supply chains gain valuable insights.

Key-Words: - Green supply chain, Sustainability in healthcare, Big data analytics, Artificial intelligence (AI),
Hospital logistics, Environmental impact, Inventory management, Healthcare sustainability.

Received: April 14, 2023. Revised: September 17, 2023. Accepted: November 11, 2023. Published: December 15, 2023.

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1218 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

1 Introduction Modern society relies on the healthcare industry,

The healthcare industry is undergoing a which faces two challenges: the environmental
transformational shift towards sustainability, owing catastrophe and the growing healthcare needs of a
to the urgent need to reduce its environmental worldwide population. In this setting, hospital
footprint and guarantee the long-term availability of sustainability is a major concern, [5]. Hospitals'
vital resources. This shift relies on Big Data complex supply chains contribute to environmental
Analytics and AI for Green Supply Chain challenges despite their importance to public health.
Integration in hospitals. Hospitals are complicated Procurement, inventory management, logistics, and
institutions that need many medical supplies, transportation networks use a lot of energy, trash,
medications, and equipment to provide great patient and carbon. Due to the importance of these
care, [1]. The procurement, distribution, and environmental challenges, this study examines how
disposal of these resources often have major big data analytics and AI may revolutionize hospital
environmental impacts. This study examines how supply chain integration and sustainability, [6].
Big Data Analytics and AI may improve hospital Hospitals may improve efficiency and lessen their
supply chain operations, and reduce waste, energy environmental impact by using data-driven insights
use, and sustainability, [2]. This project uses data- and AI-driven optimization. This study is crucial to
driven decision-making to integrate green practices sustainable healthcare since it tries to reduce
into the healthcare supply chain to improve hospital supply chain environmental impact and
efficiency and sustainability, benefiting patients, ensure the continuity of high-quality treatment for
providers, and the planet. Figure 1 illustrates the future generations, [7].
Green supply chain integration through big data
analysis.

Fig. 2: Significance of BDA for SSCM, [7].

Figure 2 shows how Big Data Analytics (BDA)

Fig. 1: Big Data Analysis and Integration of Green benefits Sustainable Supply Chain Management. It
Supply Chain, [2]. suggests that BDA helps supply chains make
educated decisions, optimize operations, and reduce
Big Data Analytics and AI in the healthcare environmental impacts, [8]. This figure may
supply chain could transform hospital resource illustrate the usefulness of data analytics in
management and environmental effects. This study sustainable supply chain goals.
acknowledges the necessity of healthcare
sustainability and the role technology may play in
achieving it. This study will examine the pros, cons, 2 Problem Formulation
and best practices of data-driven hospital supply This study addresses the pressing need to reduce
chain solutions by reviewing relevant literature, case hospital supply chain environmental effects while
studies, and empirical analysis, [3]. It will also study addressing society's expanding healthcare needs.
how these technologies may optimize logistics, While crucial to public health, hospitals use a lot of
minimize waste, and promote sustainable energy, waste, and transportation. In a time when
procurement practices like procuring eco-friendly environmental sustainability is crucial, this is a
items and supplier collaboration. In conclusion, this major environmental issue, [8]. The study examines
research study aims to help hospital managers, how big data analytics and AI may address these
politicians, and stakeholders use Big Data Analytics difficulties and enhance hospital supply chain
and AI to green healthcare supply chains, [4]. sustainability and green supply chain integration.

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1219 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

Since innovative, data-driven solutions that enhance management. These studies illuminate the changing
hospital supply chain operations and reduce role of big data analytics and AI in green supply
environmental impact are needed, the study chain integration and sustainability, which can
addresses this issue, [9]. With big data analytics and improve environmental performance and innovation
AI for inventory management, demand forecasting, in healthcare and other sectors, [16], [17], [18], [19].
procurement, logistics, and transportation, hospitals
can eliminate excess inventory, and waste, optimize
routes, and fuel consumption, and improve 4 Conceptual Framework and
predictive medical equipment maintenance. This
research will show how installing these technologies
Hypotheses
This study examines how big data analytics (BDA)
can reduce the environmental effect of hospital
and artificial intelligence (AI) might improve
supply chains, aligning healthcare operations with
hospital supply chain sustainability. Due to
environmental sustainability. This study helps green
environmental concerns and rising healthcare
the healthcare business and save crucial resources
demands, the healthcare industry is increasingly
for future generations, [10].
aware of the need to operate sustainably, [12]. The
Sustainability in healthcare is becoming more
concept states that data-driven initiatives may
important, but there is a research gap on how to use
transform hospital supply chains by reducing
big data analytics and AI to address environmental
environmental impact and enhancing efficiency and
challenges in hospital supply chains. Big data
cost. To explain the conceptual framework, the
analytics and AI's disruptive potential in hospital
research first examines hospital supply networks'
supply chain management have not been extensively
environmental footprint. This assessment highlights
studied. Literature typically discusses sustainability
energy usage, waste generation, and transportation-
practices or technology without explaining how it
related emissions as urgent issues. Next, the
can solve environmental problems, [10]. The
framework examines how BDA and AI can
purpose of this project is to examine how big data
transform these elements, [13]. The study prioritizes
analytics and AI can be integrated into hospital
big data analytics in inventory management,
supply chains to improve sustainability. It provides
demand forecasting, and procurement, showing how
actual evidence, practical insights, and a conceptual
data-driven insights can help hospitals reduce
model to help hospitals and healthcare officials
inventory, waste, and supply shortages, [14]. This
adopt data-driven supply chain environmental
saves money and protects the environment. AI is
initiatives to fill the literature gap, [11].
used to optimize hospital supply chain logistics and
transportation, decreasing fuel use, carbon
emissions, and delivery routes. Other AI
3 Literature Review applications include predictive maintenance, which
Big data analytics, AI, and sustainable practices in extends medical equipment lifespan. In conclusion,
supply chain management, notably in healthcare, are BDA and AI can enable hospital supply chains to
examined in the literature study. Big data analytics improve healthcare, reduce their environmental
is crucial to sustainable manufacturing supply chain impact, and preserve resources for future
management. Big data analytics and AI help generations, [15]. Big data analytics (BDA),
hospitals integrate green supply chain processes and artificial intelligence (AI), green supply chain
improve environmental performance. This study, integration (GSCC), environmental performance
[11], examine how big data analytics affects improvement (EPI), and environmental preservation
competitiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic (EP) in hospital operations form the basis of this
and green supply chain management. It examines research study. The paper proposes numerous
how green innovation and technology intensity hypotheses to research these links.
mediate big data analytics capabilities and green
supply chain performance, [12].The study, [13]
promotes green innovation through big data
analytics and supply chain integration. This, [14],
study suggest a moderated mediated model of big
data analytics, AI, environmental performance,
green supply chain collaboration, and top
management commitment. Finally, this research
study, [15], evaluate data analytics applications in
supply chain resilience and sustainability

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1220 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

In line with Hypothesis 4, GDLO positively

moderates the link between BDA and EPI,
suggesting that green logistics optimization
boosts data analytics and AI's environmental
impact, [19].
 Hypothesis 6: EPI fosters EP positively.
This hypothesis says that BDA- and AI-
enabled-influenced EPI directly benefits
environmental preservation. Improvements in
Fig. 3: Formulated Hypothesis. hospital environmental performance may help
preserve the environment, [19].
Figure 3 illustrates this research's connected  Hypothesis 7: GSCC promotes EP positively.
hypotheses. It illustrates the study's expected
correlations between important factors. H1 and 2 This hypothesis concludes that GSCC, impacted
predict that BDA-AI-enabled decisions will improve by BDA and AI-enabled judgments, improves EP,
Green Supply Chain Integration (GSCC) and demonstrating that hospital supply chains' eco-
Environmental Performance Improvement (EPI). friendly practices help protect the environment. This
The Hypothesis 3 positive relationship between EPI conceptual framework links hospital supply chain
and GSCC is also highlighted. In Hypotheses 4 and sustainability, environmental concerns, data
5, Green Supply Chain Logistics Optimization analytics, and AI to form the research foundation,
(GDLO) moderates BDA-GSCC and BDA-EPI [20]. It describes how BDA and AI help hospital
connections, [16]. In conclusion, the figure shows supply chains improve efficiency and manage
how EPI and GSCC favorably affect Environmental environmental issues. This approach guides the
Preservation (EP) according to Hypotheses 6 and 7. empirical study of data-driven solutions' effects on
Figure 3 shows the study's complicated linkages. sustainable hospital supply chains and, by extension,
environmental conservation and healthcare
 Hypothesis 1: BDA-AI decisions benefit GSCC improvement.
positively.
The hypothesis implies that BDA and AI
decisions will boost GSCC. In other words, data 5 Methodology
analytics and AI should improve hospital supply In this research study, "Big Data Analytics and AI
chain sustainability and eco-friendliness, [17]. for Green Supply Chain Integration and
 Hypothesis 2: BDA-AI decisions enhance EPI Sustainability in Hospitals," we investigated how
positively. BDA-AI technologies affect Environmental
This hypothesis suggests that BDA and AI- Performance Improvement (EPI) and Green Supply
enabled decisions will enhance EPI, meaning Chain Integration (GSCC), which in turn affects
that data-driven hospital decisions will improve Environmental Preservation (EP) in hospitals, [21].
environmental performance, [18]. The variables' connections and interdependencies
 Hypothesis 3: EPI relates positively to GSCC. were investigated using a thorough conceptual
Based on the preceding hypothesis, this one model. A survey of 68 UK hospitals was used for
proposes a direct positive link between EPI and empirical testing. The data underwent analysis
GSCC, implying that hospitals with better through the application of Partial Least-Squares
environmental performance offer better green (PLS) regression-based structural equation
supply chain integration, [19]. modeling. The PLS methodology was selected due
 Hypothesis 4: GDLO positively moderates to its capability to address the system of concurrent
BDA-GSCC link. equations that delineate the intricate network of
BDA and GSCC are favorably moderated by connections among the variables and to estimate
green supply chain logistics optimization coefficients that quantify these associations, [22].
(GDLO) in this hypothesis. BDA's impact on
GSCC should increase with green logistics 5.1 Sample Size
optimization, [19]. In this study, 520 surveys were distributed to the
 Hypothesis 5: GDLO positively moderates potential responders in this investigation. Surveys
BDA-EPI link. were completed and returned 181 times. Thirteen
surveys were removed owing to incomplete

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1221 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

responses. Thus, 168 respondents (33% response to reduce non-response bias. Using self-report data
rate) were included in the study. A large and can lead to common method bias, hence a rigorous
representative sample size allows for research conceptual model and partial least squares
analysis and depends on the valuable input of survey regression-based structural equation modeling were
instrument completers, [23]. used, [24]. This careful methodology ensures that
components like big data analytics and AI's impact
Table 2. Demographics of Respondents on hospital supply chain sustainability are
Characteristics Respondents Respondents operationalized efficiently and without bias,
Percentage improving the study's validity and dependability.
Gender Healthcare professionals, politicians, and academics
Male 118 70% seeking data-driven solutions to hospital supply
Females 50 30% chain sustainability need this methodological
Manager’s Experience diligence to draw accurate findings and gain useful
≤ 1 year 13 7.7% insights, [25].
>1 & <5 years 85 50.5%
>5 years 70 41.6%
Hospital status
Public 90 53.5% 6 Findings
Private 65 38.6% This research study relies on data analysis to test our
Other 13 7.7% conceptual model hypotheses. For this, we're using
Number of beds Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, which has
<200 20 11.9% many benefits for our research, [26]. First, this
> 200 and < 500 38 22.6% strategy suits exploratory research, which is relevant
> 500 and <1000 50 29.7% given the novelty of Big Data Analytics (BDA).
>1000 and < 40 23.8% PLS can estimate a more comprehensive model than
2000 covariance-based Structural Equation Modeling
>2000 20 11.9% (SEM), making it relevant to our study's goals. PLS
is less vulnerable to model specification problems,
Table 1 (Appendix) displays the demographic making it ideal for our study, [27]. Additionally, the
characteristics of the participants involved in the approach works well for datasets with tiny samples,
research. With regards to gender, the survey results as our study with under 250 observations. Luan
indicate that 70% of the participants identified as (2020) highlights that evaluating a PLS model
male, while the remaining 30% identified as female. involves examining measurement-construct
A majority of the participants (50.5%) possessed correlations, reliability, and validity, and the model
managing experience ranging from more than 1 year itself. In the next sections, we explain our data
to less than 5 years, but a significant proportion analysis process and reveal data linkages and
(41.6%) reported having managerial experience insights, [28]. The Measurement model as illustrated
exceeding 5 years. By hospital status, 53.5% of in Table 2.
respondents worked in public hospitals, 38.6% in
private, and 7.7% in other categories. The Table 3. Measurement of model
distribution of respondents by hospital bed count Construct Alpha Rho Composite Average
showed that 29.7% worked in hospitals with more A reliability (ρc)
than 500 but less than 1000 beds, 23.8% in those BDA-AI 0.971 0.921 0.941 0.944
with more than 1000 but less than 2000 beds, and EP 0.927 0.961 0.967 0.951
11.9% in those with less than 200 beds. This study EPI 0.955 0.931 0.943 0.943
useduses Table 1 (Appendix) data to understand the GSCC 0.901 0.905 0.903 0.903
survey participants' demographics for data analysis GDLO 0.898 0.890 0.881 0.889
and interpretation.
Table 2 shows our research study's measuring
5.2 Addressing Non-Response, and Method model for this study. They reveal the reliability and
Biasness in Construct validity of the measurement tools employed to
Operationalization operationalize our constructs. Big Data Analytics-AI
Non-response and common method bias must be (BDA-AI) has great internal consistency and a high
addressed while operationalizing key constructs in alpha coefficient of 0.971, indicating measurement
the research investigation. The data from a large item dependability. A composite reliability (ρc) of
sample of 68 UK hospitals was thoroughly analyzed 0.941 further validates this architecture, [28]. High

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1222 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

alpha (0.927) and ρc (0.967) values indicate great Table 5. Estimation of Path coefficients
reliability and construct consistency in
Environmental Performance (EP). EPI and GSCC
have robust alpha and ρc values, indicating their
dependability. While Green Digital Learning
Orientation (GDLO) has significantly lower alpha
and ρc values, it still indicates satisfactory
dependability, [29]. These results show the
robustness and internal consistency of our
measuring tools, boosting our confidence in the Table 4 shows how this research study
quality and validity of our data for future analysis estimated path coefficients, revealing the links
and interpretations. between key constructs and the research hypothesis'
support or lack thereof. The findings from H1 and
Table 4. Discriminant validity H2 provide substantial evidence in favor of the
BDA- GS GD Aver beneficial impacts of BDA-AI on Green Supply
AI EP EPI CC LO CR age Chain Collaboration (GSCC) and Environmental
BDA- 0.892 0.9 Performance Improvement (EPI). The path
AI 41 0.944 coefficients for H1 and H2 are 0.438 and 0.619,
0.731 0.8 0.9 respectively, indicating a strong positive
EP 95 67 0.951 relationship, [1]. Furthermore, these results are
0.595 0.5 0.8 0.9 statistically significant, highlighting the robustness
EPI 52 93 43 0.943 of the findings. (p < 0.001), [35].
GSC 0.563 0.5 0.5 0.89 0.9
C 71 11 4 03 0.903
GDL 0.781 0.7 0.5 0.49 0.87 0.8
O 81 61 1 7 81 0.889

Table 3 shows this research study's constructs'

discriminant validity. Discriminant validity ensures
that each construct evaluates a unique research
model element, [30]. The Table 3 displays the
correlation coefficients between constructs and the
square root of the average variance extracted (AVE)
values, with the significant coefficients highlighted.
To establish discriminant validity, it is often
required that the correlation coefficients between
constructs are lower than the square root of the Fig. 4: Network Diagram of Hypothesis
average variance extracted (AVE) values for each
construct, [31]. The findings of this study This shows how BDA-AI technologies improve
demonstrate that the correlation coefficients hospital supply chain GSCC and EPI. Hypothesis 3
between all construct pairs are below the square root (H3), which predicts a moderate positive link
of the average variance extracted (AVE) values, between EPI and GSCC, is likewise supported with
thereby confirming the presence of discriminant a path coefficient of 0.259 (p = 0.050). H4 and H5,
validity. BDA-AI had minimal correlations with EP, which incorporate Green Digital Learning
EPI, GSCC, and GDLO, indicating a separate Orientation (GDLO) as a moderator between BDA
dimension. EP, EPI, GSCC, and GDLO show and GSCC and EPI, respectively, show mixed
similar results, supporting their uniqueness, [32]. findings. H4 is marginally significant with a path
These results show that the assessment instruments coefficient of 0.110 (p = 0.088), whereas H5 is not
capture unique aspects of each construct and support supported with a path coefficient of 0.070 and a p-
our model's discriminant validity, bolstering our value above the threshold (p > 0.1). Hypotheses 6
research findings and conclusions, [33]. (H6) and 7 (H7), indicating positive effects of EPI
and GSCC on EP, respectively, receive strong
support with path coefficients of 0.563 (p < 0.001)
and 0.250 (p = 0.001), confirming their relevance in
environmental preservation. These route coefficients
show the complex interactions in our research

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1223 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

model, showing how BDA-AI improves hospital are statistically significant (p < 0.001),
supply chain sustainability and how EPI and GSCC demonstrating their robustness, [14].
mediate environmental preservation, [36]. Figure 4 shows how BDA-AI technologies
improve the hospital supply chain GSCC and EPI,
reinforcing the beneficial connections. A path
7 Discussion coefficient of 0.259 (p = 0.050) supports Hypothesis
This section discusses the research study's findings. 3 (H3), which predicts a moderate positive
Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis tests relationship between EPI and GSCC. This shows
its conceptual model hypotheses, proving its that Environmental Performance enhances Green
suitability for exploratory research in Big Data Supply Chain Collaboration, demonstrating their
Analytics (BDA) and sustainability, [4]. In tiny sustainable interdependence, [15], [16]. Green
sample sizes like the study's dataset with < 250 Digital Learning Orientation (GDLO) moderator
observations, PLS is crucial for building a hypotheses offer conflicting results. Hypothesis 4
comprehensive model. Table 3 shows that the (H4), that GDLO moderates BDA and GSCC, is
measurement instruments used to operationalize the marginally significant with a path coefficient of
study's constructs are reliable and valid. Big Data 0.110 (p = 0.088). Although GDLO has some effect,
Analytics-AI (BDA-AI) shows strong internal it is not statistically significant. With a path
consistency (alpha coefficient: 0.971, composite coefficient of 0.070 and a p-value above the
reliability (ρc): 0.941), indicating measurement item threshold (p > 0.1), Hypothesis 5 (H5), which
dependability. Similarly, Environmental argues GDLO moderates BDA and EPI, is not
Performance (EP) shows great dependability with supported. These findings show that GDLO's impact
0.927 alpha and 0.967 ρc. Green Supply Chain as a mediator of BDA-AI and sustainability
Collaboration (GSCC) and Environmental outcomes may be context-dependent and warrant
Performance Improvement (EPI) have strong alpha additional study, [17].
and ρc values, demonstrating dependability. Green Hypotheses 6 (H6) and 7 (H7) supporting good
Digital Learning Orientation (GDLO) satisfies effects of EPI and GSCC on EP have substantial
reliability standards despite lower values. These path coefficients of 0.563 (p < 0.001) and 0.250 (p =
results demonstrate the measuring instruments' 0.001), demonstrating their relevance in
internal consistency and resilience, ensuring data environmental preservation. The intricate
quality and validity for analysis and interpretation, connections in the research model show how BDA-
[5]. AI improves hospital supply chain sustainability and
Table 4 examines the study's constructs' how EPI and GSCC mediate environmental
discriminant validity to ensure that each measures a preservation, [18]. This study examines how Big
distinct research model aspect. Construct correlation Data Analytics and AI affect hospital green supply
coefficients and AVE values are shown in the table. chain integration and sustainability using robust
Typically, construct correlation coefficients must be techniques, including PLS regression analysis. The
less than the square root of their AVE values to study shows that BDA-AI improves Green Supply
show discriminant validity. Since all construct pair Chain Collaboration and Environmental
correlation coefficients are below the square root of Performance Improvement, highlighting the
the AVE values, discriminant validity is confirmed. potential benefits of data-driven healthcare supply
BDA-AI has low correlations with EP, EPI, GSCC, chain management. The study also emphasizes the
and GDLO, showing its uniqueness. EP, EPI, interconnection of these characteristics and the role
GSCC, and GDLO have distinct traits that promote of moderators like Green Digital Learning
their distinctiveness, [6]. These results confirm that Orientation in sustainability. The research findings
the assessment instruments capture distinct parts of add to the expanding body of information on data
each construct, supporting the study's findings and analytics and AI's involvement in healthcare supply
conclusions, [7]. Table 5 shows how essential chain sustainability and highlight the need for future
constructs affect study hypotheses using path research to understand these links in varied
coefficient estimation. The results demonstrate scenarios, [19].
BDA-AI's benefits to Green Supply Chain
Collaboration (GSCC) and Environmental
Performance Improvement (EPI). Path coefficients 8 Practical Implications
for H1 and H2, representing these correlations, are This study on integrating big data analytics (BDA)
0.438 and 0.619, indicating strong positive and artificial intelligence (AI) into hospital supply
associations, [8], [9], [10]. Furthermore, the findings chains for sustainability has various practical

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1224 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

implications for healthcare institutions and change and help explain the dynamic nature of
stakeholders. The findings show that hospitals may BDA-AI adoption in hospital supply chains. Finally,
improve environmental sustainability and cut the study's representative sample size may be small
expenses by strategically using BDA and AI, [20], for a complex research model. A larger and more
[21]. These insights can help healthcare diversified sample could improve statistical power
administrators and supply chain managers optimize and generalizability, [25].
inventory, demand forecasts, and procurement with Despite these restrictions, this research study
data. BDA can help hospitals examine historical affects many stakeholders. The study first shows
data and estimate patient admission rates, improving how BDA and AI may improve hospital supply
inventory planning and reducing waste from chain sustainability and environmental performance.
overstocked or expiring products. Optimization of These findings can help healthcare professionals and
delivery routes by AI reduces fuel usage and carbon decision-makers implement data-driven waste-
emissions, meeting sustainability goals and saving reduction, efficiency, and eco-friendly operations
transportation expenses. Healthcare organizations initiatives, [26]. Policy implications arise from the
can prioritize BDA and AI investments to improve research. Healthcare policymakers should evaluate
environmental and financial performance, [22]. how BDA-AI technologies improve sustainability,
Second, this study stresses healthcare [27], [28]. This can help create regulations that
professional-data scientist teamwork. It encourages promote the widespread adoption of such
healthcare firms to form multidisciplinary teams technology, benefiting the healthcare industry's
with data analytics, AI, and management specialists. environment and economy. The study also
These teams can identify hospital supply chain encourages more research. Researchers can
regions where data-driven solutions can have the investigate how BDA and AI affect hospital supply
most impact. Hospitals can meet sustainability goals chain operations by investigating moderating
while maintaining patient care by collaborating on variables and technology factors. This study's
BDA and AI deployment, [23]. Healthcare interdisciplinary character emphasizes data science,
personnel can also improve their data literacy healthcare management, and environmental science
abilities through training and workshops to use collaboration, promoting additional research in these
BDA and AI in their daily job. This study concludes domains, [29]. Despite its limits, this study sheds
that hospitals may use BDA and AI technology to light on how data-driven solutions might improve
promote sustainability, cost savings, and operational hospital supply chain sustainability, hence
efficiency, [37]. By using data-driven approaches improving healthcare and the environment, [30],
and collaborating across disciplines, healthcare [31].
institutions can improve their environmental
performance, minimize waste, and help the
community and healthcare become more 10 Conclusion
sustainable, [24]. In conclusion, this comprehensive study examines
how big data analytics (BDA) and artificial
intelligence (AI) might improve hospital supply
9 Research Limitations chain sustainability. In light of environmental
This study on hospital supply chain sustainability concerns and rising healthcare needs, healthcare
using big data analytics (BDA) and artificial institutions must function sustainably. Hospital
intelligence (AI) has significant drawbacks. The supply networks' large environmental footprint is
study initially examines 68 UK hospitals. This local explained by the study's conceptual framework,
exclusivity restricts the findings' worldwide which emphasizes energy use, trash generation, and
healthcare applicability. Expanding the research to transportation emissions. The research shows how
include other healthcare systems worldwide would BDA and AI may stimulate change, emphasizing the
help determine BDA-AI's usefulness in different need of data-driven solutions in addressing these
scenarios. Second, the study surveys hospital issues. BDA's use in inventory management,
workers and uses self-reported replies, which can demand forecasting, and procurement optimization
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also uses a cross-sectional design to capture emissions, and delivery routes, and enables
interactions at a certain period. Longitudinal data predictive maintenance for longer medical
collection could reveal how these interactions equipment lifespans. The study shows how BDA

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1225 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

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 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

Appendix
Table 1. Overview of Literature Review
Intext Research Problem Research Objective Research Findings Discussion
[37] Sustainable supply Explore the role of big Emphasizes the Highlights the potential
chain management data analytics in significance of big data for enhancing
sustainable supply analytics in improving sustainability in
chains sustainability in manufacturing supply
manufacturing supply chains through big data
chains. analytics.
[38] Green supply chain Examine the impact of Demonstrates a positive Discusses the potential
integration in big data analytics and AI impact on hospital for improving
hospitals on hospital environmental environmental
environmental performance through the sustainability in
performance integration of big data healthcare through data-
analytics and AI. driven approaches.
[39] Green supply chain Investigate the link Links green supply chain Discusses how data-
management during between green supply practices, enhanced driven strategies can
COVID-19 chain practices, competitiveness, and big enhance
competitiveness, and big data analytics, especially competitiveness and
data analytics during COVID-19. resilience in supply
chains amid crises.
[40] Green supply chain Investigate the mediation Demonstrates the Highlights the role of
performance in model for green mediating effect of big data analytics in
innovation innovation and data analytics on green fostering innovation
technological intensity innovation and and technological
through big data technological intensity. advancement within
analytics green supply chains.
[41] Big data analytics in Provide an overview of Offers a comprehensive Discusses the broad
logistics and supply big data analytics in overview of big data scope of big data
chain management logistics and supply analytics in logistics and analytics in optimizing
chain management its potential applications. logistics and supply
chain operations.
[42] Enabling green supply Review the role of big Summarizes existing Explores the collective
chain management data analytics in literature on how big insights from previous
enabling green supply data analytics facilitates studies on the enabling
chain management green supply chain role of data analytics in
management. sustainability.
[43] Fostering green Investigate the roles of Examines the roles of Discusses the potential
innovation big data analytics in big data analytics in of data analytics to act
fostering green driving green innovation as a catalyst for
innovation and supply and integration within innovation and
chain integration supply chains. integration in green
supply chains.
[44] AI, Environmental Explore the relationship Develops a moderated Discusses the intricate
Performance, and between AI, mediated model showing interplay of AI,
Supply Chain environmental the complex relationship collaboration, and
Collaboration performance, green between AI, commitment to
supply chain collaboration, and enhancing
collaboration, and top environmental environmental
management performance. performance within
commitment supply chains.
[45] Data Analytics in Review data analytics Provides a Offers insights into the
Supply Chain applications in supply comprehensive review of current state of data
Resilience and chain resilience and the state of data analytics analytics in addressing
Sustainability sustainability applications in challenges related to
management enhancing supply chain supply chain resilience
resilience and and sustainability.
sustainability

E-ISSN: 2224-3496 1229 Volume 19, 2023

 Mahmoud Allahham, Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Heba Hatamlah, Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad,
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.111 Samar Sabra, Mohammad Khalaf Daoud

Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
- Dr. Mahmoud Allahham Conceptualized and
designed the study, led the research project, and
was primarily responsible for writing the
manuscript and overseeing the entire research
process.
- Dr. Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati played a key
role in the data collection process, performed
significant parts of the experimental work, and
assisted in drafting the initial manuscript.
- Dr. Heba Hatamlah was involved in data analysis
and interpretation, provided statistical expertise,
and contributed to the manuscript revision
process.
- Dr. Ahmad Yahiya Bani Ahmad Contributed to
the development of the methodology, assisted in
the experimental design, and participated in
critical revision of the manuscript for important
intellectual content.
- Dr. Samar Sabra managed the literature searches
and summaries, provided insights into the
theoretical framework of the study, and assisted in
editing and preparing the final version of the
manuscript.
- Dr. Mohammad Khalaf Daoud contributed to the
final editing and approval of the version to be
published.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
This research did not receive any specific grant from
funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-
for-profit sectors.

Conflict of Interest
To the best of our knowledge, the authors declare
that there is no conflict of interest regarding the
publication of this article.

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(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
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