Engineering Surveying - II

CE313
Photographic Survey
Lecture 07
Muhammad Noman
Photographic Survey
• It is also known as photogrammetry, it is a
method of surveying in which plan or maps
are prepared from photograph taken at
suitable camera station.
Or
• Photogrammetry is a sign of making
measurement from photograph.
Or
• Photogrammetry may be defined as the
science , art or technology of obtaining
reliable information from photograph.
Types Photographic Survey
A) Terrestrial ( or Ground)
photogrammetry
• In this class the maps are prepared
from terrestrial or ground
photographs ,Or
• Terrestrial Photogrammetry employs
photographs taken from the point of
earth surface for measurement
purposes.
• It is considered as further
development of plane table surveying.
Types Photographic Survey
B) Aerial (or Air) photogrammetry
• In this the maps are produced from air photographs ( photographs
are taken from air).
Uses of Photographic survey
• Used in preparing the topographic maps.
• Used in land surveying to compute the coordinates of section corners, boundary
corners etc.
• Used to make the shore line in hydrographic surveying.
• It is used to determine the precise ground coordinates of point in control
surveying.
• It is used to develop the maps & cross sections for routes & cross sections for
engineering surveying.
• Photogrammetry is successful in many non-engg. fields i.e. Geology, Archeology,
Forestry, Agricultural, Conservation, Planning, Military intelligence, Traffic
management & Accident investigation.
• It is also used particularly for inaccessible region forbidden properties &
unhealthy material region
Aerial Photogrammetry Or Air Surveying
• Aerial photogrammetry involve the use of photograph taken in a
systematic manner from the air .
• They are then controlled by land survey & measure by photographic
techniques.
• Since the 1st world user the terrestrial photographic surveying has
been replaced by the aerial photographic surveying due to the
development of the aero-plane.
Advantages of Aerial Photogrammetry
• The survey work can be carried out with great speed.
• It can be used with great success for other purposes i.e. classification
of land or soil, geological or archeological investigations etc.
• Aerial survey is highly technical & specialized work & must be carried
out stilled specially trained & experience persons.
• It is mainly made by government organization e.g. Survey Of Pakistan
Department
Aerial survey consists of 4 parts
• Flying
• Photography
• Ground control
• Compilation or mapping

Equipment required are:

• An aero-plane
• An aerial camera
• Accessories required for interpolation & plotting
Types of Photographs
There are 4 ways of taking aerial photographs
A) Vertical Photographs
B) Oblique Photographs
C) Convergent Photographs
D) Trimetrogen Photographs

Vertical are taken with the axis of the camera pointing vertically downwards.
• These photographs are produced most accurately maps as the variation in the scale over
the area is small & no areas remain hidden.
• However the details in the photographs cant be easily identified as the view offered is
unfamiliar to the eyes.
Oblique are produced by giving the camera axis a tilt upto 30o to the forward direction.
Types of Photographs
Convergent Photographs:
Photographs taken with
pair of camera with axis
inclined
Timetrogen Photographs:
Photographs taken
simultaneously from pair
of camera with axis
vertical and other slightly
tilted.
Oblique Photography
• They provide information of the enemy territory without crossing the
border .
• Features can easily recognized as these provide the views familiar to the
eye sights.
• However some details remain hidden behind the tall structures i.e.
building, hills etc.
• The scale variation large & therefore preparation of maps becomes more
laborious & expensive.
• Vertical photographs are principal mode of photogrammetric work .
• Oblique are seldom used for mapping or measurement application. But are
advantageous in interpretive work & for reconnaissance.
Stereoscopy
Monocular vision: is seeing with one eye
Binocular vision: is seeing the same object with
both eyes at the same time.
Stereoscopic viewing: is observing an object in
three dimension , a process requiring a person to
have normal binuclear (two eyed) vision.
A person with vision with only one eye cant see
stereoscopy.
Adjacent but overlapping aerial photos are called
stereo-pairs and are needed to determine parallax
and stereo/3D viewing
Stereoscopic Parallax
The displacement of an object caused by a change in the point of
observation is called parallax.
Stereoscopic parallax is caused by taking photographs of the same
object but from different points of observation.
Flight Planning
In order to produce stereo pairs every part of the ground to be surveyed
must be photographed at least twice.
To achieve this aero plane flies in strips and takes photographs with 60
% before and after overlap to secure the 50 % minimum need for
stereoscopic viewing.
Each strip overlaps the adjacent strip by at least 30 % to make sure that
no part of the ground is left unrecorded.
Flying height depends upon the following factors
a) The scale of the map or plan
b) The contour interval in the map
c) The type of country flat or mountainous
d) The characterless of the camera i.e. type of plotting equipment
e) The type of aero plane available
When sophisticated plotting machines are used, it is economical to increase
the flying height 6000 m and thus increase ground coverage per photograph.
Lower flying heights are necessary for close contouring over flat terrain.
Photographic Coverage Along A Flight Strip
Flying Pattern
Thank you