Introduction
* The power out put of an engine depends upon the amount of air inducted per
unit time and the degree of utilization of this air, and the thermal efficiency of
the engine.
Indicated engine Power
IP-P*L*A*n*K/60000 .(1)
Where, IP= indicated power (kW)
P-indicated mean effective pressure(N/m²)
L-length of stroke
A= area of piston
n= no of power stroke, for 2-s engine-N and for 4-s engine N/2, N= rpm
K= No of cylinders
[6:59 pm, 24/10/2024] Vandana Patil: Three possible methods utilized to
increase the air consumption of an engine are as follows:
➤Increasing the piston displacement: This increases the size and weight of the
engine, and introduces additional cooling problems.
Running the engine at higher speeds: This results in increased mechanical
friction losses and imposes greater inertia stresses on engine parts.
Increasing the density of the charge: This allows a greater mass of the charge to
be inducted into the same volume.
Definition
The most efficient method of increasing the power of an engine is by
supercharging, i.e. increasing the flow of air into the engine to enable more fuel
to be burnt.
* A Supercharger is run by the mechanical drive, powered by engine power.
A turbocharger uses the otherwise unused energy in the exhaust gases to drive a
turbine directly connected by a co-axial shaft to a rotary compressor in the air
intake system.
Need of turbocharger and super charger
* For ground installations, it is used to produce a gain in the power out put of
the engine.
* For aircraft installations, in addition to produce a gain in the power out put at
sea-level, it also enables the engine to maintain a higher power out put as
altitude is increased.
Supercharger
Working of Supercharger
Pulley, the first part of supercharger which gives motion to compressor is
connected to crankshaft with belt or gear mechanism.
->Through drive gear the motion has been transmitted to driven impeller gear,
which inturn rotates impeller
->Hence it sucks the ambient air and force it into intake of an I.C.engine.
Turbocharger
Working of a turbocharger:
* A turbocharger is a small radial fan pump driven by the energy of the exhaust
gases of an engine.
* A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a compressor on a shared shaft.
* The turbine converts exhaust to rotational force, which is in turn used to drive
the compressor.
* The compressor draws in ambient air and pumps it in to the intake manifold at
increased pressure, resulting in a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on
each intake stroke.
In order to achieve this boost, the turbocharger uses the exhaust flow from the
engine to spin a turbine, which in turn spins an air pump. The turbine in the
turbocharger spins at speeds of up to 150,000 rotations per minute (rpm) -- that's
about 30 times faster than most car engines can go. And since it is hooked up to
the exhaust, temperatures in the turbine are also very high.
Types of super charger:
Based on the use of compressor
* Centrifugal type.
* Roots type.
* Vane type.
Components of turbocharger
•Air compressor.
•Turbine.
•Intercooler.
Turbocharger
Supercharger
Where the turbocharger is located in the car
Advantages of supercharger and turbocharger
* The more increase the pressure of the intake air above the local atmospheric
pressure (boost), the more power the engine produces. Automotive
superchargers for street use typically produce a maximum boost pressure
between 0.33 to 1.0 bar, providing a proportionate increase in power.
Engines burn air and fuel at an ideal (stoichiometric) ratio of about 14.7:1,
which means that if you burn more air, you must also burn more fuel.
This is particularly useful at high altitudes: thinner air has less oxygen, reducing
power by around 3% per 1,000 feet above sea level, but a supercharger can
compensate for that loss, pressurizing the intake charge to something close to
sea level pressure.
Applications
Trucks & Marine.
High altitudes aircrafts.
Heavy Machinery.
Aircraft.
Conclusions:
* Due to low speed of operation and less power, turbocharger is used more
frequently than supercharger for more power generation and to operate it higher
altitude.
* Turbo-charging a tractor engine is an acceptable method of increasing its
performance if carried out within manufacturers' specifications.
* Lower engine operating temperatures result which can be beneficial.
* Since the engine lubricating oil is subjected to high temperatures as it passes
through the turbocharger the correct oil must be used as specified for
turbocharged engines.
