Acknowledgment

English Language and Literature Study Program of Universitas Bina Darma would
like to thank all team for their hard work to compile the module. This module is
exclusively designed for the students of AKPER KESDAM II SRIWIJAYA who
enrolled themselves in Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The training is
set for twenty five meetings with different skills learned.
This module is divided into several parts. First is about the training schedule,
second is about the info for the test taker, third is the complete example for TOEFL,
fourth is about listening comprehension skills, fifth is about structure and written
expression skill, and sixth is about reading comprehension. Hopefully, this module can
boost the students’ skills and comprehension about TOEFL. Finally, this can help the
students to face the real TOEFL ITP.

Palembang, February 5, 2018

English Study Program
Universitas Bina Darma

i
 Table of Content

Acknowledgment..........................................................................................i

Table of Content...........................................................................................ii

Training Timetable........................................................................................iii

Test taker Info...............................................................................................v

Complete Test...............................................................................................xi

Listening Comprehension.............................................................................1

Structure and Written Expression.................................................................33

Reading Comprehension...............................................................................89

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Test taker Important Details
This Handbook contains information about the TOEFL ITP ® Level 1 and Level 2 tests . Your instructor will
tell you which of these tests you will take . Because Levels 1 and 2 are similar, you should read the
descriptions of the tests and the procedures to be followed during the test . The practice questions on
pages 10–20 are samples of the types of questions you will encounter when you take either test .
Although actual test questions will be similar to the practice questions, they will vary in difficulty.

General Information
TOEFL ITP tests are paper based and use 100 percent academic content to evaluate the
English language proficiency of non-native English speakers . All questions are in multiple-choice
format, with four answer choices per question . The tests evaluate skills in three areas:
 Listening Comprehension measures the ability to understand spoken English as it is used in
colleges and universities .
 Structure and Written Expression measures recognition of selected structural and grammatical points
in standard written English .
 Reading Comprehension measures the ability to read and understand academic reading material written
in English .
The test you take may include questions that do not count toward your score. These are either questions that
enable ETS to make test scores comparable across administrations, or new questions that help ETS
determine how such questions function under actual testing conditions.

Scores obtained at an institutional administration are reported only to the institution administering
the test. Students who need TOEFL® scores for admission to universities and colleges where
English is the medium of instruction must take the official TOEFL test . TOEFL ITP scores are valid for
two years from the test date . Because language proficiency can change considerably in a relatively
short period of time, scores more than two years old cannot be reported or verified .

If you need official TOEFL scores for admission to a college or university, register to take the
official TOEFL test . Online information is available through the TOEFL website
([Link]/toefl) . Download an Information and Registration Bulletin for the TOEFL testing
program by visiting the website at [Link]/toefl/ibt/about/bulletin .

Test Structure
Level 1

Sectio Number of Administrati Score

n Questions on Scale
Listening Comprehension 50 35 minutes 31-68

Structure and Written 40 25 minutes 31-68

Expression
Reading Comprehension 50 55 minutes 31-67

TOTAL 14 115 minutes 310-677

0

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 Level 2
Sectio Number of Questions Administrati Score Scale
n on
Listening Comprehension 30 22 minutes 20-
50
Structure and Written 25 17 minutes 20-50
Expression
Reading and Vocabulary 40 31 minutes 20-50

TOTAL 95 70 minutes 200-500

Your admission form is inside the back cover of this Handbook. Complete the form according to
the directions given . After you have completed the form, put it in a safe place; you will need it
when you take the test . Before the test begins, you will copy information from your admission form
onto your answer sheet .

Preparing to Take the Test

TOEFL ITP tests are not based on the content of any particular English course but rather on your
English language proficiency—your overall ability to use English . Improvement in proficiency may take
some time and is generally achieved through a combination of practice and study.

Before the Test

There are several things you can do to prepare for the test and improve your English proficiency:
• Become familiar with the test format and know how to mark your answers on the answer sheet . You
can then
focus your attention on the test questions themselves . Carefully review the test directions and the
sample questions on pages 10–20, and the sample answer sheet .
• Immerse yourself in the language as frequently as possible and in as many ways as possible . Read
textbooks
or other materials that cover a variety of subject areas (for example, sciences, social sciences, arts,
business) and are written in an academic style . Watching movies and television and listening to the radio
provide excellent opportunities to build your listening skills .
• TOEFL ITP Practice Tests, Volume 1. Prepare for the TOEFL ITP test with real practice tests from ETS .
This
book contains two complete TOEFL ITP practice tests, a CD-ROM of the listening passages, answer keys,
scoring information, study tips, and test-taking strategies .
• Official Guide to the TOEFL ITP® Test . This Official Guide is specifically written to help students
prepare for the TOEFL ITP test and includes:
· Adescription of all the types of questions on the test
· Practice questions and answers with explanations
· Two full-length practice tests
· Useful strategies for improving academic English skills

· A CD-ROM for the Listening section (MA C ® compatible)

During the Test
• Work quickly and carefully.
• Do not spend too much time on any one question .
• Mark your answers on your answer sheet and not in the test book .
• Mark only one answer for each question . If you mark more than one answer, that question will be
counted as

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 wrong—even if one of the answers you marked is correct .
• You will receive credit only for answers marked in the circles on the answer sheet . Your score will be
based on
the number of questions you answer correctly. There is no penalty for guessing .
• Try to answer every question to the best of your ability.
• Pay close attention to the time during the Reading section of the test . In the Reading section you
have to pace yourself, so work quickly and if you do not know the answer to a question, come back to it
later.
• You cannot bring scratch paper into the testing room or make notes on the answer sheets .
• You can take notes in the blank areas of the test books during the listening parts of the test .

Completing Your Answer Sheet

When you take the test, you will be given an answer sheet like the one shown on the next page..

Identifying Information
It is important that you fill out this portion of your answer sheet very carefully because the identifying
information you provide will be printed exactly the same way on the score report sent to the institution
administering the test .
Look at the sample answer sheet, then read “Part of Tomiko Saito’s Answer Sheet” . Practice filling
out the sample answer sheet according to the instructions given . When you have finished, continue
reading the rest of this Handbook . If you did not write your native country code or native language
code on your admission form, turn to page 23 and follow the directions for completing these
areas on the admission form . You will not be permitted to use your Handbook when you are
completing your answer sheet in the testing room .

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Now practice filling in the sample answer sheet on page 8. Be sure to use your
admission form when you fill in the indentifying information. Your admission form
contains all the information you will need except for areas 6–10 . Be sure to take the form to
the testing room on test day.
Responses to Questions. You will mark your answers to the test questions in areas
identified as Section 1, Section 2, and Section 3 on the answer sheet. Each row of four circles
corresponds to the four answer choices for each question; only one of the answer choices
is correct. You will not use all of the answer response spaces .
The marks you make will be read by an electronic scoring machine, and the machine
can read only one mark in each row of four circles . The machine-scoring process is subject
to frequent, careful quality control checks, including hand scoring a sample of the answer
sheets received from each institution . Every effort is made to ensure accurate scoring .
However, you are responsible for marking your answer sheet properly . Follow these
directions:
• Use a medium-soft (No . 2 or HB) black lead pencil.
• Be careful to mark the space that corresponds to the answer you choose for each
question . Also, make sure you mark your answer in the row with the same number as
the number of the question you are answering . You will not be permitted to make any
corrections after time is called .
• Mark only one answer to each question .
• Completely fill the circle with a heavy, dark mark so you cannot see the letter inside the
circle; light or partial marks may not be read properly by the machine .
• Erase any extra marks completely .
The examples below show you the correct way and wrong ways to mark your answer sheet.
Be sure to fill in the circles the correct way

What to Bring to the Test Center

•Admission Form. You must bring your completed admission form . If it is not completed,
it may cause you considerable delay.
• Identification Document. You may be required to provide identification (ID) before you take the
test . Refer to “Identification” on this page for more information .
• Pencils and Erasers. You must bring several sharpened, medium soft (No . 2 or HB), black lead
pencils . You may not use a pen, a pencil with colored lead, or a liquid lead pencil to mark your
answer sheet. You will also need a good-quality eraser that will completely erase any
unintended marks you make on your answer sheet . Pencils and erasers will not be supplied by the
test supervisor.

Test Center Procedures and Regulations

The following procedures and regulations apply during the entire test session, which begins when you
are admitted to the test center and ends when you leave the test center:
• Dress so that you can adapt to any room temperature .

viii
• Friends or relatives who accompany you to the test center will not be permitted to wait in the test
center or be in contact with you while you are taking the test . Except for ETS-authorized observers,
visitors are not allowed in the testing room while testing is in progress .
• You may be required to present valid and acceptable identification documents (see
“Identification” on this page) .
• Other than ID, personal items are not allowed in the testing room . This includes cell phones,
PDAs, smart phones, smart watches, and any other electronic devices . Before the test, you will
receive instructions from test center staff regarding where to store personal items . You will not have
access to your personal items during the test or during any breaks .
• Test centers assume no responsibility for test takers’ personal belongings .
• The test center staff will assign you a seat .
• No test taker will be admitted after test materials have been distributed .
• Paper of any kind is not permitted in the testing room .
• There is no scheduled break during the test . You must have the supervisor’s permission to leave
the testing room . Any lost time cannot be made up .
• At the conclusion of the test, you will be required to return your test book and answer sheet to the
supervisor

Identification
Test takers may be required to present valid and acceptable identification each time they report to a test
center. It is your responsibility to ensure that your ID documents are up-to-date and available on
the day of the test .
When ID documents are presented, they must be examined carefully by the staff member responsible for
admitting the test takers . In addition to checking the name on your ID against your admission form,
the staff member will also check your photograph .

ID Document Requirements
Acceptable ID documents vary according to the location of the test administration .
However, there are general guidelines . Each ID document must meet all of the following
requirements:
• be an original document; photocopied documents are not acceptable
• be valid; expired documents (bearing expiration dates that have passed) are not acceptable
• show the test taker’s full name, matching exactly the name that appears on the admission
form
• show a recent photograph that clearly matches the test taker
• include the test taker’s signature
Acceptable Primary ID Documents
The following ID documents are preferred for admission to a test center within the test taker’s
country of citizenship:
• Passport with photograph and signature
• National ID with photograph and signature
• Driver’s license with photograph and signature
• State or Province ID card, including those issued by
motor vehicle agencies, with photograph and signature

• Military ID with photograph and signature

Acceptable Supplemental ID Documents
• You may be required to provide a supplemental ID
in addition to your primary ID if the test center staff

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 questions your primary ID document for any reason, or if your primary ID document is otherwise
acceptable but is missing your full name, photograph or signature .
• Supplemental ID documents cannot be used to resolve name discrepancies . The name on your primary
ID must exactly match the name you used when you registered, excluding accent marks and
spaces . If you cannot provide a supplemental ID listed below that contains your signature, you
can present 2 government-issued IDs with photographs, as long as they are in the same name you used
when you registered .
• Government-issued ID, including, but not limited to, those listed under Acceptable Primary ID
Documents Above
 Student ID

Dismissal from a Test Center

A test supervisor is authorized to dismiss you from a test session or your scores may be canceled
due to violations such as, but not limited to, the following:
• taking a test book or answer sheet from the testing room
• attempting to take the test for someone else or have someone else take the test for you
• giving or receiving assistance during the test
• failing to follow instructions given by the test supervisor
• reading or working on one section of the test during the time allowed for another, or continuing to
work after time is called
• taking dictionaries, other books, notes, or recording or photographic devices into the testing room
• creating a disturbance or behaving inappropriately
• copying test questions or answers
• cheating in any other way
The TOEFL Program will accept any decisions or recommendations made
by the test supervisor regarding unacceptable behavior of test takers

x
Complete Test Sample

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 Listening
Listening is tested in the first section on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test. This
section consists of a number of different types of listening passages, each followed by one or more
questions. The paper and the computer listening sections are similar in the following ways:

• some of the passages

• some of the language skills
The paper and the computer listening sections are different in the following ways:
• some of the passages
• some of the language skills
• the use of visuals
• the number of questions
• the amount of time
• the control of time between questions
• the procedures and strategies

LISTENING ON THE PAPER TOEFL® TEST

On the paper TOEFL test, the first section is called Listening Comprehension. This section consists of
fifty questions (though some tests may be longer). You will listen to recorded materials and respond to
multiple-choice questions about the material. You must listen carefully because you will hear the
recording one time only and the material on the recording is not written in your test book.

1. Short Dialogues are two-line dialogues between two speakers, each followed by a multiple-
choice question. You will listen to each short dialogue and question on the recording and
then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book. The
30 short dialogues and 30 questions about them make up Part A of the paper TOEFL test.
2. Long Conversations are 60-90 second conversations on casual topics between students, each
followed by a number of multiple-choice questions. You will listen to each long
conversation and each of the questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose
the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test book. The two
conversations and the seven to nine questions that accompany them make up Part B of the
paper TOEFL test.
3. Talks are 60-90 second talks about school life or on academic subjects, each followed by a
number of multiple-choice questions. You will listen to each lecture and each of the
questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose the best answer to each
question from the four choices in your test book. The three lectures and the 11-13 questions
that accompany them make up Part C of the paper TOEFL test.

1
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Terjemahan:
PERCAKAPAN (Listening Comprehension)
Percakapan merupakan bagian pertama dari tes TOEFL yang sering dikenal dengan
sebutan Listening Comprehension. Bagian ini terdiri dari 50 pertanyaan yang dalam lembar
jawaban hanya tersedia pilihan jawaban untuk masing-masing pertanyaan. Bagian ini terdiri
dari 3 jenis percakapan yaitu : Percakapan Pendek, Percakapan Panjang, dan Cerita Panjang.

Tips umum bagian percakapan:

1. Berkonsentrasilah mendengarkan dengan baik.
2. Kenali petunjuk pengerjaan soal sebelum hari tes tiba.
3. Anda punya 12 detik untuk menjawab tiap pertanyaan.
4. Jangan pernah tinggalkan kertas jawaban dalam keadaan kosong.
Kesulitan mengerjakan soal pada bagian pertama ini terkadang membuat Anda pesimis terlebih dahulu
dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal yang lain. Yang perlu Anda lakukan adalah mencoba untuk
fokus mendengarkan dan ikuti jurus-jurus berikut ini satu persatu.

A. PERCAKAPAN PENDEK
Percakapan pendek biasanya terdiri dari 2 baris dan dialog antara 2 pembicara.
Terdapat 30 pertanyaan dengan 30 jawaban untuk jenis soal percakapan ini.

JURUS 1 : PERHATIKAN NARASI KEDUA

- Narasi kedua biasanya berisi jawaban dari pertanyaan yang ada.
- Tambahkan fokus Anda ketika narasi kedua muncul.
- Tentukan kata kuncinya

Contoh:
Dalam rekaman, Anda mendengar :
(man) Billy really made a big mistake this time.
(woman) Yes, he forgot to turn in his research paper.
(narrator) What does the woman say about Billy?

4
Dalam lembar jawaban tes, Anda membaca
(A) It was the first time he made a mistake. (B)
He forgot to write his paper.
(C) He turned in the paper in the wrong place
(D) He didn’t remember to submit his assignment

Dalam narasi kedua pada percakapan tersebut, disebutkan bahwa Billy forgot to turn in his research paper,
dan ini berarti bahwa Billy lupa menyerahkan tugasnya atau he didn’t remember to submit it.

5
Terjemahan:
Pernyataan ulang yang biasanya muncul, biasanya dalam bentuk sinonim pada pilihan jawaban.
- Fokus pada kata kunci pada narasi kedua.
- Jika melihat sinonim dari kata kunci tersebut, kemungkinan itu jawabannya

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Terjemahan
Strategi 3 : HINDARI JAWABAN YANG TERDENGAR SAMA
Pada soal Toefl Anda akan sering menemui pilihan jawaban pengecoh yang memiliki suara hampir mirip
dengan yang ada pada percakapan.
 Identifikasi kata kunci pada narasi kedua pada percakapan.
 Identifikasi kata yang suaranya terdengar serupa pada pilihan jawaban lalu coret.
 Jangan pilih kata yang sudah diidentifikasi bersuara sama.

Contoh:
Dalam rekaman, Anda mendengar :
(woman) Why couldn’t Zee come with us?
(man) She was searching for a new
apartment (narrator) What does the man say about
Zee?

Dalam lembar jawaban tes, Anda membaca

(A) She had an appointment.
(B) She was in the department.
(C) She was looking for a place to live.
(D) She was working on her research project.
Dalam dialog tersebut dalam baris terakhir terdapat kata kunci searching dan apartment.
8
Pilihan jawaban yang memiliki suara pelafalan yang sama adalah department dan
appointment yang terdengar hampir sama seperti apartment. Serta research yang terdengar
hampir sama dengan searching. Ketiga pilihan tersebut dapat dicoret dari pilihan jawaban
dan pilihan C adalah yang paling tepat

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The following skills will help you to implement these procedures in the long conversations on the paper
TOEFL Test.

SKILL 6: ANTICIPATE THE TOPICS

18
SKILL 7: ANTICIPATE THE QUESTIONS

SKILL 8: DETERMINE THE TOPIC

19
Terjemahan
Strategi 8 : MENENTUKAN TOPIK

Setiap Anda mendengar percakapan panjang, Anda harus mengetahui TOPIK (SUBJEK) atau
IDE UTAMA dari percakapan tersebut. TOPIK atau IDE UTAMA biasanya terdapat
dalam baris KE SATU dan DUA.

EXERCISE 8: Listen to the first part of each of the conversations,

and decide on the topic of each conversation.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 8.

1. What is the topic of Conversation 1?

2. What is the topic of Conversation 2?

3. What is the topic of Conversation 3?

2
SKILL 9: DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT WHO, WHAT,
WHEN, WHERE

Terjemahan
Strategi 9 : MENARIK KESIMPULAN MENGENAI SIAPA, APA,
KAPAN, DIMANA

Cerita panjang berisi informasi-informasi seperti hal-hal berikut:

- Siapa yang berbicara?
- Kapan cerita panjang berlangsung?
- Dimana cerita panjang berlangsung?
- Apa informasi yang diberikan pada cerita panjang?

2
EXERCISE 9: Listen to the first part of each of the conversations and try to imagine
the situation. Then answer the questions in the text.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 9.

2
SKILL 10: LISTEN FOR ANSWERS IN ORDER

Terjemahan
Strategi 10 : URUTAN JAWABAN

Terdapat dua metode yang dapat digunakan pada saat menyimak percakapan
panjang:

• Kamu hanya mendengarkan percakapan (menghiraukan jawabannya)

• Mendengarkan dengan memperhatikan jawaban

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TOEFL EXERCISE 10: Listen to each complete conversation and answer the
questions that follow.

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 9.

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Terjemahan
CERITA PANJANG
Tiga cerita dan diikuti dengan sejumlah pertanyaan dalam
bentuk pilihan ganda akan muncul di Bagian C pada Listening
Comprehension Section, Test TOEFL. Anda akan
mendengarkan cerita-cerita and pertanyaan-pertanyaan pada
rekaman audio; dan mereka tidak dituliskan dibuku test anda.
Anda harus memilih jawaban terbaik pada setiap pertanyaan
dari empat pilihan yang tertulis di buku test anda. Selayaknya
percakapan panjang pada Bagian B, anda akan mendengarkan
seseorang bercerita tentang beberapa permasalahan baik
dikampus ataupun kehidupan.

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SKILL 11: ANTICIPATE THE TOPICS

Terjemahan
Strategi 11 : MENGANTISIPASI TOPIK-TOPIK
Ini akan sangat berguna apabila Anda memahami topiknya
secara keseluruhan jika anda mengetahui topik apa yang
dimaksud dalam cerita panjang tersebut. Anda diminta untuk
mengantisipasi topik yang akan anda dengar. Contohnya,
apakah ceritanya menganai sejarah Amerika?, atau sastra,
atau aspek-aspek dalam kehidupan sekolah? Strategi yang
sangat membantu adalah dengan memperhatikan jawaban
secara ringkas pada buku test, sebelum Anda mendengarkan
cerita pada rekaman, and mencoba untuk menentukan topik-
topik dari cerita yang anda dengar.
EXERCISE 11: Look at the answers to the five questions together, and try to
anticipate the topic of the talk for those five questions. (Of course, you cannot
always determine exactly what the topic is, but you often can get a general idea.)
Questions 1 through 5 have been answered for you.

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SKILL 12: ANTICIPATE THE QUESTIONS

Terjemahan
Strategi 12 : MENGANTISIPASI JENIS PERTANYAAN

Langkah awal adalah dengan memperhatikan jawaban yang

tersedia dibuku test, kemudian anda mengantisipasi kira-
kira pertanyaan untuk hal tersebut apa.

EXERCISE 12: Study the following answers and try to determine what the
questions will be. (You should note that perhaps you will only be able to predict
part of a question, rather than the complete question.) If you cannot predict the
question in a short period of time, then move on to the next group of answers.
Question 1 has been answered for you.

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SKILL 13: DETERMINE THE TOPIC

Terjemahan
Strategi 12 : MENENTUKAN TOPIK
Setiap Anda mendengar cerita panjang, Anda harus mengetahui TOPIK (SUBJEK) atau
IDE UTAMA dari cerita tersebut. TOPIK atau IDE UTAMA biasanya
terdapat dalam baris KE SATU dan DUA.

EXERCISE 13: Listen to the first part of each of the talks, and decide on the topic of
each talk

NOW BEGIN THE RECORDING AT EXERCISE 13

3
 SECTION 2

STRUCTURE

AND

WRITTEN EXPRESSION

3
 STRUCTURE
Structure is tested in the second section on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test.
This section consists of a number of multiple-choice questions that test your knowledge of the structure of
English sentences and error recognition questions that test your knowledge of correct written expression.

Struktur (tata bahasa) merupakan bagian kedua dari tes TOEFL. Sesi ini terdiri dari 40 soal
pilihan ganda yang menilai pengetahuan Bahasa Inggris secara tertulis dalam hal kalimat dan
menganalisa apakah kalimat tersebut benar atau salah.

STRUCTURE ON THE PAPER TOEFLTEST

On the paper TOEFL test, the second section is called Structure and Written Expression. This section
consists of forty questions (though some tests may be longer). You have twenty-five minutes to complete
the forty questions in this section.
Sesi kedua ini disebut Structure and Written Expression yang terdiri dari 40 soal yang harus dikerjakan
dalam waktu 25 menit.
There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of the paper TOEFL
test:

Ada 2 jenis soal pada sesi ini, yaitu:

1. Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each sentence has been replaced
with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices. You must choose the answer that
completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way.

Stucture (soal 1-15) terdiri dari 15 kalimat yang tidak lengkap dan harus diisi dengan jawaban yang
tepat. Terdiri 4 pilihan jawaban dan harus dijawab dengan melengkapinya dengan tata bahasa yang
benar.

2. Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of
words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

Written Expression (soal 16-40) terdiri dari 25 kalimat dengan 4 kata yang telah digaris bawahi. Yang
harus dilakukan adalah memilih salah satu kata yang salah dari ke 4 kata yang telah digaris bawahi
tadi.

The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order. The fifteen structure questions (1-15) progress
from easy to difficult. The twenty-five written expression questions (16-40) also progress from easy to
difficult. Your score in this section is based on your answers to these forty questions.

Pertanyaan dalam tes ini diurutkan secara linear. Soal 1-15 diurutkan dari yang termudah hingga ke
tingkat yang lebih sulit, begitu juga untuk soal 16-40. Nilai pada sesi kedua ini berdasarkan jawaban
yang benar pada nomor 1-40.
1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions onevery paper TOEFL test are the same, so it is not
necessary to spend time readingthe directions carefullywhen you take the test. You shouldbe completelyfamiliar
with the directions before the day of the test. Harus mengenali intstruksi. Instruksi – instruksi pada soal TOEFL
pada umumnya sama, jadi kita tidak perlu menghabiskan banyak waktu dalam membaca instruksi tersebut. Oleh
sebab itu sangat penting untuk memahaminya sebelum haripelaksanaantes.
2. Begin with questions I through 15. Anticipate thatquestions I through 5 will be the easiest. Anticipate
thatquestions11 through15 will bethe most difficult. Donot spend too muchtime [Link]
will beeasierquestions that come later. Mulailah mengerjakan soal 1-15. Antisipasilah bahwa soal 1-5 adalah soal
termudah, sedangkan soal 11- 15 adalahsoal [Link] waktudalammengerjakansoal11–
15,akanadasoalyanglebihmudahdi soalselanjutnya.
3. Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the easiest.
Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will bethe most difficult. Do not spend too much time onquestions
36 through [Link] soal nomor 16 – 40. Antisipasi pertanyaan 16 sampai 20 adalah soal termudah dan
soal nomor 36 sampai 40 adalah
yangtersulit.Janganmenghabiskanbanyakwaktudalammengerjakansoal36-40.
4. If you have time, return to questions 1 1 through 15. Youshouldspendextratimeonquestions11through
15onlyafteryouspendallthetime thatyou want [Link]
waktuyangtersediamasihcukup, kembali

3
[Link] soalyang
lebihmudahtelahdikerjakan.

3
 5. Guess to complete the section before time is up. Thereisnopenaltyforguessing,soitcanonlyincreaseyour
[Link]
[Link].

SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE

Kalimat dengan 1 anak kalimat

Some sentences in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to
find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb.
However, certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives, and participles, can cause
confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or
verb. An object of the preposition or an appositive can be mistaken for a subject, while a participle can
be mistaken for a verb.
Beberapa kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris hanya memiliki satu subjek dan kata kerja, dan sangat
penting bagi Anda untuk menemukan subjek dan kata kerja dalam kalimat ini. Dalam beberapa
kalimat mudah untuk menemukan subject dan kata kerja. Namun, struktur tertentu, seperti objek
preposisi, appositives, dan participle, dapat menyebabkan kebingungan dalam menemukan subjek dan
kata kerja karena masing-masing struktur ini dapat terlihat seperti subjek atau kata kerja. Objek dari
preposisi atau appositive dapat salah untuk subjek, sementara participle dapat salah untuk kata kerja.
Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be
sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepositions and appositives
when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past participles
when you are looking for the verb.
Oleh karena itu, Anda harus dapat melakukan hal berikut dalam kalimat dengan satu subjek
dan kata kerja: (1) pastikan kalimat memiliki subjek dan kata kerja, (2) berhati-hatilah terhadap
objek preposisi dan appositives saat Anda mencari subjek, dan (3) berhati-hatilah terhadap participle
sekarang dan participle masa lalu saat Anda mencari kata kerja.

3
SKILL I: BE SURETHE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
PASTIKAN KALIMAT MEMILIKI 1 SUBJEK DAN 1 KATA KERJA
You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of
problems that you will encounter in structure questions on the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and
verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has
an extra subject or verb.
Anda tahu bahwa kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris seharusnya memiliki subjek dan kata kerja. Jenis
masalah yang paling umum yang akan Anda hadapi dalam pertanyaan struktur pada tes TOEFL
berkaitan dengan subjek dan verba: mungkin kalimatnya hilang baik subjek atau kata kerja atau
keduanya, atau mungkin kalimat tersebut memiliki subjek atau kata kerja tambahan.

Example 1:
was backed up for miles on the freeway.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars

In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb was, but there is no subject.
Answer (C) is the best answer because it contains the singular subject traffic that agrees with the
singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not
correct. Although answer (D), cars, could be a subject, it is not correct because cars is plural and it does
not agree with the singular verb was.
Dalam contoh ini Anda harus segera memperhatikan bahwa ada kata kerja itu, tapi tidak ada
subject. Jawaban (C) adalah jawaban terbaik karena berisi traffic subjek tunggal yang sesuai dengan
kata kerja tunggal itu. Jawab (A), yesterday, dan jawab (B), in the morning, bukan subjek, jadi itu
tidak benar. Meski menjawab (D), cars, bisa jadi subjek, itu tidak benar karena cars itu jamak dan
tidak sesuai dengan kata kerja tunggal itu.

Example 2:
Engineers for work on the new space program.
(A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month

In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject engineers and that there
is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D)
are not verbs, so they are not correct.
Dalam contoh ini Anda harus segera memperhatikan bahwa kalimat tersebut memiliki engineers
subjek dan bahwa tidak ada kata kerja. Karena jawaban (B), are needed, adalah kata kerja, itu adalah
jawaban terbaik. Jawaban (A), (C), dan (D) bukan kata kerja, jadi itu tidak benar.

SUBJECTS AND VERBS

Sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb.

3
EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
(Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan kata kerja dua kali di masing-masing kalimat berikut. Kemudian
tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I)).

I 1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.
C 2. A schedule of the day's events can be obtained at the front desk.
3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.
4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.
5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.
6. The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters.
7. The papers in the wastebasket should be emptied into the trash can outside.
8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor.
9. Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution.
10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine.

SKILL 2. BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

PERHATIKAN OBJEK DARI KATA DEPAN

An object of a preposition is a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that comes after a preposition,
such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase. Objek sebuah preposisi
adalah kata benda, kata ganti, kata benda atau benda benda yang muncul setelah sebuah preposisi,
seperti in, at, of, to, by, behind, on,, dan seterusnya, untuk membentuk frase preposisional.

(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat).

This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition after, and boat
is the object of the preposition by. Kalimat ini berisi dua objek preposisi. Exams adalah objek dari
preposisi after, dan boat adalah objek dari preposisi by. An object of a preposition can cause confusion
in structure questions on the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

Example:
With his friend..................found the movie theater.
(A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when
In this example you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb found
and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the subject; friend is the object
of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a
subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not
correct because they cannot be subjects.
Dalam contoh ini Anda harus melihat terlebih dahulu subjek dan kata kerja. Anda harus
memperhatikan kata kerja found dan juga harus memperhatikan bahwa tidak ada subjek. Jangan
berpikir bahwa friend adalah subjek; friend adalah objek preposisi with, dan satu kata benda tidak bisa
menjadi subjek sekaligus objek sekaligus. Karena subjek dibutuhkan dalam kalimat ini, jawablah (B),
he, adalah jawaban terbaik. Jawaban (A), (C), and (D) tidak benar karena tidak dapat dijadikan subjek.

The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of
prepositions:

OBJECTSOF PREPOSITIONS

A preposition isfollowedbyanoun,pronoun,gerund ornounclausethatiscalledanobject of the preposition. Ifa

wordisanobject of a preposition, itisnotthe subject

3
EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come before
the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
Masing-masing kalimat berikut berisi satu atau lebih frasa preposisional. Garis bawahi subjek sekali
dan verba dua kali. Lingkari frase preposisional yang muncul sebelum kata kerja. Kemudian tunjukkan
apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES

Perhatikan appositives

Appositives can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because an appositive
can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another
noun and has the same meaning. Appositives dapat menyebabkan kebingungan dalam pertanyaan
struktur pada tes TOEFL karena sebuah hipotesis dapat salah untuk subjek sebuah kalimat. Appositive
adalah kata benda yang terletak sebelum atau sesudah kata benda lain dan memiliki arti yang sama.

Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be
recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence
says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive
phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on the exam). Dalam contoh ini Sally adalah subjek
kalimat dan the best student in the class dapat dengan mudah dikenali sebagai frase yang sesuai karena
kata benda siswa dan karena komisinya. Kalimat tersebut mengatakan bahwa Sally dan the best student in
the class adalah orang yang sama. Perhatikan bahwa jika Anda meninggalkan frase yang sesuai,
kalimatnya tetap masuk akal (Sally got an Aon the exam).

The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a sentence in
structure questions on the TOEFL test.
Example 1:
, George, is attending the lecture.
(A) Right now
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend
In this example you should recognize from the commas that George is not the subject of the sentence.
George is an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is (D), my friend.
Answers (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects.

3
 Dalam contoh ini Anda harus mengenali dari koma bahwa George bukan subjek kalimatnya.
George adalah appositive. Karena kalimat ini masih butuh subjek, jawaban terbaiknya adalah (D), my
friend . Jawaban (A), (B), dan (C) salah karena bukan subjek.
The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject; an appositive
can also come at the beginning of the sentence.
Example 2:
, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.
(A) An excellent basketball player
(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball play
In this example you can tell that Sarah is the subject and misses is the verb because there is no
comma separating them. In the space you should put an appositive for Sarah, and Sarah is an excellent
basketball player, so answer (A) is the best answer. Answers (B) and (C) are not correct because they each
contain the verb is, and an appositive does not need a verb. Answer (D) contains a noun, play, that could
possibly be an appositive, but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct.
Dalam contoh ini Anda dapat mengatakan bahwa Sarah adalah subjek dan misses adalah kata
kerja karena tidak ada koma yang memisahkannya. Di ruang yang harus Anda berikan pada Sarah,
Sarah adalah an excellent basketball player, jadi jawablah (A) adalah jawaban terbaik. Jawaban (B) dan (C)
tidak benar karena masing-masing mengandung kata kerja is, dan kata kunci tidak memerlukan kata
kerja. Jawaban (D) berisi kata benda, play, yang mungkin bisa menjadi appositive, tapi play permainannya
tidak sama dengan play, jadi jawaban ini tidak benar.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about appositives:

APPOSITIVES

Anappositive [Link]
isanappositive, itisnotthesubject ThefollowingappositivestructuresarebothpossibleinEnglish:

S, APP, V
Tom, areallygoodmechanic, isfixing thecar
APP, S V
Areallygoodmechanic Tom isfixing thecar

EXERCISE 3: Each of the following sentences contains an appositive. Underline the subjects once
and the verbs twice. Circle the appositive phrases. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung kata kunci yang sesuai. Garis bawahi subject satu kali dan
verba dua kali. Lingkari frase yang sesuai. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau
salah (I).
C 1. (The son of the previous owner,) the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in
management policy.
I _ 2. Last semester, (a friend) graduated cum laude from the university.
3. Valentine's Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts.
4. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.
5. Tonight's supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night.
6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times.
7. In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.
8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up the room.
9. The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally
readied for use.
10. A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for
Sunday dinner.

4
SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES
PERHATIKAN PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (talking, playing). In structure questions on the TOEFL test, a
present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective. It is part
of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be. Partisipasi sekarang adalah bentuk kata
kerja (talking, playing). Dalam pertanyaan struktur pada tes TOEFL, present participle dapat
menyebabkan kebingungan karena bisa menjadi bagian dari kata kerja atau kata sifat. Ini adalah bagian
dari kata kerja ketika didahului oleh beberapa bentuk kata kerja be.

The man is talking to his friend.

VERB
In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is. Dalam kalimat ini talking adalah
bagian dari kata kerja karena didampingi is. A present participle is an adjective when it is not
accompanied by some form of the verb be. Present participle merupakan kata sifat ketika tidak diikuti oleh kata
kerja be

The man talking to his friend has a beard.

ADJECTIVE

In this sentence talking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompanied by some form
of be. The verb in this sentence is has. Dalam kalimat ini talking adalah kata sifat dan bukan bagian dari
kata kerja karena tidak diwakili oleh beberapa bentuk be. Kata kerja dalam kalimat ini adalah has.

The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in structure
questions on the TOEFL test.
Example:
The child playing in the yard is my son.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) he
(D) was

In this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is the subject
and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), is,
or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these two answers are incorrect because playing is not
part of the verb. You should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because
there is another verb in the sentence is. In this sentence there is a complete subject child and a complete
verb is, so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A).
Dalam contoh ini, jika Anda hanya melihat kata-kata pertama dari kalimat tersebut, nampak bahwa
child adalah subyek dan playing adalah bagian dari kata kerja. Jika Anda berpikir bahwa playing adalah
bagian dari kata kerja, Anda bisa memilih jawaban (B), is, atau jawaban (D), is untuk melengkapi kata
kerja. Namun, kedua jawaban ini salah karena playing bukanlah bagian dari kata kerja. Anda harus
menyadari bahwa playing adalah kata sifat partisipatif daripada kata kerja karena ada kata kerja lain is.
Dalam kalimat ini ada subjek child yang lengkap dan kata kerja yang lengkap is , jadi kalimat ini tidak
membutuhkan subjek atau kata kerja lain. Jawaban terbaiknya di sini adalah (A).

The following chart outlines what you should remember about present participles:

PRESENTPARTICIPLES

Apresent participle isthe-ing [Link] r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e canbe(I)part of the verb or(2) anadjective. Itisp

The boy is s t a n d i n g in the corner.

The boy s t a n d i n g in the corner was naughty.

4
 C 1. The companies (offering) the lowest prices will have the most customers.
ADJ
I 2. Those travelers are (completing) their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
VERB
3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair.
4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.
5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.
7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market.
8. Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form.
9. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention.
10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive.

SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES

PERHATIKAN PAST PARTICIPLES

Past participles can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because a past participle can
be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have
or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English.
Past participles dapat menyebabkan kebingungan dalam pertanyaan struktur pada tes TOEFL karena
Past participles dapat berupa kata sifat atau bagian dari kata kerja. Past participles adalah bentuk kata
kerja yang muncul dengan memiliki atau tidak. Sering kali berakhir, tapi ada juga banyak Past
participles yang tidak teratur dalam bahasa Inggris.
The family has purchased a television.
VERB
The poem was written by Paul.
VERB
In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In
the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb because it is accompanied by was.
Dalam kalimat pertama, past participle purchased adalah bagian dari kata kerja karena diwakili oleh has.
Dalam kalimat kedua, past participle written adalah bagian dari kata kerja karena didampingi was.

A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.

Past participle berfungsi sebagai kata sifat ketika tidak diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk be atau
have.

The television purchased yesterday was expensive.

ADJECTIVE
The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine.
ADJECTIVE
In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form
of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written is an adjective
rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later
in the sentence).
Pada kalimat pertama yang dibeli adalah kata sifat dan bukan kata kerja karena tidak diwakili oleh
bentuk menjadi atau memiliki (dan ada kata kerja, kemudian, dalam kalimatnya). Pada kalimat kedua
yang dituliskan adalah kata sifat bukan kata kerja karena tidak disertai dengan bentuk menjadi atau
memiliki (dan ada kata kerja, muncul, nanti di kalimatnya).
The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in structure
questions on the TOEFL test.
Example:
The packages........................mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.
(A) have
(B) were
(C) them
(D) just
In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that packages is the
subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look
further in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will arrive. You will then recognize that mailed is a
participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because
mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect
because there is no need for the object them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.

4
Dalam contoh ini, jika Anda hanya melihat beberapa kata kalimat pertama, tampak bahwa packages
adalah subjek dan mailed baik kata kerja lengkap atau participle masa lalu yang memerlukan kata kerja
bantu. Tetapi jika Anda melihat lebih dalam kalimat ini, Anda akan melihat bahwa kata kerja will arrive.
Anda kemudian akan menyadari bahwa mailed adalah kata sifat partisipatif dan karena itu bukan bagian
dari kata kerja. Jawaban (A) dan (B) salah karena mailed adalah kata sifat dan tidak memerlukan kata
kerja bantuan seperti have atau were. Jawaban (C) salah karena tidak perlu untuk objek them. Jawaban
(D) adalah jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini.
The following chart outlines what you should remember about past participles:
PASTPARTICIPLES
Apast participle oftenendsin-ed,[Link],including-edverbs,the simple past andthepast pa
1 . She p a i n t e d this picture.
She has p a i n t e d this picture.
The picture p a i n t e d by Karen is now in a museum.

EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Underline the
subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label them as adjectives or verbs.
Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

Masing-masing kalimat berikut berisi satu atau lebih paragraf sebelumnya. Garis bawahi subjek sekali
dan verba dua kali. Lingkari past participles dan beri label sebagai kata sifat atau kata kerja.
Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. The money was (offered) by the client was not (accepted)

VERB VERB
C 2. The car (listed) in the advertisement had already (stalled)
ADJ VERB
3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week's exam.
4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many hours.
5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police.
7. The pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the county.
8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequisites.
9. All the tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartment complex.
10. Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next day.

EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following
sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan kata kerja dua kali di masing-masing kalimat berikut. Kemudian
tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with fewer than
the maximum number of units can add additional courses.
2. On her lunch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding gift.
3. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November.
4. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground.
5. The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcement of the
president's resignation.
6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall.
7. The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display in
Dallas.
8. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the
other players.

9. Construction of the housing development it will be underway by the first of

the month.

10. Those applicants returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the
highest priority.

4
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Choose the completes the sentence.

1. The North Platte River from Wyoming into Nebraska.

(A) it flowed
(B) flows
(C) flowing
(D) with flowing water
letter of the word or group of words that best

2. Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word meaning "first people."

(A) The city of

(B) Located in
(C) It is in
(D) The tour included
3. A pride of lions up to forty lions, including one to three males, several females,
and cubs.

(A) can contain

(B) it contains
(C) contain
(D) containing

4. tea plant are small and white.

(A) The
(B) On the
(C) Having flowers the
(D) The flowers of the

5. The tetracyclines, antibiotics, are used to treat infections.

(A) are a family of

(B) being a family
(C) a family of
(D) their family is

6. Any possible academic assistance from taking stimulants marginal at best.

(A) it is
(B) there is
(C) is
(D) as
7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, famous as a historian and novelist.

(A) became
(B) and became
(C) he was
(D) and he became

4
8. The major cause the pull of the Moon on the Earth.

(A) the ocean tides are

(B) of ocean tides is
(C) of the tides in the ocean
(D) the oceans' tides

9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth century, limited to the rich.

(A) was
(B) was photography
(C) it was photography
(D) photography was

10. A computerized map of the freeways using information gathered by sensors embedded in
the pavement on a local cable channel during rush hours.

(A) airs
(B) airing
(C) air
(D) to air

SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

Kalimat dengan Klausa Ganda

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you
need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that
the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English.
Certain patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with
these patterns.
Banyak kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris memiliki lebih dari satu klausa. (Suatu klausa adalah
sekelompok kata yang mengandung subjek dan kata kerja.) Kapan pun Anda menemukan sebuah kalimat
pada tes TOEFL dengan lebih dari satu klausa, Anda harus memastikan bahwa setiap subjek memiliki
kata kerja dan setiap kata kerja memiliki subjek . Selanjutnya Anda perlu memeriksa bahwa berbagai
klausa dalam kalimat digabungkan dengan benar. Ada berbagai cara untuk bergabung dalam klausul
dalam bahasa Inggris. Pola tertentu sering muncul dalam bahasa Inggris dan tes TOEFL. Anda harus
sangat terbiasa dengan pola ini.

4
SKILL 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

GUNAKAN KONEKTOR KOORDINASI SECARA LANGSUNG

When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way
to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, or yet between the clauses.
Bila Anda memiliki dua klausa dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, Anda harus menghubungkan dua klausa
dengan benar. Salah satu cara untuk menghubungkan dua klausa adalah dengan menggunakan and, but,
or, so, atau yet, di antara klausa tersebut.

Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.

Tom is tall, but Paul is short.

Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.

Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.

Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction
and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,). Dalam masing-masing contoh ini, ada dua klausa yang
digabungkan dengan koordinat koordinat and, but, or,so, atau yet,, dan koma (,).

The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the
TOEFL test.

Example:

A power failure occurred,..............the lamps went out.

(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a power failure occurred and the
lamps went out. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and next axe not
connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can
connect two clauses. Dalam contoh ini Anda harus memperhatikan dengan cepat bahwa ada dua klausa,
a power failure occurred dan the lamps went out. Kalimat ini membutuhkan konektor untuk
menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut. Then, later, dan next axe berikutnya bukan konektor, jadi jawaban (A),
(C), dan (D) tidak benar. Jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B) karena bisa menghubungkan dua klausa.

The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them:

COORDINATE CONNECTORS
and but or
so just
S V, coordinate connector SV
She laughed, but she wanted to cry.

4
EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects
once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).

Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung lebih dari satu klausa. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan
verba dua kali. Lingkari konektornya. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah
(I).

1. ......C.....The software should be used on a laptop computer, (and) this computer is a laptop.
2. ......I.....The rain clouds can be seen in the distance,(but) no has fallen.
3 They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.
4 So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon.

5 The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the
water.
6 You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today.
7 The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done.
8 The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed.
9 Or you can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed.
10 The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it.

SKILL 7: USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and" connectors in
the following sentences:

Kalimat dengan klausa adverbia memiliki dua pola dasar dalam bahasa Inggris. Pelajari klausa dan
"konektor dalam kalimat berikut:

I will sign the check before you leave.

Before you leave, I will sign the check.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and / will sign the check, and the clause you leave
is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the
connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example
the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at
the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence.

Dalam masing-masing contoh ini, ada dua klausa: you leave dan / akan will sign the check, dan klausa
you leave adalah klausa waktu adverbia karena diperkenalkan dengan konektor before. Pada contoh
pertama konektor before masuk di tengah kalimat, dan tidak ada koma (,) yang digunakan. Pada contoh
kedua konektornya before datang di awal kalimat. Dalam pola ini, ketika konektor datang pada awal
kalimat, sebuah koma (,) diperlukan di tengah kalimat.
The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on
the TOEFL test.
Example:
........... was late, I missed the appointment.
(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he

In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also
another clause, / missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject
for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector
to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject
for the verb was. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there
is a connector, since, to join the two clauses.

4
 Dalam contoh ini Anda harus mengenali dengan mudah bahwa ada kata kerja, was, yang
membutuhkan subjek. Ada juga klausa lain, / missed the appointment. Jika Anda memilih jawaban (A) atau
jawaban (C), Anda akan memiliki subjek untuk kata kerja tersebut was, namun Anda tidak memiliki
konektor untuk menggabungkan kedua klausa tersebut. Karena Anda memerlukan konektor untuk
menggabungkan dua klausa, jawablah (A) dan (C) salah. Jawab (B) salah karena tidak ada subjek untuk
kata kerja was. Jawaban (D) adalah jawaban terbaik karena ada subjek, he, untuk kata kerja was, dan
ada konektornya, since, untuk bergabung dengan dua klausul tersebut.
The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them

ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS

TIME CAUSE

after as soon as once that because

when befor since in as much
as e
since whenever as long as by as
the
time until while

S V adverb connector
S V
Teresa went because
itw a s r a i n i n g .
inside
S V S
adverb connector ,
V
Because it was raining, Teresa went inside.

EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects
once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
C 1. (Since) the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied
immediately.

I 2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated (before) are admitted to the

organization.
3. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever
the accidents occur at that intersection.
4. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted.
5. We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived.
6. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed.
7. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room.
8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their
shifts.
9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much.
10. In as much as all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election cannot

4
be announced.

4
SKILL 8: USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also
express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are
adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following
examples:
Klausul adverbia bisa mengekspresikan ide waktu dan sebab, seperti yang Anda lihat di Skill 7; Klausul
adverbia juga bisa mengungkapkan sejumlah gagasan lain, seperti kontras, kondisi, cara, dan tempat.
Karena klausa ini adalah klausa adverbia, mereka memiliki struktur yang sama dengan klausa waktu dan
penyebab dalam Skill 7. Pelajari contoh berikut ini:

I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.

Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb connectors. In the
first sentence, the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence. In the second
sentence, the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,)
is used in the middle of the sentence.

Dalam masing-masing contoh ini, ada dua klausa yang digabungkan dengan benar dengan konektor
adverbia. Pada kalimat pertama, konektor kondisi adverbia if comes di tengah kalimat. Pada kalimat
kedua, konektor kontras adverbia although muncul di awal kalimat, dan koma (,) digunakan di tengah
kalimat.

The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the Structure section
of the TOEFL test.
Example:
You will get a good grade on the exam provided ..........
(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study

In this example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes
in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be followed by a subject and a verb. The
best answer to this question is answer (D), which contains the subject and verb you study.

Dalam contoh ini Anda harus segera memperhatikan konektor kondisi adverbia provided. Konektor ini
ada di tengah kalimat; Karena itu adalah sebuah konektor, itu harus diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja.
Jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (D), yang menentukan subjek dan kata kerja you
study.

5
 The following chart lists adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors and the sentence
patterns used with them:
OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS

Condition Contrast Manner Place

If Although As Where wherever
In case Even though In that
Provided Though
Providing While
Unless Whereas
whether

S V Adverb connector S V
Bob went to school even though he felt sick.
Adverb S V, S V
connector
Even tough Bob felt sick, he went to school.
Note: A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector.
The Smith family arrived at 2.00, whila the Jones family arrived an hour ago.

EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects
once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung lebih dari satu klausa. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan
verba dua kali. Lingkari konektornya. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau
salah (I).

1 It is impossible to enter that program (if)you lack experience as a teacher.

2 The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway.
3 No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements.
4 While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension.
5 I will take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures.
6 I will wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not.
7 Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still
acceptable.
8 As the nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now.

9 This exam will be more difficult than usual in that it covers two chapters instead of
one.

10 Though snow had been falling all day long, everyone got to the church on time for the
wedding.

5
EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following
sentences. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan kata kerja dua kali pada masing-masing kalimat berikut. Lingkari
konektornya. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

1. Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an unclassified
category.
2. Or the bills can be paid by mail by the first of the month.
3. The parents left a phone number with the baby-sitter in case a problem with
the children.
4. The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for.
5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it.
6. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his
homeland.
7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized.
8. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight.
9. It is impossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard.
10. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have preferred not to cook.

5
TOEFLEXERCISE (Skills6-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes
the sentence.

Pilihlah huruf dari kata atau kelompok kata yang paling melengkapi kalimatnya.

1. The president of the United States appoints the cabinet members, appointments are subject to Senate
approval.

(A) their
(B) with their
(C) because their
(D) but their

2. The prisoners were prevented from speaking to reporters because

(A) not wanting the story in the papers

(B) the story in the papers the superintendent did not want
(C) the public to hear the story
(D) the superintendent did not want the story in the papers

3. Like Thomas Berger's fictional character Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to find himself where -
of important events took place.

(A) it was an extraordinary number

(B) there was an extraordinary number
(C) an extraordinary number
(D) an extraordinary number existed

4. sucked groundwater from below, some parts of the city have begun to sink as much as ten
inches annually.

(A) Pumps have

(B) As pumps have
(C) So pumps have
(D) With pumps
5. Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the scientific community, used
extensively by numerous researchers.

(A) they are

(B) are
(C) yet they
(D) yet they are

6. According to the hypothesis in the study, the monarchs pick up the magnetic field of the
migrate by following magnetic fields.

5
 (A) target monarchs
(B) target since monarchs
(C) target since monarchs are
(D) target

7. show the relations among neurons, they do not preclude the possibility that other aspects
are important.

(A) Neural theories

(B) A neural theory
(C) Although neural theories
(D) However neural theories
8. or refinanced, the lender will generally require setting up an escrow account to ensure the
payment of property taxes and homeowner's insurance.

(A) A home is
(B) A home is bought
(C) When a home
(D) When a home is bought

9. If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth's atmosphere, generally blocked by the ozone
concentrated in the atmosphere.

(A) it
(B) it is
(C) so it is
(D) then it

10. Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is unusual most of the chromosome
does not participate in meiotic recombination.

(A) in
(B) so
(C) and
(D) in that

5
 TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-8): Choose the letter of the word or group
of words that best completes the sentence.
Pilihlah huruf dari kata atau kelompok kata yang paling melengkapi kalimatnya.

1. The three basic chords in..........the tonic, the dominant, and the subdominant.

(A) functional harmony

(B) functional harmony is
(C) functional harmony are
(D) functional harmony they are
2. Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory in southern California, scientists can
photograph objects several billion light years away.

(A) The
(B) With the
(C) They use the
(D) It is the
3. Without the proper card installed inside the
,impossible to run a graphics program.
computer

(A) is definitely
(B) because of
(C) it is
(D) is

4. The charter for the Louisiana lottery was coming up for spared no expense in
renewal, the fight to win renewal.

(A) the lottery committee

(B) so the lottery committee and
(C) so the lottery committee
(D) the lottery committee made
5. While in reality Alpha Centauri is a triple star, to the naked eye to be a single star.

(A) it appears
(B) but it appears
(C) appears
(D) despite it

6. The Sun's gravity severely distorted the path of the comet entered its wildly erratic
orbit around Jupiter.

(A) it
(B) when
(C) after the comet came into it
(D) once the comet
5
7. Each object Jupiter's magnetic field is deluged with electrical charges.

(A) Enters
(B) it enters
(C) entering
(D) enter
8. As its name suggests, the Prairie Wetlands Resource Center the protection of wetlands
on the prairies of the Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota, and Nebraska.

(A) it focuses
(B) focuses on
(C) focusing
(D) to focus on

9. One of the largest and most powerful birds of prey in the world, a six- foot wingspan and
legs and talons roughly the size of a man's arms and legs.

(A) so the harpy has

(B) the harpy having
(C) with the harpy having
(D) the harpy has

10. creation of such a community was a desirable step, the requisite political upheaval had to be
accepted.

(A) Since the

(B) The
(C) Later, the
(D) It was the

5
SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
CORRECTLY
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun,
it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the
subject of the sentence.

Klausa kata benda adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda; Karena klausa kata benda
adalah sebuah kata benda, itu digunakan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai obyek dari kata kerja, objek dari
preposisi, atau pokok kalimat

I know when he will arrive.

Noun clause as object of
verb

I am concerned about when he will arrive.

Noun clause as object of preposition.

When he will arrive is not important.

Noun clause as subject

In the first example there are two clauses, / know and know. These two clauses are joined
with the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that
functions as the object of the verb know.

Pada contoh pertama ada dua klausa, / know dan know. Kedua klausa ini digabungkan dengan
konektor when. When mengubah klausa, he will arrive pada klausa kata benda yang berfungsi
sebagai objek kata kerja know.
In the second example the two clauses I am concerned and he will arrive also joined by the connector
when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as the object of the
preposition about.
Pada contoh kedua kedua klausa I am concerned dan he will arrive juga bergabung dengan konektor
when. When mengubah klausa, he will arrive masuk ke dalam klausa kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai
objek preposisi about.
The third example is more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little
harder to recognize. He will arrive is one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun
clause that functions as the subject of the sentence. The other clause has the noun clause when he will
arrive as its subject and is as its verb.
Contoh ketiga lebih sulit. Dalam contoh ini ada dua klausa, tapi agak sulit dikenali. He will arrive
adalah salah satu klausa, dan konektornya when mengubahnya menjadi klausa kata benda yang berfungsi

5
 sebagai subjek kalimat. Klausa yang lain memiliki klausa kata benda when he will arrive sebagai subjeknya
dan is sebagai kata kerjanya.
The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on
the TOEFL test.
Example:
was late caused many problems.

(A) That he
(B) The driver
(C) There
(D) Because

NOUN CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
•what, when, where, why, •whatever, * whether, if * that
how whenever
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT
S V/ know
(noun connector) S V

what you did.

NOUN CLAUSE ASSUBJECT V
was wrong.
(noun connector) S V

What you did

Example:

was late caused many problems.

(A) That he
(B) The driver
(C) There
(D) Because
The following chart lists the noun clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them:

5
EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes
around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).

Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung lebih dari satu klausa. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan
verba dua kali. Lingkari konektornya. Masukkan kotak di sekitar klausa kata benda. Kemudian tunjukkan
apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

1. .....C.........When the season starts is determined by the weather.

2. ......I.......The manual how the device should be built.

3 The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game

4 He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer.

5 Talked about where we should go for lunch.

6 Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained.

7 Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting.

8 That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due.

9 The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting.

10 He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted.

5
SKILL 10: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR / SUBJECTS
CORRECTLY
In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors were used to introduce noun subject clauses or
noun object clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not
just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same
time.

Dalam Skill 9 kita melihat bahwa konektor klausa kata benda digunakan untuk mengenalkan kata benda
klausa atau benda benda klausa. Dalam Skill 10 kita akan melihat bahwa dalam beberapa kasus konektor
klausa kata benda bukan hanya sebuah konektor; Konektor klausa kata benda juga bisa menjadi subyek
klausa pada saat bersamaan.

I do not know what is in the box.

- Noun clause as object of verb

We are concerned about who will do the work.

- Noun clause as object of preposition

Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift.

-Noun clause as subject

In the first example there are two clauses: / do not know and what is in the box. These two
clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence
the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the connector
that joins the two clauses.
Pada contoh pertama ada dua klausa: / do not know dan what is in the box. Kedua klausa ini
disambung dengan konektor what. Penting untuk dipahami bahwa dalam senapan inilah kata what
berfungsi ganda. Ini adalah subjek dari kata kerja is dan connector yang menggabungkan dua klausa
tersebut.
In the second example there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are. In the second
clause who is the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun
clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposition about.
Pada contoh kedua ada dua klausa. Pada klausa pertama we adalah subyeknya are. Dalam klausa
kedua who yang akan menjadi subjek dari will do. Who juga berfungsi sebagai penghubung yang
menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut. Klausa kata benda who will do the work berfungsi sebagai obyek
preposisi about.
In the last example there are also two clauses: whoever is the subject of the verb is coming, and the noun
clause whoever is coming to the party is the subject of must bring. The word whoever serves two functions in
the sentence: It is the subject of the verb is coming, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses.

6
 Dalam contoh terakhir ada juga dua klausa: whoever subjek dari kata kerja itu adalah is coming, dan
kata benda klausul whoever is coming to the party adalah subjek must bring. Kata whoever yang melayani
dua fungsi dalam kalimat: Ini adalah pokok kata kerja is coming, dan itu adalah konektor yang
menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut.

The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on
the TOEFL test.
Example:

was on television made me angry.

(A) It
(B) The story
(C) What
(D) When

In this example you should notice immediately that there are two verbs, was and made,
and each of those verbs needs a subject. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because it and the
story cannot be the subject for both was and made at the same time. Answer (D) is incorrect
because when is not a subject. In answer (C) what serves as both the subject of the verb was
and the connector that joins the two clauses together; the noun clause what was on
television is the subject of the verb made. Answer (C) is therefore the best answer.

Dalam contoh ini Anda harus segera memperhatikan bahwa ada dua kata kerja, was dan made,
dan setiap kata kerja tersebut memerlukan subjek. Jawaban (A) dan (B) salah karena it dan the story
tidak bisa menjadi subjek untuk keduanya was dan made pada saat bersamaan. Jawaban (D) salah
karena when bukan subjek. Sebagai jawaban (C) what yang berfungsi baik sebagai subjek kata kerja
adalah dan konektor yang menggabungkan kedua klausa tersebut secara bersamaan; Klausa kata benda
what was on television adalah subyek dari kata kerja made. Jawaban (C) adalah jawaban terbaik.
The following chart lists the noun clause connector/subjects and the sentence patterns used with
them:

Noun Clause Connector / Subjects

Who What Which
Whoever Whatever Whichever
Noun clause as object
S + V + noun connector/ subject + V
I know what happened
Noun clause as subject
Noun connector/ subject + V + V
What happened was great

6
EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes
around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).

Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung lebih dari satu klausa. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan
verba dua kali. Lingkari konektornya. Masukkan kotak di sekitar klausa kata benda. Kemudian tunjukkan
apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

1. The game show contestant was able to respond to (whatever) was asked.
_
2. You should find out (which) the best physics department

_
3. _-- The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job description.

_
4. Whoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office.
5. The motorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car.
6. The voters should elect whichever of the candidates seems best to them.
7. It was difficult to distinguish between what was on sale and what was merely on display.
8. You should buy whatever the cheapest and most durable.
9. What was written in the letter angered him beyond belief.
10. You can spend your time with whoever important to you.

6
SKILL 11: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
CORRECTLY
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective,
it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.
Klausa kata sifat adalah klausa yang menggambarkan kata benda. Karena klausa adalah kata sifat,
maka diposisikan langsung setelah kata benda yang dideskripsikan.

The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table
(Adjective Clause)
The glass that she put on the table contains milk.
(Adjective Clause)

In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling,
and she is the subject of the verb put. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these
two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass.
Pada contoh pertama ada dua klausa: woman yang menjadi pokok kata kerja is filling, dan she
adalah subjek kata kerja yang put. That adalah konektor klausa kata sifat yang menggabungkan kedua
klausa ini, dan klausa kata sifat that she put on the table menggambarkan glass sebagai kata benda.
In the second example there are also two clauses: glass is the subject of the verb contains, and she is the
subject of the verb put. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector that joins these two
clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass.
Dalam contoh kedua ada juga dua klausa: glass adalah subyek kata kerja yang contains, dan she
adalah subjek dari kata kerja put. Dalam kalimat ini juga, that adalah konektor klausa kata sifat yang
menggabungkan kedua klausa ini, dan klausa kata sifat that she put on the table menggambarkan kata
benda glass.
The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on
the TOEFL test.
Example:
The gift.............selected for the bride was rather expensive.
(A) because
(B) was
(C) since
(D) which we

In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: giftis the subject of the
verb was, and the verb selected needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connector
is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these
answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes selected into a passive verb; in this case the
sentence would have one subject and two verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer
to this question is answer (D). The correct sentence should say: The giftwhich we selected for

6
the bride was rather expensive. In this sentence gift is the subject of the verb was, we is
the subject of the verb selected, and the connector which joins these two clauses.
Dalam contoh ini Anda harus memperhatikan dengan cepat bahwa ada dua klausa: gift adalah
subjek dari kata kerja was, dan kata kerja selected memerlukan subjek. Karena ada dua klausa, sebuah
hubungan juga dibutuhkan. Jawaban (A) dan (C) memiliki konektor, tapi tidak ada subjek, jadi jawaban
ini tidak benar. Jawaban (B) berubah selected menjadi kata kerja pasif; Dalam hal ini kalimatnya akan
memiliki satu subjek dan dua kata kerja, jadi jawablah (B) tidak benar. Jawaban terbaik untuk
pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (D). Kalimat yang benar seharusnya mengatakan: The gift which we
selected for the bride was rather expensive. Dalam pemberian kalimat ini giftsubjek dari kata kerja
was, we adalah subyek dari kata kerja selected, dan konektor which menggabungkan dua klausa ini.

The following chart lists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them:

Adjective Clause Connectors

Whom Which That

(for people) (for things) (for people of things)

S + V + adjective connector + S + V

I liked the book which you recommended.

S + adjective connector + S +V +V

The book which you recommended was interesting.

Note: The adjective connectors can be omitted. This omission is very common in spoken English or
in casual written English. It is not as common in formal English or in structure questions on the
TOEFL test.

6
EXERCISE 11: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes
around the adjective clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).

Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung lebih dari satu klausa. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan
verba dua kali. Lingkari konektornya. Masukkan kotak di seputar klausa adj. Kemudian tunjukkan
apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).
1 It is important to fill out the form in the way (that)you have been instructed.

2 The car (which) I have been driving for five years for sale at a really good price.

3 I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.

4 The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.

5 The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening.

6 I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended.

7 The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me feel welcome.

8 The story that you told me about Bob.

9 The men with whom were having the discussion did not seem very
friendly.

10 I'm not really sure about taking part in the plans that we made last
night.

6
SKILL 12: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY
In Skill 11 we saw that adjective clause connectors were used to introduce clauses that
describe nouns. In Skill 12 we will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not
just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the
same time.

Dalam Skill 11 kita melihat bahwa konektor klausa kata sifat digunakan untuk mengenalkan klausa yang
menggambarkan kata benda. Dalam Skill 12 kita akan melihat bahwa dalam beberapa kasus konektor
klausa kata sifat bukan hanya sebuah konektor; Konektor klausa kata sifat juga bisa menjadi subjek
klausa pada saat bersamaan.
The woman is filling the glass that is on the table. (Adjective Clause)
The glass that is on the table contains milk. ((Adjective Clause)

In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling,
and that is the subject of the verb is. These two clauses are joined with the connector that.
Notice that in this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the
subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The adjective clause
that is on the table describes the noun glass.
Pada contoh pertama ada dua klausa: woman yang menjadi pokok kata kerja is filling, dan that
adalah subjek kata kerja is. Kedua klausa ini bergabung dengan konektor that. Perhatikan bahwa dalam
contoh ini kata that melayani dua fungsi sekaligus: itu adalah subjek dari kata kerja is, dan itu adalah
konektor yang menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut. Ayat kata sifat that is on the table
menggambarkan glass sebagai kata benda.
In the second example, there are also two clauses: glass is the subject of the verb contains, and that is
the subject of the verb is. In this example that also serves two functions: it is the subject of the verb is, and
it is the connector that joins the two clauses. Because that is on the table is an adjective clause describing the
noun glass, it directly follows glass.
Pada contoh kedua, ada juga dua klausa: glass adalah pokok pembicaraan contains sebagai kata
kerja, dan that pokok kata kerja is. Dalam contoh ini that berfungsi dua fungsi: itu adalah subjek dari
kata kerja is, dan itu adalah konektor yang menggabungkan dua klausa. Karena that is on the table adalah
klausa kata sifat yang menggambarkan glass, maka langsung mengikuti glass.

6
 The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on
the TOEFL test.
Example:

is on the table has four sections.

(A) The notebook

(B) The notebook which
(C) Because the notebook
(D) In the notebook
In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs, is and has, and each of
them needs a subject. You know that table is not a subject because it follows the preposition on; table
is the object of the preposition. The only answer that has two subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is
the correct answer. The correct sentence should say: The notebook which is on the table has four
sections. In this sentence notebook is the subject of the verb has, and which is the subject of the verb is.
Which is also the connector that joins the two clauses.

Dalam contoh ini Anda harus segera memperhatikan bahwa kalimat tersebut memiliki dua kata
kerja, is dan has, dan masing-masing memerlukan subjek. Anda tahu table itu bukan subjek karena
mengikuti preposisi on; table adalah objek preposisi. Satu-satunya jawaban yang memiliki dua
subjek adalah jawaban (B), jadi jawaban (B) adalah jawaban yang benar. Kalimat yang benar harus
diucapkan: The notebook which is on the table has four sections. Dalam kalimat ini
notebook adalah subyek dari kata kerja has, dan which merupakan subjek dari kata kerja
tersebut is. Which juga merupakan konektor yang menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut.
The following chart lists the adjective clause connector/subjects and the sentence patterns used with
them:

Adjective Clause Connector/ Subjects

Who Which That
(for people) (for things) (for people or things)
S + V + adjective connector/ subject + V
She needs a secretary who types fast.
S + adjective connector/ subject + V + V
A secretary who types fast is invaluable.

6
EXERCISE 12: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes
around the adjective clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I). (Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung lebih dari satu klausa. Garis bawahi
subjek sekali dan verba dua kali. Lingkari konektornya. Masukkan kotak di seputar klausa adj. Kemudian
tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).)

1 The ice cream (that) is served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.

2 The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.

3 I have great respect for everyone who on the Dean's List.

4 It is going to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here.

5 The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked.

6 The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police.

7 These plants can only survive in an environment is extremely humid.

8 The boss meets with any production workers who they have surpassed their quotas.

9 The salesclerk ran after the woman who had left her credit card in the store.

10 The shoes which matched the dress that was on sale.

6
 THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION
QUESTIONS
Written expression questions that test your knowledge of the correct way to express
yourself in English writing appear on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL
test. Each question consists of one sentence in which four words or groups of words have
been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
Look at an example of a written expression question from the paper TOEFL test.

Pertanyaan ekspresi tertulis yang menguji pengetahuan Anda tentang cara yang benar untuk
mengungkapkan diri Anda dalam tulisan bahasa Inggris muncul di tes TOEFL kertas dan tes TOEFL
komputer. Setiap pertanyaan terdiri dari satu kalimat di mana empat kata atau kelompok kata-kata telah
digarisbawahi. Anda harus memilih kata atau kelompok kata yang tidak digarisbawahi. Lihatlah contoh
pertanyaan ekspresi tertulis dari tes TOEFL kertas.

A nerve is actually many nerve fiber bound together.

A B C D

In this example, you should notice that the plural quantifier many is accompanied by the singular
noun fiber. Many should be accompanied by the plural noun fibers. You should choose answer (C) because
answer (C) is not correct. Next, you should move on to the language skills. The following language skills
will help you to implement the appropriate strategies and procedures in written expression questions on
both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test. Dalam contoh ini, Anda harus
memperhatikan bahwa pengukur jamak many yang disertai oleh fiber t kata benda singular. Banyak yang
harus disertai dengan fibers jamak. Anda harus memilih jawaban (C) karena jawaban (C) tidak benar.
Selanjutnya, Anda harus beralih ke kemampuan bahasa. Keterampilan bahasa berikut akan membantu
Anda menerapkan strategi dan prosedur yang sesuai dalam pertanyaan ekspresi tertulis pada tes TOEFL
kertas dan tes TOEFL komputer.

6
PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
Subject/verb agreement is simple: if the subject of a sentence is singular, then the verb
must be singular; if the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural. An s
on a verb usually indicates that a verb is singular, while an 5 on a noun usually indicates that
the noun is plural. (Do not forget irregular plurals of nouns, such as women, children, and
people.) In the first example the singular subject boy requires a singular verb, walks. In the
second example the plural subject boys requires a plural verb, walk.

Perjanjian subjek / kata kerja sederhana: jika subjek kalimat itu tunggal, maka kata kerja harus
tunggal; Jika subjek kalimat itu jamak, maka kata kerja harus jamak. Kata s pada kata kerja biasanya
menunjukkan bahwa kata kerja bersifat tunggal, sedangkan 5 pada kata benda biasanya menunjukkan
bahwa kata benda itu jamak. (Jangan lupakan pernak-pernik kata benda tidak beraturan, seperti women,
children, dan people.) Pada contoh pertama boy subjek tunggal membutuhkan kata kerja tunggal,
walks. Dalam contoh kedua, boys jamak memerlukan kata kerja jamak, walk.
Although this might seem quite simple, there are a few situations on the TOEFL test when
subject/verb agreement can be a little tricky. You should be careful of subject/verb agreement in the
following situations: (1) after prepositional phrases, (2) after expressions of quantity, (3) after inverted
verbs, and (4) after certain words, such as anybody, everything, no one, something, each, and every.
Meskipun ini mungkin tampak cukup sederhana, ada beberapa situasi pada tes TOEFL ketika
perjanjian subjek / kata kerja bisa sedikit rumit. Anda harus berhati-hati dengan kesepakatan subjek /
kata kerja dalam situasi berikut: (1) setelah frasa preposisional, (2) setelah ungkapan kuantitas, (3)
setelah kata kerja terbalik, dan (4) setelah kata-kata tertentu, seperti anybody, everything, no one,
something, each, dan every.

7
SKILL 13: MAKE VERBS AGREE
AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Sometimes prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb. If the
object of the preposition is singular and the subject is plural, or if the object of the
preposition is plural and the subject is singular, there can be confusion in making the
subject and verb agree.
Terkadang frase preposisional bisa terjadi antara subjek dan kata kerja. Jika objek preposisi itu
tunggal dan subjeknya jamak, atau jika objek preposisi itu jamak dan subjeknya tunggal, mungkin ada
kebingungan dalam membuat subjek dan verba setuju.

The key (to the doors) are* in the drawer.

SINGULARPLURAL
The keys (to the door) is* in the drawer.
PLURAL SINGULAR

(* indicates an error)

In the first example you might think that doors is the subject because it comes directly
in front of the verb are. However, doors is not the subject because it is the object of the
preposition to. The subject of the sentence is key, so the verb should be is. In the second
example you might think that door is the subject because it comes directly in front of the
verb is. You should recognize in this example that door is not the subject because it is the
object of the preposition to. Because the subject of the sentence is keys, the verb should be
are.

Pada contoh pertama Anda mungkin berpikir bahwa doors adalah subjek karena datang langsung di
depan kata kerja are. Namun, doors bukan subjek karena ini adalah objek kata depan to. Subjek kalimat
adalah key i, jadi kata kerja seharusnya is. Pada contoh kedua Anda mungkin berpikir bahwa door
adalah subjek karena datang langsung di depan kata kerja is. Anda harus mengenali dalam contoh ini
bahwa door bukan subjek karena ini adalah objek dari preposisi to. Karena subjek kalimat adalah keys,
kata kerja seharusnya are.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about subject/verb
agreement with prepositional phrases:

SUBJECT/VERBAGREEMENTWITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
S (prepositional phrase) V

When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb
agrees with the subject

7
EXERCISE 13: Each of the following sentences has one or more prepositional
phrases between the subject and verb. Circle the prepositional phrases. Underline
the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I).

Masing-masing kalimat berikut memiliki satu atau lebih frase preposisional antara subjek dan kata kerja.
Lingkari frase preposisional. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan verba dua kali. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah
kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

C 1. The climbers (on the sheer face) (of the mountain) need to be rescued.

I_ 2. The interrogation, conducted (by three police officers) have lasted for several hours.

3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.

4. The president, surrounded by secret service agents, is trying to make his way to the

podium.

5. The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers' expense.

6. Because of the seriousness of the company's financial problems, the board of directors

have called an emergency meeting.

7. Manufacture of the items that you requested have been discontinued because of lack of
profit on those items.

8. Further development of any new ideas for future products has to be approved in advance.

9. The scheduled departure time of the trains, posted on panels throughout the terminal
buildings, are going to be updated.

10. Any houses built in that development before 1970 have to be upgraded to meet current
standards.

7
SKILL 14: MEMBUAT VERBS AGREE SETELAH EXPRESSIONS
OF QUANTITY

Secara umum, permasalahan yang sering membuat kebingungan bagi para peserta tes
TOEFL yaitu bila kata yang terkait dengan jumlah merupakan sebuah subjek misalnya
all, most, some yang lalu diikuti kata preposisi of. Subjek tersebut dapat berupa
singular (tunggal) maupun plural (lebih dari satu) tergantung dari kata setelah preposisi
of.

Contoh :
1. Most (of the meal) was delicious
singular
2. Most (of the meals) were delicious
Plural
3. Most (of the food) was delicious
Tidak dapat dihitung

Dalam ketiga contoh di atas, subjek bukan merupakan petunjuk, tetapi kata setelah
kata of merupakan KUNCI bagi menentukan kata kerja.

SUBJEK / KATA KERJA SETELAH EKSPRESI DARI JUMLAH

All
Most
Some OF THE (OBJEK) [Link]
Half
Part

Contoh dalam soal TOEFL:

All (of the book) were* interesting

SINGULAR

All (of the books) were interesting.

PLURAL

All (of the information) was interesting.

UNCOUNTABLE

pada contoh yang pertama, subjek ‘all’ merujuk kepada kata benda tunggal ‘book’, jadi
kata kerja yang benar adalah kata kerja tunggal ‘was’. Pada contoh kedua, subjek ‘all’
merujuk kepada kata benda jamak ‘books’, jadi kata kerja yang tepat adalah kata kerja
jamak ‘were’. Pada contoh ketiga, subjek ‘all’ merujuk kepada kata benda yang tidak
bisa dihitung ‘information’, jadi kata kerja yang benar adalah kata kerja tunggal ‘was’.

*catatan : ketika ekspresi kuantitinya adalah subjeknya, maka kata kerjanya menyesuaikan dengan
objeknya. Latihan 14 : Masing-masing kalimat berikut memiliki ekspresi kuantitas
sebagai subjek. Garis bawahi subjek sekali dan kata kerja dua kali. Lingkari benda
yang sesuai dengan kata kerja. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat sudah benar (C)
atau salah (I).

7
 C 1. The witnesses saw that most of the fire in the hills was extinguished.
I 2. Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal
preserve.
3. All of the students in the class taught by Professor Roberts is
required to turn in their term papers next Monday.
4. Half of the food that we are serving to the guests are still in
the refrigerator.
5. We believe that some of the time of the employees is going to
be devoted to quality control.
6. All of the witnesses in the jury trial, which lasted more than two
weeks, have indicated that they believed that the defendant was
guilty.
7. She did not know where most of the people in the room was from.
8. In spite of what was decided at the meeting, half of the procedures
was not changed.
9. I was sure that all of the questions on the test were correct.
[Link] of the trouble that the employees discussed at the series
of meetings was resolved within a few weeks.

SKILL 15: MEMBUAT INVERTED VERBS SEPAKAT

Ketika subjek dan kata kerja terbalik, sulit untuk menempatkannya, dan karena itu
dapat menjadi masalah untuk membuat mereka sepakat.

(Behind the house) was* the bicycles I wanted.

(Behind the houses) were* the bicycle I wanted.

Pada contoh yang pertama mudah untuk berpikir bahwa ‘house’ adalah subjeknya,
karena ia muncul langsung didepan kata kerja ‘was’. ‘house’ bukanlah subjeknya,
bagaimanapun , karena ia adalah objek preposisi dari ‘behind’. Subjek kalimat tersebut
adalah ‘bicycles’, dan subjek ‘bicycles’ muncul setelah kata kerja dikarenakan ekspresi
tempat ‘behind the house’. Karena subjek ‘bicycles’ adalah jamak, kata kerjanya diubah
menjadi bentuk jamak ‘were’.

Pada contoh yang kedua, subjek ’bicycle’ muncul setelah kata kerja ‘were’ dikarenakan
ekspresi tempat ‘behind the houses’. Karena subjek ’bicycle’ adalah tunggal, kata
kerjanya diubah menjadi bentuk tunggal ‘was’.

Bagan berikut menguraikan informasi penting yang harus Anda pahami tentang
kesepakatan subjek / kata kerja setelah kata kerja terbalik:
Kesepakatan Subjek/Kata Kerja setelah kata kerja
terbalik
question
negative
place V S
condition (no if)
comparison
Setelah kata tanya, ungkapan negatif, ungkapan tempat,kondisi tanpa if, dan perbandingan, kata
kerja setuju dengan subjek, yang mungkin muncul setelah kata kerja.

7
Latihan 15: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung sebuah subjek dan kata
kerja terbalik. Lingkari kata atau kelompok kata yang menyebabkan subjek dan kata
kerja menjadi terbalik. Temukan subjek dan kata kerja yang mengikuti kata-kata
tersebut. Garis bawahi subjeknya satu kali dan kata kerjanya dua kali. Kemudian
tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat tersebut benar (C) atau salah (I).

C 1. Only once this morning were the letters delivered by the campus mail
service.
I 2. Around the corner and to the right is the rooms that have been
assigned to that program.
3. What in the world is the children trying to do?
4. John would be studying the chapters were he able to get hold of
the book.
5. This chapter has many more exercises than do the next one.
6. The computer programmer was unaware that there was so many
mistakes in the program he had written.
7. Seldom in the history of television has two new comedies been
so successful in one season.
8. How many huge mistakes have the teacher actually found in
the research paper?
9. The new phone system is able to hold far more messages than was
the phone system that had previously been used.
[Link] the parking lot south of the stadium was the cars that were about
to be towed.

SKILL 16: VERB AGREEMENT SETELAH KATA TERTENTU

Beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris dapat bersifat singular walaupun untuk pengertian
dari kata tersebut bersifat plural.

KATA-KATA TERTENTU YANG MEMPUNYAI SIFAT SINGULAR

anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+ noun)

anyone everyone no one someone every (+ noun)
anything everything nothing something

Kata-kata di atas bersifat SINGULAR bila digunakan sebagai subjek maka kata kerja
merupakan singular.
Contoh :
Everybody in the theater are watching* the film attentively

Menurut pengertian secara awam, di bioskop pasti lebih dari satu orang. Maka
penggunaan kata kerja are watching dianggap benar. Tetapi Subjek dari kata tersebut
yaitu everybody yang bersifat singular, maka kata kerja yang tepat
dalam kalimat tersebut yaitu is watching yang juga bersifat singular.

7
Latihan 16: masing-masing kalimat berikut ini mengandung satu kata yang secara
grammar adalah tunggal tapi memiliki makna jamak. Garis bawahi kata-kata tersebut
satu kali dan garis bawahi kata kerjanya dua kali. Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-
kalimat tersebut benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man.

C 2. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception
area.
3. The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of
chief staff advisor.
4. Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by
8:00.
5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
6. Every time someone take unnecessary breaks, precious moments
of production time are lost.
7. Anybody who goes to the top of the Empire State Building is
impressed with the view.
8. Every man, woman, and child in this line are required to sign the
forms in order to complete the registration process.
9. It is nice to believe that anything is possible if a person tries
hard enough.
10. The company reiterated to reporters that nobody have been
dismissed because of the incident.

PERMASALAHAN DENGAN PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Dalam bahasa Inggris yang baik, sebuah usaha harus dilakukan untuk membuat
bahasanya menjadi seseimbang mungkin. Keseimbangan ini disebut "parallel
structure". Anda bisa mencapai parallel structure dengan membuat bentuk kata-kata
yang sedekat mungkin. Berikut ini adalah contoh kalimat yang tidak paralel:

I like to sing and dancing.*

Permasalahan dalam kalimat ini bukanlah ekspresi ‘to sing’, dan juga bukanlah kata
‘dancing’. Ekspresi ‘to sing’ sendiri benar, dan kata ‘dancing’ juga benar. Kedua
kalimat berikut adalah benar :

I like to sing.
I like
dancing.

Permasalahan di contoh yang salah (*) di atas adalah bahwa ‘to sing’ dan ‘dancing’
digabungkan kedalam satu kalimat menggunakan ‘and’. Mereka adalah bentuk yang
berbeda yang mana memungkinkan untuk memiliki bentuk yang serupa ; oleh karena itu
contoh di atas (*) tidak parallel. Hal ini dapat di perbaiki dengan dua cara berbeda: kita
dapat membuat ekspresi pertama menjadi seperti yang kedua, atau sebaliknya, kita
dapat membuat ekspresi kedua seperti yang pertama.

I like to sing and to dance.

I like singing and dancing.

7
Ada beberapa situasi dimana anda harus berhati-hati terhadap parallel structure.
Parallel structures diperlukan dalam situasi-situasi berikut: (1) dengan kata hubung
koordinat, seperti and, but, or; (2) dengan kata hubung pasangan, seperti both...and,
either...or, neither... nor, not only... but also; dan (3) dengan perbandingan.

SKILL 17: MENGGUNAKAN PARALLEL STRUCTURE

DENGAN KATA HUBUNG KOORDINAT

Tugas dari kata hubung koordinat (and, but, or) adalah menghubungkan ekspresi yang
setara. Dengan kata lain, apa yang ada di satu sisi dari kata-kata ini harus parallel
(sejajar) terhadap apa yang ada di sisi lainnya. Kata hubung ini dapat menghubungkan
kata benda, atau kata kerja, atau kata sifat, atau frase, klausa subordinate, atau klausa
utama; mereka hanya harus menggabungkan dua benda yang sama/setara/sejajar.
Berikut ini contoh dari dua kata benda yang digabungkan oleh kata hubung
koordinat: I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.
She is not a teacher but a lawyer.
You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking.

Berikut ini contoh dari dua kata kerja yang digabungkan oleh kata hubung koordinat:
He only eats and sleeps when he takes a vacation.
She invites us to her home but never talks with us.
You can stay home or go to the movies with us.

Berikut ini contoh dari dua kata sifat yang digabungkan oleh kata hubung koordinat:
My boss is sincere and nice.
The exam that he gave was short but difficult.
Class can be interesting or boring.

Berikut ini contoh dari dua frase yang digabungkan oleh kata hubung koordinat:
There are students in the classroom and in front of the building.
The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.
The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1:00.

Berikut ini contoh dari dua klausa yang digabungkan oleh kata hubung koordinat:
They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.
Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay late.

Tabel berikut menguraikan penggunaan Parallel structure dengan kata hubung

koordinat:
Parallel structure dengan kata hubung koordinat
and
(same structure) but (same structure)
or
and
(same structure), (same structure), but (same structure)
or
7
Latihan 17: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung kata atau kelompok kata yang
seharusnya parallel. Lingkari kata yang menunjukkan bahwa kalimat itu seharusnya
memiliki bagian yang parallel. Garis bawahi bagian-bagian yang seharusnya parallel.
Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat tersebut benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. She held jobs as a typist, a housekeeper, and in a restaurant.

C 2. The report you are looking for could be in the file or on the desk.
3. She works very hard but usually gets below-average grades.
4. The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting anecdotes,
and finishing with an emotional plea.
5. You should know when the program starts and how many units
you must complete.
6. The term paper he wrote was rather short but very impressive.
7. She suggested taking the plane this evening or that we go by
train tomorrow.
8. The dean or the assistant dean will inform you of when and where
you should apply for your diploma.
9. There are papers to file, reports to type, and those letters should
be answered.
10. The manager needed a quick but thorough response.

SKILL 18:MENGGUNAKAN PARALLEL STRUCTURE DENGAN

KATA HUBUNG PASANGAN

Kata hubung pasangan both... and, either... or,neither... nor, dan not only... but also
membutuhkan struktur yang parallel.

I know both where you went and what you did.

Either Sam or Sue has the book.
The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse.
He is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete.

Berikut ini contoh yang tidak parallel dan harus diperbaiki:

He wants either to go by train or by plane*.

Kalimat diatas tidak benar karena ‘to go bytrain’ tidak parallel dengan ‘byplane’.
Kalimat ini dapat diperbaiki dalam beberapa cara.

He wants either to go by train or to go by plane.

He wants to go either by train or by plane.
He wants to go by either train or plane.

Ketika kamu menggunakan kata hubung pasangan ini, pastikan bahwa bagian yang
tepat digunakan bersamaan. Kalimat dibawah ini tidak tepat :

I want both this book or* that one.

Either Sam nor* Sue is taking the course.

7
Kalimat-kalimat ini tidak tepat karena bagian yang salah dari kata hubung pasangan.
Pada contoh pertama, ‘and’ seharusnya digunakan bersama ‘both’. Pada contoh kedua,
‘or’ seharusnya digunakan bersama ‘either’.
Tabel berikut ini menguraikan penggunaan Parallel structure dengan kata hubung
pasangan:
Parallel structure dengan kata hubung pasangan
both and
either (same structure) or (same structure)
neither nor
not only but also

Latihan 18: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung kata atau kelompok kata yang
seharusnya parallel. Lingkari kata atau kelompok kata yang menunjukkan bahwa
kalimat itu seharusnya memiliki bagian yang parallel. Garis bawahi bagian-bagian yang
seharusnya parallel. Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat tersebut benar (C)
atau salah (I).

I 1. According to the syllabus, you can either write a paper or you can
take an exam.
C 2. It would be both noticed and appreciated if you could finish the work
before you leave.
3. She would like neither to see a movie or to go bowling.
4. Either the manager or her assistant can help you with your refund.
5. She wants not only to take a trip to Europe but she also would like to
travel to Asia.
6. He could correct neither what you said nor you wrote.
7. Both the tailor or the laundress could fix the damage to the dress.
8. He not only called the polc department but also called the
fire department.
9. You can graduate either at the end of the fall semester or you
can graduate at the end of the spring semester.
10. The movie was neither amusing nor was it interesting.

SKILL 19:MENGGUNAKAN PARALLEL STRUCTURE DENGAN

PERBANDINGAN

Ketika anda membuat perbandingan, anda menunjukkan persamaan atau perbedaan

diantara dua benda, dan persamaan atau perbedaan tersebut harus dalam bentuk yang
parallel/setara/sejajar. Kamu dapat mengenali perbandingan yang menunjukkan
bagaimana dua benda berbeda dari ‘-er… than’ atau ‘more… than’.
My school is farther than your school.
To be rich is better than to be poor.
What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken.
Perbandingan yang menunjukkan bagaimana dua benda adalah sama/setara,
menggunakan ‘as …. as’ atau ekspresi seperti ‘the same as’ atau ‘similar to’
Their car is as big as a small house.
Renting those apartments costs about the same as leasing
them. The work that I did is similar to the work that you did.

7
Tabel berikut ini menguraikan penggunaan Parallel structure dengan perbandingan:

8
 PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS
more...than
-er... than
less ... than
(same structure) (same structure)
as ...as
the same ...as
similar ...to

Latihan 19: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung kata atau kelompok kata yang
seharusnya parallel. Lingkari kata atau kelompok kata yang menunjukkan bahwa
kalimat itu seharusnya memiliki bagian yang parallel. Garis bawahi bagian-bagian yang
seharusnya parallel. Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat tersebut benar (C)
atau salah (I).

C 1. His research for the thesis was

more useful n hers.
I 2. Dining in a restaurant is
more fun n to eat at home.
3. I want a new secretary who is as efficient as the previous one.
4. What you do today should be the same as did yesterday.
5. This lesson is more difficult than we had before.
6. You have less homework than they do.
7. What you do has more effect than what you say.
8. Music in your country is quite similar to my country.
9. The collection of foreign journals in the university library is
more extensive than the high school library.
10. How to buy a used car can be as difficult as buying a new car.

PROBLEMS WITH COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Kalimat dengan komparatif dan superlatif yang salah dapat muncul pada tes TOEFL.
Oleh karena itu penting bagi Anda untuk mengetahui bagaimana melakukan hal berikut:
(1) membentuk komparatif dan superlatif dengan benar; (2) menggunakan komparatif
dan superlatif dengan benar; dan (3) menggunakan struktur irreguler -er, -er yang sering
muncul pada tes TOEFL.

SKILL 20: MEMBENTUK KOMPARATIF DAN SUPERLATIF DENGAN BENAR

Permasalahan dengan beberapa kalimat komparatif dan superlative pada tes TOEFL
adalah bahwa komparatif atau superlatifnya dibentuk dengan tidak benar. Anda
seharusnya mengerti bagaimana membentuk kalimat komparatif dan superlative
untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti itu dengan benar.

Komparatif dibentuk baik dengan ‘-er’, atau ‘more ….. than’. Pada komparatif, ‘-er’
digunakan dengan kata sifat pendek seperti ‘tall’, dan ‘more’ digunakan dengan kata
sifat yang lebih panjang seperti ‘beautiful’.

Bob is taller than Ron.

Sally is more beautiful than Sharon.

Superlatif dibentuk dengan ‘the’, juga ‘-est’ atau ‘most’, dan terkadang ‘in’, ‘of’, atau
8
klausa ‘that’. Dalam kalimat superlative, ‘-est’ digunakan dengan kata sifat pendek

8
seperti ‘tall’, dan ‘most’ digunakan dengan kata sifat yang lebih panjang seperti
‘beautiful’.

Bob is the tallest man in the room.

Sally is the most beautiful of all the women at the party.
The spider over there is the largest one that I have ever seen.
The fastest runner wins the race, (no in, of, or that)

Table berikut ini menguraikan bentuk-bentuk yang mungkin dibentuk pada komparatif
dan superlative:

BENTUK KOMPARATIF DAN

SUPERLATIF
more (long adjective) than
KOMPARATIF
(short adjective) + er
the most (long adjective) maybe in, of, that
SUPERLATIF
(short adjective) +est

Latihan 20: masing-masing kalimat berikut ini mengandung komparatif atau superlative.
Lingkari komparatif atau superlatifnya. Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat
berikut ini benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. Oxygen is abundanter than nitrogen.

C 2. The directions to the exercise say to choose the most appropriate
response.
3. The lesson you are studying now is the most importantest lesson
that you will have.
4. Fashions this year are shorter and more colorful than they were
last year.
5. The professor indicated that Anthony's research paper was more long
than the other students' papers.
6. Alaska is the coldest than all the states in the United States.
7. The workers on the day shift are more rested than the workers on
the night shift.
8. She was more happier this morning than she had been yesterday.
9. The quarterback on this year's football team is more versatile than
the quarterback on last year's team.
10. She always tries to do the best and most efficient job that she can do.

SKILL 21: MENGGUNAKAN KOMPARATIF DAN SUPERLATIF

SECARA BENAR
8
Permasalahan yang lain dengan komparatif dan superlative pada test TOEFL adalah
bahwa mereka dapat digunakan secara tidak tepat. Komparatif dan superlative memiliki
kegunaan yang berbeda, dan anda sebaiknya memahami perbedaan kegunaan ini untuk
menjawab pertanyaan seperti ini dengan tepat.

Komparatif digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda yang setara.

The history class is larger than the math

class. Mary is more intelligent than Sue.
Pada contoh pertama, ‘the history class’ dibandingkan dengan ‘the math class’. pada
contoh kedua ‘Mary’ dibandingkan dengan ‘Sue’.

Superlative digunakan ketika ada lebih dari dua hal untuk dibandingkan dan anda ingin
untuk menunjukan satu yang terbaik, terbesar, atau bahkan yang paling menakjubkan.

The history class is the largest in the school.

Mary is the most intelligent of all the students in the class.

Pada contoh pertama ‘the history class’ dibandingkan dengan semua kelas yang lain di
sekolah itu, dan ‘the history class’ lebih besar dibandingkan tiap kelas lainnya. Pada
contoh kedua, ‘Mary’ dibandingkan dengan semua siswa lainnya di kelas itu, dan Mary
lebih pintar daripada tiap siswa lainnya.

Table dibawah ini menguraikan kegunaan dari komparatif dan superlative:

KEGUNAAN KOMPARATIF DAN SUPERLATIF
KOMPARATIF digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda yang setara
SUPERLATIF digunakan untuk menunjukkan satu dari banyak benda
yang paling tingkatannya.

Latihan 21: masing-masing kalimat berikut ini mengandung komparatif atau superlative.
Lingkari komparatif atau superlatifnya. Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat
berikut ini benar (C) atau salah (I).

C 1. Harvard is probably the most prestigious university in the

United States.

8
 I 2. Rhonda is more hard working of the class.
3. The engineers hired this year have more experience than those hired
last year.
4. The graduate assistant informed us that the first exam is the most
difficult of the two.
5. He bought the more powerful stereo speakers that he could find.
6. The afternoon seminar was much more interesting than the
morning lecture.
7. The food in this restaurant is the best of the restaurant we visited
last week.
8. The plants that have been sitting in the sunny window are far healthier
than the other plants.
9. The photocopies are the darkest that they have ever been.
10. The first journal article is the longest of the second article.

SKILL 22: MENGGUNAKAN STRUKTUR -ER , –ER

TAK BERATURAN SECARATEPAT.
Struktur komparatif tak beraturan yang cukup sering muncul pada test TOEFL terdiri
dari dua komparatif parallel yang ditunjukkan oleh ‘the’.

The harder he tried, the further he fell behind.

The older the children are, the more their parents expect from them.

Contoh pertama mengandung dua komparatif parallel, ‘the harder’ dan ‘the further’.
Contoh kedua mengandung dua komparatif parallel, ’the older’ dan ‘the more’.

Pada tipe kalimat ini, ‘the’ dan pembandingnya dapat diikuti oleh sejumlah struktur
yang berbeda.

The more children you have, the bigger the house you need.
The harder you work, the more you accomplish.
The greater the experience, the higher the salary.

Pada contoh pertama, ‘the more’ diikuti oleh kata benda ‘children’ dan subjek serta
kata kerja ‘you have’, sedangkan ‘the bigger’ diikuti oleh kata benda ‘the house’ dan
subjek serta kata kerja ‘you need’.
Pada contoh kedua, ‘the harder’ diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja ‘you work’,
sedangkan ‘the more’ diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja ‘you accomplish’.
Pada contoh ketiga, ’the greater’ diikuti hanya oleh kata benda ‘the experience’,
sedangkan ‘the higher’ diikuti hanya oleh kata benda ‘the salary’. Anda harus menandai
bahwa contoh terakhir ini bahkan tidak mengandung kata kerja, tapi stuktur kalimat ini
tetap benar dalam Bahasa Inggris.

Table berikut menguraikan struktur –er, -er tak beraturan:

THE -ER, -ER STRUCTURE
THE-er (same structure),THE-er (same structure)
8
 more more
Tipe kalimat ini bisa mengandung kata kerja atau tidak.

Latihan 22: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung struktur –er, er tak beraturan.
Lingkari dua perbandingan dengan the. Garis bawahi bagian-bagian yang seharusnya
parallel. Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini benar (C) atau salah
(I).

I 1 . The r the food is, harder it is to eat.

C 2. The warmer the weather, the greater the attendance at the outdoor
concert.
3. The more you say, the worst the situation will be.
4. The more time they have to play, the happier the children are.
5. The thicker the walls, the noise that comes through is less.
6. If you run faster, the earlier you'll arrive.
7. The more you use the phone, the higher the bill will be.
8. The harder you serve, the easier it is to win the point.
9. The earliest you send in your tax forms, the sooner you will
receive your refund.
10. The more people there are at the party, you'll have a good time.

PERMASALAHAN DENGAN BENTUK KATA KERJA

Sudah merupakan hal yang umum pada pertanyaan-pertanyaan written expressions
dalam tes TOEFL bahwa untuk kata kerja terbentuk secara tidak tepat. Oleh karena itu,
anda sebaiknya mengecek bentuk kata kerja secara hati-hati. Anda sebaiknya familier
dengan bentuk-bentuk kata kerja berikut ini: the base form (bentuk dasar), the present
tense (bentuk present), the present participle bentuk participle –ing), the past (bentuk
lampau), dan the past participle (bentuk v3).
Berikut ini adalah contoh dari masing-masing bentuk kata kerja tersebut sebagaimana
mereka digunakan di dalam teks:

BASE PRESENT PAST

FORM PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
walk walk(s) walking walked walked
hear hear(s) hearing heard heard
cook cook(s) cooking cooked cooked
sing sing(s) singing sang sung
come come(s) coming came come
begin begin(s) beginning began begun

Anda harus sangat sadar akan tiga situasi bermasalah berikut ini dengan kata kerja
karena ini adalah yang paling umum dan yang paling mudah untuk diperbaiki: (1)
memeriksa apa yang muncul setelah ‘have’; (2) memeriksa apa yang muncul setelah
‘be’; dan (3) memeriksa apa yang muncul setelah ‘will’, ‘would’, dan kata kerja bantu
lainnya.
SKILL 23: SETELAH HAVE, GUNAKAN THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Apabila anda melihat kata kerja bantu ‘have’ dalam apapun bentuknya (have, has,
having, had), pastikan bahwa kata kerja yang mengikutinya ada dalam bentuk ‘past
participle’.
8
 They had walk* to school. (should be had walked)
We have see* the show. (should be have seen)
He has took* the test. (should be has taken)
Having ate*, he went to school. (should be Having
eaten)
She should have did* the work. (should be should have done)

Sebagai tambahan, anda sebaiknya yakin bahwa jika anda memiliki satu subjek dan satu
past participle, anda juga memiliki kata kerja ‘have’.
In addition, you should be sure that if you have a subject and a past participle, you also
have the verb have.
Permasalahan ini sangat umum terjadi pada kata kerja berikut (seperti sing, sang,
sung) yang mengubah dari present ke past ke past participle hanya dengan
mengubah huruf vokalnya saja.
My friend sung* in the choir. (should be sang or has sung)
He become* angry at his friend. (should be became or has become)
The boat sunk* in the ocean. (should be sank or has sunk)

Table berikut ini menguraikan penggunaan bentuk kata kerja setelah have:
BENTUK KATA KERJA SETELAH ‘HAVE’
HAVE + past participle

Latihan 23: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung kata kerja dalam bentuk
past atau past participle. Garis bawahi kata kerja atau past participle dua kali.
Kemudian tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini benar (C) atau salah (I).
I 1. The young girl drunk a glass of milk.
C 2. Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission.
3. Having finished the term paper, he began studying for the exam.
4. The secretary has broke her typewriter.
5. The installer should have completes the task more quickly.
6. He has often become angry during meetings.
7. She has rarely rode her horse in the park.
8. Having saw the film, he was quite disappointed.
9. Tom has thought about taking that job.
10. You might have respond more effectively.

SKILL 24: SETELAH BE, GUNAKAN PRESENT PARTICIPLE

ATAU PAST PARTICIPLE

Kata kerja be dalam apapun bentuknya (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) dapat
diikuti oleh kata kerja yang lain. Kata kerja ini seharusnya dalam bentuk present
participle atau past participle.
8
 We are do* our homework. (should be are doing)
The homework was do* early. (should be was done)
Tom is take* the book. (should be is taking)
The book was take* by Tom. (should be was
taken)

Tabel berikut ini menguraikan kegunaan bentuk-bentuk kata kerja setelah be:
BENTUK KATA KERJA SETELAH ‘BE’
BE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
+ PAST PARTICIPLE

Latihan 24: masing-masing kalimat berikut ini mengandung kata kerja yang dibentuk
dengan ‘be’. Garis bawahi kata kerjanya dua kali. Kemudian tentukan apakah
kalimat-kalimat berikut ini benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. At 12:00 Sam is eat his lunch.

C 2. We are meeting them later today.
3. The message was took by the receptionist.
4. Being heard was extremely important to him.
5. The Smiths are build their house on some property that they own in
the desert.
6. It had been noticed that some staff members were late.
7. The report should have been submit by noon.
8. Are the two companies merge into one?
9. He could be taking four courses this semester.
10. The score information has been duplicates on the back-up disk.

SKILL 25: SETELAH WILL, WOULD, ATAU KATA KERJA BANTU

LAINNYA, GUNAKAN BENTUK DASAR (BASE FORM) DARI KATA KERJA.

Apabila anda melihat sebuah kata kerja bantu, seperti will,would, shall, should, can,
could, may, might, atau must, anda sebaiknya yakin bahwa kata kerja yang mengikutinya
adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk dasarnya.

8
 The boat will leaving* at 3:00. (should be will leave)
The doctor may arrives* soon. (should be may arrive)
The students must taken* the exam, (should be must take)

Table berikut ini menguraikan kegunaan bentuk kata kerja setelah kata kerja bantu:
VERBS FORMS AFTER MODALS
MODAL+base form of the verb

Latihan 25: masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung kata kerja yang terbentuk
dengan sebuah kata kerja bantu. Garis bawahi kata kerjanya dua kali. Kemudian
tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini benar (C) atau salah (I).

C 1. The salesclerk might lower the price.

I 2. The television movie will finishes in a few minutes.
3. Should everyone arrive by 8:00?
4. The method for organizing files can be improved.
5. The machine may clicks off if it is overused.
6. Every morning the plants must be watered.
7. The houses with ocean views could sell for considerably more.
8. Would anyone liked to see that movie?
9. I do not know when it will depart.
10. She will work on the project only if she can has a full-time secretary.

PERMASALAHAN DENGAN KEGUNAAN KATA KERJA

Banyak permasalahan yang berbeda dalam menggunakan kata kerja yang benar yang
mungkin dalam bahasa Inggris. Namun, ada empat masalah spesifik sering terjadi pada
tes TOEFL, jadi Anda perlu memperhatikan keempat hal tersebut dengan seksama: (1)
mengetahui kapan menggunakan past dengan present, (2) menggunakan had dan have
dengan benar, (3) menggunakan tense yang tepat dengan ekspresi waktu, dan (4)
menggunakan tense yang tepat dengan will dan would.

SKILL 33: TAHU KAPAN MENGGUNAKAN THE PAST DENGAN THE PRESENT

Salah satu masalah kata kerja yang umum terjadi dalam penulisan siswa dan pada tes
TOEFL adalah peralihan dari bentuk lampau (past) ke bentuk sekarang (present) tanpa
alasan tertentu. Seringkali ketika sebuah kalimat memiliki sebuah bentuk lampau dan
sebuah sekarang, kalimat itu salah.

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 He took the money when he wants* it.

Kalimat ini mengatakan bahwa he took the money (di masa lalu) when he wants it (pada
saat ini). Makna ini tidak masuk akal; Tidak mungkin melakukan sesuatu di masa lalu
sebagai hasil dari sesuatu yang Anda inginkan saat ini. Kalimat ini bisa dikoreksi
dengan beberapa cara, tergantung dari makna yang diinginkan.

He took the money when he wanted

it. He takes the money when he wants
it.

Contoh pertama berarti he took the money (di masa lalu) when he wanted it (di masa lalu).
Makna ini logis, dan kalimatnya benar.
Contoh kedua berarti he takes the money (kebiasaan) when he wants it (kebiasaan).
Makna ini juga logis, dan contoh kedua juga benar.

Perlu untuk menunjukkan, bagaimanapun, bahwa ada kemungkinan sebuah kalimat

logis dalam bahasa Inggris memiliki masa lalu dan masa kini.

I know that he took the money yesterday.

Arti dari kalimat ini adalah logis: I know (sekarang, pada saat ini) that he took the
money (kemarin, di masa lalu). Anda dapat melihat dari contoh ini bahwa kalimat
bahasa Inggris mungkin ada di masa lalu dan masa kini. Kesalahan yang perlu Anda
hindari adalah beralih dari masa lalu ke masa sekarang tanpa alasan tertentu. Oleh
karena itu, ketika Anda melihat sebuah kalimat dalam tes TOEFL dengan kedua
bentuk lampau dan kalimat saat ini, Anda harus memeriksa arti kalimat dengan hati-hati
untuk melihat apakah itu logis dalam bahasa Inggris.

Bagan berikut menguraikan penggunaan bentuk lampau dengan bentuk sekarang dalam
bahasa Inggris:
USINGTHE PASTWITHTHE PRESENT
Jika Anda melihat kalimat dengan satu kata kerja di masa lalu dan satu kata kerja di masa seka
Namun, mungkin ada kalimat yang benar untuk memiliki masa lalu dan masa sekarang bersam
Jika Anda melihat masa lalu dan masa sekarang bersamaan, Anda harus memeriksa artinya un

Latihan 26: Masing-masing kalimat berikut memiliki setidaknya satu kata kerja di
masa lalu dan satu kata kerja di masa sekarang. Garis bawahi kata kerjanya dua
kali dan putuskan apakah artinya logis. Kemudian tunjukkan apakah kalimat
sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. I tell him the truth when he asked me the question.

C 2. I understand that you were angry.

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3. When he was a child, he always goes to the circus.

9
 4. Last semester he reads seven books and wrote five papers.
5. Steve wakes up early every morning because he went to work early.
6. Mark studied at the American University when he is
in Washington, D.C.
7. He is telling the teacher why he did not have time to finish
his homework.
8. He put some money in his account when he goes to the bank.
9. Tom keeps studying hard because he intended to go to dental school.
10. She is where she is today because she worked hard when she was a
student.

SKILL 27: MENGGUNAKAN HAVE DAN HAD DENGAN BENAR

Dua tenses yang sering membingungkan adalah the present perfect (have+ past
participle) dan the past perfect (had + past participle). Kedua tenses ini memiliki
kegunaan yang sama sekali berbeda, dan Anda harus mengerti bagaimana
membedakannya.

Present perfect (have + past participle) mengacu pada periode waktu dari masa lalu
sampai sekarang.

Sue has lived in Los Angeles for ten years.

Kalimat ini berarti bahwa Sue telah tinggal di Los Angeles selama sepuluh tahun ini
sampai sekarang. Menurut kalimat ini, Sue masih tinggal di Los Angeles.

Karena the present perfect mengacu pada periode waktu dari masa lalu sampai
sekarang, itu tidak benar dalam sebuah kalimat yang hanya menunjukkan masa lalu saja.

At the start of the nineteenth century, Thomas Jefferson has become* president
of the United States.
Every time Jim worked on his car, he has improved* it.

Pada contoh pertama, ungkapan at the start of the nineteenth century menunjukkan bahwa
tindakan kata kerja hanya ada di masa lalu, namun kata kerjanya mengindikasikan
periode waktu dari masa lalu sampai sekarang. Karena ini tidak logis, kalimatnya tidak
benar. Kata kerja di contoh pertama seharusnya dalam bentuk masa lalu became.
Contoh kedua menunjukkan bahwa Jim worked on his car di masa lalu, namun ia
memperbaikinya dalam periode dari masa lalu sampai sekarang. Ide ini juga tidak logis.
Kata kerja di contoh kedua seharusnya dalam bentuk masa lalu improved.

The past perfect (had + past participle) mengacu pada periode waktu yang dimulai di
masa lalu dan berakhir di masa lalu, sebelum sesuatu yang lain terjadi di masa lalu (that
started in the past and ended in the past, beforesomething else happened in the past)

Sue had lived in Los Angeles for ten years when she moved to San Diego.

Kalimat ini berarti bahwa Sue tinggal di Los Angeles selama sepuluh tahun di masa lalu
sebelum dia pindah ke San Diego di masa lalu. Dia tidak lagi tinggal di Los Angeles.

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Karena the past perfect dimulai di masa lalu dan berakhir di masa lalu, umumnya tidak
benar dalam kalimat yang sama dengan present tense.

Tom had finished the exam when the teacher collects* the papers.

Kalimat ini menunjukkan bahwa Tom menyelesaikan ujian (di masa lalu) dan tindakan
tersebut berakhir saat guru mengumpulkan lembarannya (di masa sekarang). Ini tidak
logis, jadi kalimatnya tidak benar. Tom menyelesaikan ujian (di masa lalu), dan
tindakan menyelesaikan ujian berakhir saat guru mengumpulkan lembarannya. Oleh
karena itu, kata kerja kedua dalam contoh ini harus dalam bentuk lampau, collected.

Bagan berikut menguraikan penggunaan dari the present perfect dan the past perfect:
USING(HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE) AND(HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)
TENSE FORM MEANING USE
present perfect have +past participle past uptonow notwith apast tense**
past perfect had +past participle before past notwith apresent tense
uptopast
**kecuali jika keterangan waktu since adalah bagian dari kalimat

Latihan 27: Masing-masing kalimat berikut mengandung had atau have. Garis bawahi
kata kerjanya dua kali dan putuskan apakah artinya logis. Kemudian tunjukkan
apakah kalimat sudah benar (C) atau salah (I).

I 1. I have always liked the designs that are on the cover.

C 2. Because her proposal had been rejected, she is depressed.
3. The students have registered for classes before the semester started.
4. When she had purchased the car, she contacted the insurance agent.
5. He said that he had finished the typing when you finish the reports.
6. She has enjoyed herself every time that she has gone to the zoo.
7. He drove to the post office after he had finished preparing the package.
8. After the votes were counted, it had been determined that Steve was
the winner.
9. Last night all the waiters and waitresses have worked overtime.
10. He had fastened his seat belt before the airplane took off.

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 READING COMPREHENSION

READING
Reading merupakan suatu kumpulan cerita yang mempunyai tema. Sesi ini
biasanya terdiri dari 50 pertanyaan dengan waktu menjawab 55 menit.

Strategi umum dalam mengerjakan soal membaca.

1. Jangan terlalu lama membaca soal.

Anda jangan terlalu untuk mengerti dari cerita dalam
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 soal tersebut. Ini dimungkinkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan.

2. Jangan panik bila tidak mengetahui topik dari cerita.

Seluruh informasi untuk menjawab TELAH tersedia dalam cerita
tersebut. Tidak dibutuhkan latarbelakang pengetahuan untuk menjawab
setiap cerita.

3. Jangan menggunakan waktu lama dalam menganalisa jawaban. Jika

tidak yakin….tebaklah….. atau kembali ke pertanyaan
setelah seluruh pertanyaan selesai.

Berikut jurus-jurus yang harus Anda lakukan :

JURUS 1 : PERTANYAAN IDE UTAMA

Hampir seluruh pertanyaan dalam soal cerita menanyakan ide

utama dari cerita tersebut. Bentuk pertanyaan antara lain topic, subject,
title, primary idea atau main idea.

PERTANYAAN IDE UTAMA

Jenis pertanyaan What is the topic of the passage ? What is
the subject of the passage ? What is the
main idea of the passage ?
Whait is the author’s main point in the passage ? With
what is the author primarily concerned ? Which of the
following would be the best title ?

Lokasi kemungkinan Terletak di awal kalimat setiap paragraf

jawaban

Bagaimana 1. Baca baris pertama setiap paragraf

menjawab 2. Mencari tema atau ide pada baris pertama
pertanyaan 3. Membaca dengan cepat seluruh cerita untuk mengecek ide atau
tema yang telah Anda temukan
4. Buang jawaban yang Anda perkirakan salah.

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9
9
JURUS 2 : PERTANYAAN “STATED” DETAIL

Pertanyaan detail yaitu suatu informasi yang terdapat dalam paragraf.

Jawaban dari jenis pertanyaan ini secara umum telah tersedia di dalam
cerita tersebut. Jawaban merupakan pengulangan dari kalimat dengan tema
atau ide yang sama tetapi tidak sama dalam kata-kata.

PERTANYAAN DETAIL
Jenis pertanyaan According to the passage …. It is
stated in the passage … The
passage indicates that …
Which of the following is true …?

Lokasi kemungkinan Ditemukan secara berurutan dalam bagian cerita

jawaban

Bagaimana 1. Cari kata kunci dari pertanyaan tersebut

menjawab 2. Baca cepat kemungkinan bagian dari cerita tersebut yang sesuai
pertanyaan dengan kata kunci atau ide
3. Baca kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci atau
ide secara hati-hati
4. Buang jawaban yang Anda perkirakan salah.

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TOEFL EXERCISE 2:

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1
JURUS 3 : CARI “UNSTATED” DETAIL

Jurus ini untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis pertanyaan antara lain not stated atau not
mentioned atau not true dalam cerita tersebut. Jawaban untuk jenis soal ini
merupakan bukan bagian dari cerita dalam soal tersebut.

PERTANYAAN “UNSTATED” DETAIL

Jenis pertanyaan Which of the following is not stated ….? Which
of the following is not mentioned…? Which of
the following is not discussed..? All of the
following are true except….

Lokasi kemungkinan Ditemukan secara berurutan dalam bagian cerita

jawaban
Bagaimana 1. Cari kata kunci dari pertanyaan tersebut
menjawab 2. Baca cepat kemungkinan bagian dari cerita tersebut yang sesuai
pertanyaan dengan kata kunci atau ide yang terkait
3. Baca kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci atau
ide secara hati-hati

1
TOEFL EXERCISE 3:

1
1
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 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL

abandon candidate denote

abduction capricious deny
abstract cartel depict
accumulate cast deplete
accuracy catastrophic derive
accuse cause descendant
acquire cease despise
acquisition certifiably despondent
adapt charismatic detain
addictive chronologically detection
adjacent circulate deviant
adjust civil devise
adolescent clique devotion
advent coalition dilemma
adversely coerce dimension
advocate cohesion diminish
affection coincide discretely
affluence collapse discriminate
aggravate collide disease
aggregate combustion dispose of
agnostic commodity distill
allegedly compensate distinctly
allegiance complex distort
allocate complication diverse
amateurish component divination
ambiguous compress domesticate
amend concentrated dynamic
analyze condemn ecclesiastical
ancestral confide election
anesthesia conflict elementally
animism connotation elite
annex conquest emission
anomaly consciously engender
anticipate consequence enterprising
antipathy constraint entrepreneurial
apex contamination equity
apprehend contemplate erode
arbitrary contemptuous erudite
arrogantly contest eruption
artillery context esthetically
ascertain contrary evade
assail convey evidence
assess convict evolve
asset core exalt
assimilate corrode exclusive
associate counter exotic
astrological cremation expeditiously
atheist cultivation exploit
augment cumbersome exponentially
authority cure extinction
battle curriculum extract
be inclined to cynically famine
berate de facto fatally
biased decipher feasibly
bitterly decline feature
bond decrepit fertilize
bribery degrade flood
bulk deify fluctuate
burden delinquency folklore
bureaucratic denominator forensics
1
fortify irrigation prejudiced
fossilize jointly prestige
fringe juxtapose prevailing
gala kin prevalent
gap lease privileged
generation legitimate procedure
grotesque liability process
guilty longitude prognosis
gut loyal proliferation
haggle luxury promote
haunt maintenance proportion
hazardous manipulation proportionately
hedonistic marginal proprietor
hierarchy maximize prosper
hilarious meditate prototype
horror medium proximity
humiliation merchant psychic
hypocritically merit rank
hypothesize migration rate
illiterate milieu ratio
impact minimum realism
impair misconception rebel
implant mobilize recede
implement modify reciprocity
implicate net reconciliation
implicitly nobility reform
impoverish notion regulate
improvisation nucleus relic
in common obese reservoir
in the trenches objectively residual
inaugurate obnoxious resign
incentive obtain resist
incompetent offense retain
indisputable oppress retrieve
industrious Orwellian reward
inference overlap rigor
infinitesimal paradigm rite
inflation parallel ritually
ingenious parochial roster
inherent passion rotate
inheritance paternal sacrifice
inhibit peer safeguard
inject per capita saga
innovative permeate scandal
inquiry persevere scar
inscription persist secular
installation perspective seep
integrally phantom seize
integrity phonetic self-perpetuating
intensify photosynthesis sentiment
intentionally physical sequence
interdict pious severely
intermediary piracy shame
intervene plunge shrink
intrepid policy shuttle
intrinsic poll sibling
intrusively portrayal simulation
intuitively potent skit
invasive precipitation smuggle
invoke predicament solar

1
sole
solidarity
source
spectrum
stable
status quo
stigmatize
strategic
striking
structure
subsidy
subtly
surveillanc
e survive
suspect
suspend
suspicious
symbolic
tangible
terminal
tolerate
trend
trigger
unleash
unmask
vanish
vanity
vein
verdict
versus
vestige
villainy
violation
vitriolic
vulnerable
willing
witness
working class
wound
zeal

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112