“EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULATIONS THRU MARITIME EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY”

Francis A. Alterado MIT Student Alexander A. Hernandez

Technological Institute of the Philippines College of Information Technology Education
Manila Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila
Department of Graduate Programs P. Casal St. Quiapo, Manila
[email protected] [email protected]
Kongsberg, Simulation, Technology Adoption,
Learning Technology, Issues, Challenges, Simulation,
Competency, Assessment, STCW and training.
ABSTRACT

The use of simulation technology for training purposes

has been a feature of several industries for many years.
The aircraft industry is one outstanding example of the
use of simulation. By using their learning tools and 1. INTRODUCTION
learning outcomes the maritime shipping industry will
gain benefit from their experience in that field.
Conducting simulation training to enhance the The Philippines has lengthy been recognized to be the
competency of masters and watch-officers students will company of seafarer human assets international.
help to prevent marine accidents and environmental However, for the last few years, maritime training has
pollution. And also it is important to evaluate the faced problems approximately the high-quality of
knowledge and performance of seafarers. This study maritime education [7] STCW 95. Despite the fact that,
points out the importance of structured ship-bridge the Philippines’ schooling quarter which includes
simulation training to enhance the competency of CHED and MARINA in addition to Maritime higher
seafarers regarding the STCW Manila amendments, education institutions (MHEIs) has religiously made
that came into force on the first of January 2012, which efforts to benefit the trust of the international transport
reflects that it is a major priority to train ship’s officers industry always [1] Barsan. One of the efforts made is
with sufficient skills, which can provide sufficient enhancing the talents of students with the use
safety at sea and, as a result, protection of the marine experiential gaining knowledge of through simulators.
environment. Simulation era has been adapted through one-of-a-kind
industries including aircraft training. Maritime industry
This study to achieve a better understanding of in the Philippines such as education facilities and
effectiveness of simulations thru maritime education MHEIs also took gain inside the funding of simulator
technology. This study focuses on effectiveness of technology.
simulations thru maritime education technology
training. In this research, participants were students, Literature opinions have commonly focused on the
professors and officials of maritime industry. The blessings and drawbacks of the simulator-primarily
research respondents were in Palawan Polytechnic based education (SBT).The uniqueness of this research
College located at Palawan Puerto Princesa and the work acts as the door into a domain of discussion on
Mindanao Aeronautical Technological School in the subject for the effectiveness of Kongsberg
Davao City this two school are located in the simulator in Maritime Education instructor, his role as
Philippines. The research presents a small scale an individual who has to do much more than any
quantitative study on the effectiveness of Simulation legendary trainer and his growing importance due to
Thru in METIs specifically, the role of educational the technological development within the subject of
technology in affective education and future’s marine simulators. Only through these measures,
perspective for improvement in MET. It is hoped that effective and efficient training of the seafarers can be
finding can enhance the importance of affective achieved in line with training objectives of the STCW
education in maritime education and training [3] Cross, S. (2012) Training concept of the STCW
institutions. Convention is based upon the show of competency by
the trainees at all levels and functions [4]ASGHAR
KEYWORDS ALI, 2006.

The Manila amendment opens up scope for the

comprehensive use of simulators for the schooling and
evaluation of competency. A simulator can be a Furthermore, the report reveals that there is lack of
powerful and useful tool in the learning process; hence, equilibrium between cognitive and affective domain.
it is important to have sufficient knowledge of IMO The profession requires knowledge, competence,
conventions related to simulator training and proficiency and positive attitude (METNET, 2002, P-
certification. The STCW Convention is the legislative 19). STCW 95 has encouraged the use of Simulator
text that standardizes the schooling, certification, and technology in MET. METIs are recommended to
watch keeping for seafarers [6] Chislett, 1996. As a encourage learners to interact with fellows and collect
result of this, the safety level on board ships and at sea information timely.
will increase. Moreover, the IMO has decided to
amend the STCW 1978 Convention in order to enhance Kongsberg Simulator can abridge huge institutional
safety at sea [8] Swift, 2004. gap between student and teacher. In METIs affective
education across the boundary can be provided to
STCW has made best the RADAR / ARPA simulator learners for motivation of leaners. Maritime industry
training mandatory for seafarers and in this section, it needs qualified officers; the word “qualified” has
offers precise steering at the way to apply the RADAR, connotation of skill and knowledge. An officer passes
ARPA simulator for schooling and evaluation the examination, completes training and acquires
functions. Further, regarding RADAR Simulator, [7] practical skills after education and training he needs to
STCW (1995, pp. 292-293-294-295) highlights the demonstrate leadership qualities, decision making
following regions of the radar simulator while being abilities, interpersonal and problem-solving skill, in
used for schooling and assessment of seafarers. collaboration, cooperation and team work to maintain
the operation on board of the vessel. It is demonstration
This study is directly focused on the outcomes of cognitive, social and physical skills.
effectiveness of using simulator training for the
maritime education, and how it will contribute to The affective domain produces: sense of “honor, rule,
enhancing the safety at sea. Regarding the second and responsibilities, loyalty, truth, integrity, security,
objective of this topic, the Manila amendment opens up environmental and safety consciousness, respect for
scope for the comprehensive use of simulators for the social order, respect for dignity, right of others, social
education and evaluation of competency. interaction” (Manuel, 2005) and virtues which can be
groomed the officer and enable him to demonstrate the
essence of ISM Code and STCW95 on board.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The 2010 Manila amendments to STCW Convention
Research started out with the literature evaluation and Code require leadership and managerial skill. The
through the library and electronic sources to find out skills cannot be taught but developed through affective
the applicable implications related to simulators, education which can alter the attitude, enhance the
simulation education and the role of the instructors motivation and infuse the values for performance at
who use these simulators as a tool to gain the optimum level. In teaching and training of seafarers,
objectives as laid down in STCW conference. motivation, beliefs and values are building block and
According to the MARINA manpower survey, there is foundation of soft skills. Dr. Daisa Ikeda suggested the
shortage of qualified officer in Engine and Deck. The need of “ Human Revolution” need of values,
maritime labor needs to be qualified and skillful. China optimistic approach in maritime industry. IMO decided
is high manpower supplier, has crossed socio-cultural 2010 as “the year of seaman” in order to increase
and lingual barriers, providing sufferers to most of seaman in number and to improve life on board for
those international ships (Li &Wonham, 1999). The seaman(Shiroz, 2010 p.155- 158) and human element
European Commission’s Thematic Network on is being considered at priority however improvements
Maritime Education, Training and Mobility of are required at grass root level where seamen are
seafarers recommended the following 4-E concept: trained because joining a new ship exposes seamen to a
(METNET, 2003) shock. They expose to a new culture and new
environment.
 Essential minimum standards 95 Convention
 Extension shipboard qualification beyond 2.1 Overview of simulator, use and applications.
STCW requirement
 Enrichment additional qualification sea-shore A full task simulator has wealthy surroundings which
based employment enable evidence of competence to be garnered from an
 Elevation MBA or MSc; the certificates of extensive form of assets in a manner as it provides
competence. excellent opportunity to evaluate the learner correctly.
As compared to the traditional exam, simulators Both the CDP and the RTM method was installed on
require new thinking from both the student and the the Kongsberg Maritime Polaris ships bridge simulator
teacher. Using case studies in simulator calls for ARPA radar. The application was named Collision
evaluation which may be examined pretty profoundly. Avoidance Support System (CASS). A separate button
Studies shows that the well-advanced simulation-based was assigned for the CASS function on the radar. CDP
assessment capabilities the subsequent evidence from is default CASS setting with RTM as an option by
the plan of the scholar; study how the scholar deploys activating the RTM function button in the CASS
the equipment at his disposal; illustrate how the tasks submenu.
are communicated to other members inside the
exercising; become aware of how delegations of The software was installed on the simulator at the
obligations are made; determine how well the pupil Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. The aim of the
follows the plan. Therefore, the compilation of proof is validation test was to verify that the visual presentation
therefore extra complete than a conventional was satisfactory, according to specification and
assessment. Similarly, there's no opportunity for running without faults. The test was conducted by
plagiarism, copying or memorizing, the electricity of a entering different target data and user selected
simulation-primarily based assessment will become parameters. Initially the collision avoidance display
more and more apparent. [10]MAGDY ALI was tested with targets in all quadrants were own ship
ELASHKAR, Sept 2016) was in the origin with a set speed and course. The
target position was in one of the coordinate system’s
simulator supplies substances structures for dynamic quadrants. The target was given a speed and the course
positioning and navigation, marine automation, was altered according to the test specifications. All
protection manipulate, shipment managing, subsea four quadrants were tested. Tests when one of target’s
survey and production, maritime simulation and position coordinates was on the coordinate system’s
schooling, and satellite TV for pc positioning axis were also done. In addition tests when singularity
[12]Kongsberg Gruppen ASA, 2016. Kongsberg occurred were conducted. For the RTM system
Maritime has produced Polaris system consistent with additional tests were conducted to control the
full project simulators. In step with [13] Kongsberg performance.
(2009), Polaris deliver’s bridge simulator is diagnosed
as one of the advanced and bendy deliver’s bridge The Maritime POLARIS Ship’s bridge simulat
simulators available within the marketplace nowadays. or. The facilities used where 6 full mission ship
It can be designed to fulfill every function of bridge handling simulators with 210° forward view and 30°
simulator training and studies necessities, offering stern view (Bridge A, B, C, D, E), 1 simulator bridge
relevant training possibilities. However, from with 360° view (Bridge G), two stations in the
computing device to complete undertaking systems, instructor room and the lecture room. The
this organization is devoted to making this kind to be instrumentation on the bridges was SeaMap 10 ECDIS,
had to as many users as possible. Polaris may be Polaris ships bridge simulator ARPA radar,
designed from a laptop computing device simulator to maneuvering console, GPS, log, VHF and binoculars.
a full mission deliver-managing simulator. Also, The CASS was implemented in the Polaris radar. All
Kongsberg gives an e-getting to know (internet- bridges and trials were monitored and recorded from
enabled) module. In keeping with [16] Baldauf, the instructor station. The self-reported work load was
Carlisle, Patraiko & Zlatanov 2011, this simulator is a done post-hoc on computers in the navigation
composite education device involving PC databases, laboratory.
PC controlled and truly simulated subsystems, control
panels and précised visible structures. This Simulation revealed that the essence in the
COLREGs was manifested by varying degree. There is
In my project work [12] Grepne-Takle, 2010 several a great need for study and careful consideration by
collision avoidance systems where discussed and two maritime students of the regulations before being
selected system where thoroughly studied; Collision presented with a situation of danger in reality. The
Danger Presentation (CDP) [15] Pedersen et al., 2003 lecturing of the regulations needs to be backed up by
and Room to Manoeuvre (RTM) [16] Degré and examples from incidents and practical experience.
Lefèvre, 1981. The core algorithms for the selected
systems were developed and program specifications 2.2 Current state of Kongsberg adoption
made. Kongsberg Maritime Simulation AS has universities.
implemented the core algorithm and enabled the
visualisation on Polaris ships bridge simulator ARPA It is an instructional methodology enhances motivation
radar. and transfer learning into experience (Alessi & Trollip,
2001) activates the brain, arouses interest in learning; maximum annoying navigational duties. Traffic vessel
maintains learning behavior and sustains positive roll and pitch, tug operations along, and the motion of
attitude towards learning if plan has been designed hawsers and mooring strains all offer a degree of an
well. Absence of stimulation causes lack of interest, element that is specific in deliver simulation.
fatigue and distraction. Stimulation triggers the
emotions since learning does not take place unless POLARIS offers a big choice of relevant goal ships,
emotions are attributed to learning and learning systems and different unique objects. This allows
environment. It is important for instructor in advent of the ideal training state of affairs for each
universities to observe learners’ emotions; their consumer. Controlled from the instructor Station, goal
influence on behavior and their impact on thinking ships are relatively designated and consist of functions
because the constant dynamic thinking infuses energy which include rotating antennas, navigation lighting,
and enthusiasm in learning process. A supportive day shapes, radar echo representing the dimensions and
environment builds confidence, gives self-confidence element of the vessel, and suitable fog sign frequency.
and emotional support to acquire new skills and Objectives are able to show various day symbols and
knowledge The emotional support is positive lighting fixtures configurations indicating their fame,
reinforcement for learner which fosters his learners and pastime, and type of operation which include restricted
shapes his attitude therefore instructional planning and in their capacity to maneuver. The to be had database
motivation planning necessarily synchronized and modelling computer permits customers to create their
harmonized with each other (Wlodkowski, 1988, p-51- own fairly unique visible models.
56).
Safe coping with of vessels in restricted waters and
Following is the list of the various facilities to be harbors calls for notably excessive hobby thru ship’s
visited during research on the topic of marine bridge employees. It's miles a recognized reality that
Kongsberg simulator instructor; same will be discussed more than 60 percent of the information available at
in details in the subsequent paragraphs. In this study, any time for bridge personnel is gathered via their
the researcher focuses only on one maritime education visible statement of what is going on out of doors the
in Palawan using the Kongsberg Simulator and in bridge. For that reason, it's miles a need that the
Mindanao area. simulation schooling is alternatively sensible and
adaptable to real existence situations has its great 3-D-
1. Palawan Polytechnic College Inc. pictures to depict proper-to-life vessel models and
exercising areas, ensuring exceptional simulation
2. Mindanao Aeronautical Technological School. school in realistic environments, that's adaptable to
actual lifestyles deliver coping with situations.
2.3 Effectiveness of Kongsberg simulator
The above premise, for this reason, indicates the
To fulfil the present and future training wishes inside
effectiveness of the simulator.
the maritime industry, has developed the POLARIS
deliver’s bridge simulator that is our 6th era machine. 3. METHODOLOGY
POLARIS is the result of specific research that has
described the most helpful answer. Further to a really 3.1 Research Methodology
excessive stage of realism, the POLARIS deliver’s
bridge simulator gives person-friendliness and In order to have real time feedback and some statistics
versatility, critical capabilities providing extreme levels
on the subject of discussion, two surveys were carried
of teacher control and greater type of route services –
skills demanded through education institutes and out during the course of research. [18] Cross, S. J.
companies worldwide. (www.km.kongsberg.com) (2006). Survey was designed to find out the training
experiences of the seafarers on simulators as trainees
In delivering dealing with, the smallest info will have and its relevance with subsequent subject description
important results if they're not dealt with the proper [5] Directorate General of Shipping and Maritime
manner. To keep away from terrible schooling and to Affairs (DGSM). Palawan Polytechnic College Inc.
ensure that the simulation education is adaptable to
and Mindanao Aeronautical Technological School
actual existence situations, it's far important that the
simulator offers appreciably sensible photographs in all located in Davao City students of varying background
factors of navigation, deliver managing and tactical and sea service were used as population for this survey.
operations. The quantity of element placed in Sea View Responses were received and analyzed; results
R5 of Kongsberg simulator meets the necessities of the achieved have been discussed during the discussion on
relevant point in the research work [3] Cross, S. The questionnaire was sent to professionals,
(2012). scholars and students because they are belong to
maritime education but influence maritime industry.
3.2 Survey Questionnaire They act significantly role their views are useful in
maritime educational design. Their feedback gave a
This has a look at applied a quantitative research
better understanding in designing educational policy.
approach. This method lets in the researcher to find out
Those who belong to education can the shape the mind,
according to - "patron conduct studies Paradigm -
behavior and attitude and those who belong to legal
tutorialspoint.com." trend of expertise thinking about
and administrative department can provide support for
the constrained wide variety of research concerning the
the sustainable development and expertise of
effectiveness of Simulator in maritime education,
operational department can execute the policy.
especially within the Philippines. Similarly, qualitative
method is the exceptional approach that allows you to 3.5 Questionnaire Reliability
find the exact solution for the studies query
“Effectiveness of Kongsberg Simulations Thru The findings of the questionnaire were received from
Maritime Education Technology” the use of survey Palawan Polytechnic College Inc. (PPCI) and
questionnaire as a tool for accumulating the facts Mindanao Aeronautical Technological School (MATS)
quantitative research approach does now not include online through Goggle Drive. The survey aimed to
numbers or quantifying of records; as an alternative, it examine the viewpoint about the technology of those
will be taken from face to face survey and professionals, scholar, and students who belong to the
interpretation made through the writer. maritime education. The look at became divided into
two sections: segment A decides the instructional
3.3 Respondents design and strategies for learners and Section B finds
the future perspective and comments of respondents.
The research was carried out in Palawan Polytechnic
College Inc. (PPCI) and MATS College Technology. It
No. Respondent Percentage
is Maritime Educational Institution where students
come from all over the Philippines for Maritime Teacher 5 20%
Course and other professional development courses. BSMT 25 35%
The institution is accredited by professional authorities BSMARE 30 40%
and the CHED (Commission of Higher Education and
MARINA (Philippines' Maritime Industry Authority).
These two maritime institutions have distinctive Figure 1 presents the professional profile of the
identity one provides maritime education at participants that reflect the response of the
international level and the next offers maritime
questionnaire includes the opinion of teachers,
education and training at national level. Therefore, the
research found variety in responses of official, students, seafarers and those who have been working in
professionals and students where all belong to the the maritime industry their opinion is important for
maritime education. bringing change in Effectiveness of Simulations Thru
Maritime Education Technology. The students also
3.4 Data Gathering Procedure belonged to different subject disciplines; however, they
are all related to the maritime area. Their expert
This is the method of collecting information from regions are, for example, coaching, seafaring,
participants that are expressed in numerical form such regulation, port operation, coastal security, maritime
as scientific surveys; their findings reveal the effect administration and marine HR management.
and the reaction statistically. In qualitative research,
specific questions are asked in survey and the data is The survey explored the understanding of
measured by rating scales. For this study, the people and how much technology facilitates in the
quantitative research approaches facilitates in cognitive and affective domain. It examines the attitude
providing explicit findings. By means of the following of students towards technology and determines the
ways data was obtained from maritime institutions. instructional layout and strategies for coaching. In
questionnaire, some cognitive and emotional mastering As shown, the topmost response is that the
results were blended except some questions have been knowledge of values and information of the subject
covered which indicate drawbacks of the era to (or are equally important in maritime education. Secondly,
“intending to”) recognizing how plenty technology Kongsberg simulation technology helps students
helps in achieving the learning targets and the way it understand the course content. This was followed by
impacts the behavior of the students. Table 1 shows the bringing positive change in behavior of learners and
main components of survey questions about student’s increases the motivation of students. Likewise it gives
attitude towards simulation technology. students equitable access on knowledge and skill and
provides an opportunity to involve learners actively in
Table 1 the learning process.
Effectiveness of Simulation Technology
(n=27) Moreover, the use of simulation technology
enhances quality standards in maritime education, and
is an effective tool to maintain students learning
process. simulator training also infuses enjoyment in
the learning process, provides high quality on-going
feedback to teachers and students, provides freedom of
choice in decision-making activities

However the following responses ranked least

such as simulator technology increases technology
dependence, develops a sense of autonomy, is used to
replicate things only, leads to feeling of isolation and
reduces the creativity of the students.

3.6 Reliability

Table 1 reveals the effectiveness of Kongsberg Simulator training is conducted according

Simulation Technology on Simulator-Based Training to STCW 2010 in METIs. The author observed how
(SBT) in maritime education as perceived by twenty AE is being transferred through ET. During the
student respondents and seven Instructors of Palawan observation simulator
Polytechnic College, Inc. and MATS College in
Davao. Assessment procedure was observed. The assessor was
at a distance, allowing students to take decisions and to
solve unexpected problems. He observed their
progress, listened to them carefully, recorded their
progress and addressed the error and made good
decisions during the debriefing time.

The significant aspect of the institution is its

knowledge management system. The ET is being used
with KM culture. Seniors share the knowledge to junior
professors and they transfer knowledge to young
students of the country. The institution is maintaining
knowledge sharing culture using ET. During training of
young generation AE (Affective Education) is being
focused.in order to examine work performance author
participated in simulator training course.
 4. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS an academy or on a ship. The practical education
would maintain their personal values, motivation, self-
The aim of the section is to discuss the findings of the esteem and dignity. It will also support in developing
data analysis. The results were analyzed in the light of soft skills, such as leadership, teamwork, cooperation
literature review. The empirical data was collected and effective communication.
through questionnaire, and observation. In fact
Simulation Education Technology is hardly used for POLICY IMPLICATION
AE in METIs therefore researcher was seeking ways
how Simulation Education Technology can be utilized Establish knowledge management system with Global
for AE in METIs. For this purpose various research MET and among global METIs to provide
tools were used. The opinion of professors, students “effectiveness” in MET. Earlier, focused was given on
and seafarers can help in designing the curriculum for technical aspects but now attention should be paid to
AE through ET; opinion of Instructor can assist in management and operational sides.
executing effective measures, and observation of
Simulation Education Technology can improve
organizational strategies can help in the implication of
positive attitudes, motivation, and values. Harmonious
policy for AE through Kongsberg Simulation
connections among METIs need to be established
Education Technology in METIs hence the entire
through Kongsberg Simulation Education Technology
system was observed at different places. If Simulation
by sharing knowledge and culture.
Education Technology is used successfully for AE, it
can be applied in METIs, and the application would be Europe, China, India, and Sri Lanka may develop
beneficial for all students all over the world. strong relationships through Simulation Education
Technology to improve MET considering the cognitive
The research probed the influence of Kongsberg
and affective domains. The regional forum of METIs
Simulation Education Technology in AE which may be
may bring substantial improvement.
applied in METIs. The study found people’s views and
the common practice of two institutions: PPCI and 5. CONCLUSION
MATS, where technology has been used to for
educational purposes. It promotes collaboration, Computer Simulation of Technology has influenced
communication, and cooperation. However, the the social- cultural sphere, political-administrative
research could not find a detailed affective curriculum arena, learning domains. Simulation of Technology
model of MET where Kongsberg Simulation Education has brought tremendous change all over the world and
Technology is being used for AE in METIs. The the process of change is in process because Simulation
affective domain is embedded in STCW 2010; of Kongsberg technology is being used widely in
however, it is not explicitly addressed nor evaluated education for creation and collaboration, design and
like other operational skills. Leadership qualities are development, innovation and invention. Simulation of
incorporated with managerial skills; however, it is Technology in teaching and learning requires high cost
needed to specify behavioral markers for under trainee and enormous investment. It is a useful tool for
seafarers. It was the demand of the maritime industry cognitive learning; it may be a powerful model of
and not an amended official document to improve Affective Education. Simulation of Technology is an
MET but to change the teaching approach and learning effective tool when it is used intelligently. It may bring
environment in developing self-discipline, self- positive behavioral change if instructional
confidence, self-esteem, self-efficacy and self- methodology is designed carefully. Hence, people
actualization. interaction and collaboration enhance skills and
competence. Simulation of Technology is a tool for
RESEARCH IMPLICATION
learning real wisdom, and knowledge can be shared by
The research was on “Effectiveness of Simulations affective education. Seniors mariners may transfer their
thru Maritime Education Technology “because the experiences, wisdom intuition and advice by
process of effective education needs to be continued knowledge management and CBT to young people.
through advanced technologies whether seafarers are in
 The classroom environment provides them a Amendments; STCW Convention and STCW
safe zone, maintains their self-esteem and autonomy Code (3rd., consolidated ed.)
during the learning process; moreover, it shapes their 8. International Maritime Organization (IMO).
(2012).Operational use of electronic chart
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