PHILOSOPHY

S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

— INFO IS BASED FROM BOOK & VIDEO — who come together in pursuit of a common
goal.
1.0 SOCIETY ● Considered unique because of the nature of
the human persons that compose society,
and their relationships.
● SOCIUS - companion, association, or ● The person and the society have a very
fellowship dynamic relationship in which one cannot
○ Humans always live in the company exist without the other
of their fellow human beings ● The term society is understood in different
● Used to refer to the members of specific senses
groups (e.g Dayak society in Borneo)
● Used in the sense of a group such as rural
society or urban society
● IN SOCIOLOGY: refers not to a group of ● As individual persons, members of society
people but to the complex pattern of the can transform themselves and attain
norms or interaction or relationships that development through their interactions
arise among them within society,
○ People exist only as an agent of ● Humans can influence society through their
social relationships actions.
■ Mere congregation of ● Society also makes possible the emergence
individuals do not of certain individualities.
constitute society ● The survival of a human being is essentially
○ Refers to the complicated network rooted in society and human relations.
of social relations ● Society and its various aspects provide
■ Every individual is support that ensures the development of the
interrelated with her fellow human person.
human beings ● Society also provides you opportunities to
● Society is viewed as a process of living not a further your growth in the coming years.
thing, a motion rather than structure. ● An evident influence of society on
○ A system of social relationships is individuals is the emergence of specific traits
the most important aspect of and characteristics unique to a certain
society society that are manifested by its members.
● Is abstract, not concrete, in nature
● Considered as both a structural as well as
functional unit 1.1 TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION
● An organization, a system, and a pattern
● A system of rules and regulations which
changes in the course of time Structural and functional views are not contradictory
● Large group of which individuals are but complementary to each other
members
STRUCTURAL VIEWS OF SOCIETY
GEORGE SIMMEL - nothing but a structure
- Society refers to the social heritage of folkways,
mores, ideals, institutions, and habits.
● To remark that sociability is the essence of
society.
MORRIS GINSBERG
DEFINITION OF SOCIETY FROM THE BOOK:
● organized group of people whose members
interact frequently and have a common ● “A society is a collection of individuals united
territory and culture. by certain relations of modes of behavior
● a companionship/friendly association with which mark them off from others who do not
others, an alliance, community, or union.
enter into these relations or who differ from
● Philosophers consider SOCIETY as the
product of deliberate actions by individuals them in behavior.”

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

FRANKLIN HENRY GIDDINGS CHARLES H. COOLEY

● Defines society as “…the union itself, the ● “Society is a complex of forms or processes
organization, the sum of formal relations in each of which is living and growing by
which associated individuals are bound interaction with the others, the whole being so
together.” unified that what takes place in one part
affects all the rest.”

GEORGE DOUGLAS HOWARD COLE

ELEONOR BURKE LEACOCK
● “Society is the complex of organized
associations and institutions within the ● Society includes not only the political
community.” relations by which men are bound together
but the whole range of human relations and
collective activities.”
CUBER

1.2 ELEMENTS AND

● “Society may be defined as a group of people
who have lived long enough to become CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
organized and to consider themselves and be
considered as a unit more or less distinct 1. POPULATION
from other human units.” ● Without a group of people, no society
could be formed.
● Refers not to a group of people but to the
FUNCTIONAL VIEWS OF SOCIETY
system of social relationships
- A process of social relationships
- A complex of groups in a reciprocal relationship, 2. LIKENESS
interacting among themselves, carrying on an ● Most important characteristic of society
interdependent life, and helping each other in ● MACIVER: society means likeness
fulfilling their wishes. ○ Without likeness, there could be
no mutual recognition of
“belonging together” (no society)
ROBERT MORRISON MACIVER, ● Found in early society on kinship, and in
modern societies
CHARLES H. PAGE
● Have broadened out into the principles of
nationality
● “Society is a system of usages and ● Society consists of like bodied and
procedures, authority and mutual aid, of many likeminded individuals
groupings and divisions of controls of human ● Friendship intimacy and associations of
any kind would be impossible without
behavior and liberties.”
likeness.

3. DIFFERENCES
TALCOTT PARSONS ● Another important characteristic of
society
● “...As the total complex of human ● Society depends on it as much as
relationships in so far as they grow out of likeness
● MACIVER: “Primary likeness and
action in terms of means and relationships,
secondary differences create the greatest
intrinsic or symbolic.” of all institutions - division of labor.”

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

● Another important characteristic of

society 8. SOCIETY IS ABSTRACT
● Society depends on it as much as ● Abstract concept
likeness ● “Society in essence means a state or
● MACIVER: “Primary likeness and condition, a relationship and is, therefore,
secondary differences create the greatest necessarily an abstraction.”
of all institutions - division of labor.” ● Society consists of customs, traditions,
● Complementary to social relationship folkways, mores, and culture which are
● If people were alike in all aspects, society also abstract.
could not be formed there would be little
reciprocity, and relationships become 9. SOCIETY IS DYNAMIC
limited ● The very nature of society is dynamic and
changeable
4. INTERDEPENDENCE ● No society is static, every society
● It is visible in every aspect of present-day changes and changes continuously
society ● Old customs, traditions, folkways, mores,
● ARISTOTLE: “Man is a social animal” - as values, and institutions have changed and
a social animal he is dependent on others new customs and values take place.
● The survival and wellbeing of each
member is very much dependent 10. COMPREHENSIVE CULTURE
● No individual is self-sufficient. ● Each society has its own culture which
○ Individuals Depend on others for distinguishes it from others
shelter and security, and the ● Culture is the way of life of the members
fulfillment of many of their Which includes the values beliefs art
needs and necessities morals and like
● Culture is comprehensive because it
5. COOPERATION AND CONFLICT fulfills the necessities of social life and is
● MACIVER: “Society is co-operation culturally self-sufficient
crossed by conflict” ● Each society transmits s its cultural
● Cooperation is essential for the formation pattern to the succeeding generations.
of society
● Without cooperation there can be no
society
○ People can’t maintain a happy 2.0 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
life without cooperation
○ Avoids mutual destructiveness
● Conflict acts as a cementing factor for ● During the Enlightenment, social
strengthening social relations philosophers pondered the natural laws that
● In a healthy and well-developed society, govern human societies, and in their
cooperation and conflict co-exist discussions, several philosophers put forth
● Conflict can make cooperation their theories regarding the formation of
meaningful. societies.
● Enlightenment philosophers such as
6. AS A NETWORK OR WEB OF SOCIAL Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean
RELATIONSHIPS Jacques Rousseau were among the most
● Social relationships are one of the prominent social theorists who tackled the
foundations of society origins of human society.
● MACIVER: Society is a network of social ● To fully understand the true character of
relationships society, they imagined humans as living in a
so-called "natural state," removed from
7. PERMANENT NATURE modernity and civilization.
● It is not a temporary organization of
individuals.
● Society continues to exist even after the
death of individual members

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

was madness for people to forfeit their

2.1 THOMAS HOBBES natural freedom for a state in which they
lived without freedom.
“Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short because
● Jean Jacques Rousseau's ideas on the
social contract led him to advocate the
individuals are in a war of all against all; a war of every man
concept of the "General will" - believed that
against every man."
even if the people are the ones who organized
society and established an authority or
● Persons in their natural states are governed
government, in extreme cases, the
by their desires and these often lead to
government can impose its will on the
conflict with their fellowmen.
people.
● Society, therefore, is how people seek to
● This is based on the assumption that the
control their natural tendencies and impose
people have empowered the government to
order.
act on their behalf and that it is considered
● Individuals who establish societies enter into
to be the best judge of what is most
a "social contract" - an agreement where
beneficial for society.
individuals sacrifice an amount of their
freedom and submit to a higher authority.
● In this way, society can function and meet 2.4 JOHN RAWLS
the needs of the many, ensuring the survival
of humanity
“Citizens making choices about their society are asked to
make them from an "original position" of equality, behind a
2.2 JOHN LOCKE "veil of ignorance", without knowing what gender, race,
abilities, tastes, wealth, or position in society they will have.”
“Being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm
another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.” ● More recent views on the social contract
emphasize individual decision-making in
● John Locke proposed his own ideas on the society, John Rawls redefined the social
social contract with a different assumption. contract and explained that human beings
● Unlike Hobbes, Locke considered persons in approach social cooperation rationally to
their natural states as more cooperative and meet their self-interests.
reasonable, and that SOCIETY is formed ● Rawis introduced a version of the natural
through the consent of the individuals that state which he called the original position to
organized it. explain social formation.
● This concept is known as the “Consent of the ● He imagined humans as having a "veil of
Governed” - is a covenant among individuals ignorance”, or no knowledge of one's
to cooperate and share the burden of characteristics such as gender, race, or
upholding the welfare of society. social status.
● Also, the authority established to run society ● In this state, humans would naturally seek a
should reflect the ideals of the people who just and fair society in an effort to look out
organized it. for their interests.
● Should this authority fail to uphold its
obligation or live up to the ideals of the
people, it will be discarded and replaced with 2.5
a new one.
DAVID GAUTHIER

2.3 ● In his influential text “Morals By Agreement”,

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU David Gauthier argues that voluntary
compliance with moral rules, even in the
.“Humans are born free and in their natural state, they have a absence of enforcement, is in one’s rational
great deal of freedom and choice about what they do.” self-interest.
● David Gauthier described people's
● Jean Jacques Rousseau's idea was that it self-interest as a significant factor in
building and maintaining societies.

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

● People choose to cooperate since it is to live in a world where they can pursue their
beneficial to meet their self-interests. perfection and fulfillment.
● But this selfish interest benefits society as a ● On a larger scale, examples of the common
whole, since the actions of individuals in good may include peace within the
meeting their individual needs also further community, clean and safe public spaces, an
the interests of the other members of efficient transport system, and efficient public
society. service.
● Although there are variations on the social
contract theory, perhaps one common ADDITIONAL TERMS:
feature they all have is the fact that the The Enlightenment (18th century), a philosophical
different individuals enter into a kind of movement that dominated in Europe, was centered
agreement with one another to form a around the idea that reason is the primary source of
society. authority and legitimacy and advocated such ideals
● Individual members put aside their as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional
self-interest to create a community where government, and separation of church and state.
they may live in harmony with others.
Social contract theory, an actual or hypothetical
compact, or agreement between the ruled and their
rulers, views that persons' moral and/or political
● In a society, one is not compromised for the obligations are dependent upon a contract or
sake of the other the individual is not in any agreement among them to form the society in which
way violated for the sake of the community they live.
and vice versa.
● Only a society that ensures the development
of the individual and his or her community 3.0 DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY
may be considered a proper and humanizing
society
● It is important to note that SOCIETY IS 1 HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
FOUNDED ON THE CONCEPT OF THE
COMMON GOOD.
● Philosophers who discussed the origins of ● This is recognized as the earliest and
society traced the emergence of society to simplest form of society.
the human desire to achieve the goal of ● It is generally characterized by its small size
survival.
and is composed mainly of families.
● Apart from this, human beings are compelled
● They are nomadic because they spend most
to come together, establish relationships
with each other, and work together as a of their time searching for food and thus,
united group because of the natural desire have no permanent territory. Moving to new
for goodness. areas when the current food supply in a
● Our nature as human persons drives us to do given area has been exhausted.
what is good, and we recognize that other ● The hierarchy in this type of society is not
persons also desire goodness as well.
very varied.
● Its members are generally treated equally
COMMON GOOD
● Refers to the social conditions that enable and decisions are usually arrived through a
persons and groups to fulfill their goals and consensus.
achieve well-being. ● Because of this, the roles of its members and
● The common good applies to all members of the division of labor are not very clearly
society. defined.
● This means that not only do all members
benefit from it, but all have the responsibility
VIDEO:
to work for it.
● The collective effort of individual persons ● The primary institution is the family, which
towards the common good ensures that decides how food is to be shared and how
each member of the community will be able

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

children are to be socialized, and which ● There is also a surplus of goods, which
provides for the protection of its members sometimes leads to inequalities among its
● uses simple technology to hunt animals and members.
gather vegetation for survival. ● Individuals here are very family and
● Stones and wood are the predominant raw clan-oriented, and their behaviors and
materials for the construction of tools and actions are RESTRICTED BY TRADITION.
weapons.
● They were also Tribal - members shared an VIDEO:
ancestral heritage and a common set of ● Developed a society that uses hand tools to
traditions and rituals. raise crops.
TWO SPECIALIZED POSITIONS: THE TOOLS THEY USED WERE SIMPLE:
● Headman - the political leader ● sticks or hoe-like instruments - used to
● Shaman - who acts as the spiritual leader. punch holes in the ground so that crops could
be planted.
2 PASTORAL SOCIETY ● People no longer depend on the gathering of
edible plants - they can now grow their own
● This type of society is characterized by the food.
domestication of animals for food for a ● transfer only from one area to another when
more stable and predictable food supply. there is a need for it such as in depletion of
● Pastoral communities have large the land's resources or shortage in water
populations and remain longer in one place. supplies.
● They often produce surplus food and ● Appearing almost the same as the
resources, which they trade with other horticulturalist are the fishermen and
societies. herdsmen (shepherds).
● This relative prosperity enables the people to a. Fishing Societies
engage in other activities apart from those ➔ have more definite home sites and
necessary for survival, such as handicrafts. permanent residences.
● This eventually leads to the emergence of ➔ They have less inclination to travel
specialized tasks in the community. as compared with hunters and
gatherers because catching fish
3 does not entail too much travel.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
b. Herding Societies
➔ Relies on the domestication and
● This society primarily engages in the breeding of animals for food.
small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and ➔ Domesticating animals allows for a
vegetables, and the domestication of more manageable food supply than
animals. hunting and gathering.
● These societies are semi-nomadic, which ➔ They live in such places as deserts,
means that they travel to other places when arctic, or mountainous areas, which
they have already depleted the resources in do not favor planting trees and
one area. vegetables.
● Roles and responsibilities are more clearly
defined with many tasks assigned according
to gender.
● Women were doing mostly domestic work in
the home, while the men engaged in hunting
and farming.

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

4 AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY

● This type of society is a further evolution of 5 FEUDAL SOCIETY

the pastoral and horticultural societies.
● Agriculture involves the large-scale and
● This is based on the ownership of land (fief).
long-term cultivation of crops and
● Feudal societies arose out of developments
domestication of animals.
in Western Europe during Medieval times
● It is characterized by IMPROVED
(Middle Ages) when rival kingdoms were
TECHNOLOGY, THE USE OF TOOLS, AND
engaged in conflict over resources,
FARMING METHODS to aid in farming which
particularly land.
results in increased production, giving rise to
● In a feudal society, lords (rulers and owners
a growing population.
of big tracts of land) grant their vassals
● The large population leads to a more
(followers) the right to manage parcels of
structured social system that helps manage
land.
resources and its members.
● The lord depends on his vassals to provide
● The increasingly complex social organization
him with resources, the vassals depend on
and growing importance of territory often
the peasants for their service, while the
result in conflicts among neighboring
peasants depend on their vassals for
societies over resources and land.
protection.
● Members of societies are organized based
VIDEO:
on status.
● Use technological advances to cultivate
● Those who own the land (rulers) are
crops (especially grains like wheat, rice, corn,
and barley) over a large area. considered the most powerful, while the
● Engages on a large scale based on the use peasants are considered the lowest group.
of plows drawn by animals ● Social relations are characterized by
ADVANTAGES: dependence.
1. Harnessing of animals
2. The development of metal tools
● An agrarian and feudal society gives rise to
3. The use of the wheel individuals who value relations among family
4. Improved knowledge of irrigation and fertilization
members and with other members of the
● Increases in food supplies led to larger
community.
populations than in earlier communities.
● This meant a greater surplus, which resulted ● People are often very conscious of their
in towns that became centers of trade place within society and are mindful of the
supporting various rulers, educators, hierarchy.
craftspeople, merchants, and religious ● People who belong to the "higher classes"
leaders who did not have to worry about are treated with respect by the members of
locating nourishment.
the community.
● Villages and towns expanded into
neighboring areas, and conflicts with other ● They are OFTEN TRADITIONAL AND ARE
communities inevitably occurred. RESISTANT TO SOCIAL CHANGE, preferring
● Farmers provided warriors with food in to maintain the way things are in their
exchange for protection against invasion by community.
enemies.
● A system of rulers with high social status
also appeared.
● This nobility organized warriors to protect
the society from invasion.

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

and more people were engaged in factory

work and had to move to the cities.
● Fewer people were needed in agriculture, and
societies became urbanized, which means
6 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY that the majority of the population lived
within commuting distance of a major city
● This is based on the use of specialized
machinery in the production of goods and 7 POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
services.
● The advances in science and technology in
● This society is marked by the establishment
the late 18th century resulted in the
of societies based on knowledge,
Industrial Revolution, which in turn gave rise
information, and the sale of services.
to new production and industrial methods, as
● Led by the human mind and aided by highly
well as innovations in transportation and
advanced technology, the trend has shifted
communication.
from industry to the generation, storage,
● These technological advances resulted in
manipulation, and sale of information.
improved trade and communication and
● Members of this society have higher
better life conditions for many people. Work
educational attainment, better training, and
is done in factories and public education is
specialized roles.
more prevalent.
● However, the emergence of industrialized
VIDEO:
societies is characterized by greater
● Post-industrial
inequalities in wealth, power, and influence.
- is the stage of society's development when
● The capitalists (bourgeoisie) were the most
the service sector generates more wealth
influential, while the workers (proletariat)
than the manufacturing sector of the
were greatly disadvantaged.
economy.
● An industrial society is a significant
- Marked by a transition from a
departure from the agrarian society, as many
manufacturing-based economy to a
of the relations are not family or
service-based economy, a transition that is
community-based.
also connected with subsequent societal
● An important factor in social relations is the
restructuring
workplace, and people often interact with
● Pastoral
individuals who do not come from the same
- a nomadic group of people who travel with a
family, clan, or community.
herd of domesticated animals, which they
● Impersonal relationships prevail among
rely on for food.
individuals.
● The difference between social groups is even
more marked and is defined by access to 8 VIRTUAL SOCIETY
economic
● Where people organize themselves through
VIDEO:
communication technology and the Internet,
● uses advanced sources of energy, rather
● is a product of a post-industrial society.
than humans and animals, to run large
● The growth and development of the various
machinery.
● People and goods traveled much longer forms of society highlight the growing
distances because of innovations in complexity of human interactions over time.
transportation, such as the train and the ● The technological advances and cultural
steamship. changes that brought about these changes
● Rural areas lost population because more resulted in the expansion of communities

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

that now include people from varied legislation, it cannot get sanctioned
ethnicities. by the criminal justice system.
● But despite these advancements and c. Taboo
- is an activity or behavior that is
changes, the human person remains the
forbidden, prohibited, or otherwise
heart and center of society. outside of what is considered
● The person is the primary agent of change, acceptable in society.
as he or she drives social changes based on - Taboos are grounded in morality,
responses to events and developments and can also be linked to groups’
affecting society. culture or religion.
- An act may be taboo in one culture
and not in another.
4.0 HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR d. Laws
DEVELOPMENT AS PERSONS? - These are more formal and
stringent norms that establish and
define acceptable behavior of
● The person and the society have a very citizens, these also prescribe the
dynamic relationship in which one cannot consequences/penalties that will be
exist without the other. imposed on violators.
● Society influences our development as
● Norms, laws, and other rules that regulate
persons in various ways:
human interactions give rise to a social
● Society is the backdrop by which we adopt
system - an organized/patterned set of
the prevailing culture, identity, values, ideas,
relationships among individuals and groups
and knowledge of the persons, groups, and
that compose society.
communities that surround us.
● Individuals who share similar backgrounds
● Society shapes all individuals that are part
or perform similar roles are grouped into
of it, though each person is influenced by
social groups or social classes.
society in different ways.
● Certain groups that perform vital functions in
● Society influences the interactions of its
society are recognized as social institutions,
members through the establishment of
and these include the family, school,
norms - which are a set of traits and
government, and religion.
behaviors that society considers acceptable
● Society also transforms human relations,
and are thus encouraged and passed on to
which leads to the transformation of its
other members.
members.
● Social values
TYPES OF NORMS:
- which are actions or ideals that are
a. Folkways
considered important by society.
- are behaviors that are learned and
shared by a social group that we - Values such as cooperation, obedience to the
often refer to as “customs” in a law, concern for others, and respect for others
group that are not morally are considered vital to maintaining an orderly
significant, but they can be society.
important for social acceptance. ● Other aspects of society that contribute to
b. Mores the formation of the individual include
- are norms of morality, or right and
LANGUAGE, RELIGION, AND HISTORICAL
wrong, and if you break one, it is
often considered offensive to most EVENTS.
people of a culture.
- Sometimes a “more” violation can
also be illegal, but other times it
can just be offensive.
- If a more is not written down in

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PHILOSOPHY
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. MARVIE LAKAMPUENGA WEEK 3 / CHAPTER 3: HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

5.0 HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO

BECOME A BETTER PERSON?

● Community is one way that you will be able

to fulfill your role as a productive member of
society.
● In taking action to bring about positive
changes in our society, we can fulfill our
purpose as human persons who are living
and interacting with our greater community
and working toward achieving the greater
good.

● Society recognizes the capability of the

person to develop and provides its members
with opportunities to better themselves.
● Persons can also undertake to contribute to
society through their decisions and actions.
● Social systems are in place to ensure the
welfare of the person in society.
● Social systems which include various
institutions and groups, a society strives to
recognize and promote the individual dignity
of persons and guarantees that they can live
harmoniously with others.
● Social movement - a large-scale action done
by various groups and organizations in
pursuit of a common goal to bring about
change.

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