Report Topic: LEADERSHIP

Reporters: Cyril Josh M. Maisog/Gretchen Preglo

Objectives:
 Comprehend the Interplay of Personality Traits and Leadership Emergence.
 Gain Insight into the Impact of Leadership Theories on Organizational Dynamics.
 Explore the Role of Followership in Shaping Leadership Effectiveness.
WHAT IS A GOOD LEADER?
A leader can fundamentally shape the group’s future, but the person who takes that role—whether
formally recognized or emerging more gradually during the course of the group’s interactions—is not
always the individual who should be the leader.
LEADERSHIP DEFINED
 Leadership is an influence process in which group members guide one another in the pursuit of
individual and collective goals.
 Leadership is a process of influence rather than a position or office; a cooperative, reciprocal
relationship rather than a coercive one; and a goal-oriented, generative process rather than an
oppressive one.
 Leadership Is an Influence Process
 Leadership Is a Cooperative, Reciprocal Relationship
 Leadership Is a Goal-Oriented Process
WHAT DO LEADERS DO?
 two-factor model of leadership- A descriptive model of leadership, which maintains that most
leadership behaviors can be classified as either performance maintenance or relationship
maintenance.
 Task leadership- focuses on the group’s work and its goals
 Relationship leadership- focuses on the interpersonal relations within the group

LEADERSHIP SUBSTITUTE THEORY

- A conceptual analysis of the factors that reduce or eliminate the need for a leader (substitutes) or prevent
the leader from dispatching his or her responsibilities (neutralizers)
LEADERSHIP EMERGENCE
 great leader theory- A view of leadership, attributed to historian Thomas Carlyle, which states that
successful leaders possess certain characteristics that mark them for greatness and that such great
leaders shape the course of history.
 Zeitgeist theory- A view of leadership, attributed to Leo Tolstoy, which states that history is
determined primarily by the “spirit of the times” rather than by the actions and choices of great
leaders.
PERSONALITY AND LEADERSHIP
  Two personality traits—conscientiousness and extraversion—are the two traits that are correlated
at higher levels with leadership emergence.
 Openness and emotional stability also predict leadership, although to a lesser degree, leaving only
agreeableness as a weaker predictor of leadership emergence; leaders, apparently, need not be
warm and kind (Hogan, 2005)
THE DARK TRIAD
 Machiavellianism: Machiavellians endorse using manipulative tactics in dealing with other
people and espouse a cynical view of human nature.
 Narcissism: Narcissists have inflated views of their self-worth; they tend to exaggerate their
achievements, block criticism, refuse to compromise, and seek out attention and recognition from
others.
 Psychopathy: Psychopaths lack concern for both other people as well as for social regulatory
mechanisms, so they tend to act impulsively without full consideration of the consequences of
their choices
INTELLECTUAL AND PRACTICAL SKILLS
 General Mental Ability- The hallmarks of general mental ability (GMA) are abstract thinking, the
ability to manipulate the environment, and foresight—all qualities that likely qualify one to be a
leader.
 Emotional intelligence: “the ability to perceive emotions in self and others; to understand how
emotions blend, unfold, and influence cognition and behavior; to use emotions to facilitate
thinking; and to manage emotions in self and others” (Lopes & Salovey, 2008, p. 81)
THE LEADER’S LOOK
1. Physical Appearances
2. Diversity
3. Sex
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP EMERGENCE
 Implicit Leadership Theory
- Group members’ taken for- granted assumptions about the traits, characteristics, and qualities that
distinguish leaders from the people they lead; also known as leader prototypes.
 Social Identity Theory
- Recognizes that leadership is fundamentally a group-level process. Social identity theory predicts
that when group members share a social identity, they will favor individuals in the group who
best represent that identity.
 Social Role Theory
- suggests that group members have definite expectations about what kind of qualities are needed
in a person who will fill the role of a leader
 Terror Management Theory
- This theory assumes that humans, perhaps uniquely, are aware that someday their earthly
existence will come to an end. This awareness of one’s inevitable demise, if cognitively
inescapable, would be the source of continuous existential anguish, so the human mind has
developed defenses against thoughts of death.
 Evolutionary Theory
 - Evolutionary psychology suggests that leadership is an adaptation: a heritable characteristic that
developed in a population over a long period of time.
Autocratic versus Democratic Leadership
 The authoritarian leader made decisions independently without input from group members,
focused on asserting authority, and assigned tasks arbitrarily.
 The democratic leader facilitated group discussions and encouraged members to make their own
decisions, fostering an egalitarian environment.
 The laissez-faire leader rarely intervened, leaving groups to make decisions independently, with
the leader serving primarily as a source of technical information.
Followership Theory
- If leadership is not concentrated in a single person but shared across the group, then knowing who is in
the group becomes as important as knowing who leads it.
5 types of followers
1. Conformist followers
2. Passive followers
3. Pragmatic followers
4. Alienated followers
5. Exemplary followers
TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP
A traditional form of leadership that involves contributing time, effort, and other resources in the pursuit
of collaborative goals in exchange for desired outcomes.
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
An inspirational method of leading others that involves elevating one’ followers’ motivation, confidence,
and satisfaction, by uniting them in the pursuit of shared, challenging goals and changing their beliefs,
values, and needs.
THE FUTURE OF LEADERSHIP
The future promises many changes in the nature and application of leadership principles. As organizations
continue to become more decentralized— flatter rather than hierarchical—leadership methods will likely
shift from leader-centered approaches to group-centered ones.
Leaders of the future will not only be leading individuals but also the many subgroups that exist within
their groups and organizations (Pittinsky, 2010).
Quiz Questions
According to James McGregor Burns, leadership is an influence process in which group members guide
one another in the pursuit of individual and collective goals. He describes it as one of the most observed
yet least understood phenomena due to its complexity and multifaceted nature.
The two-factor model of leadership categorizes leadership behaviors into performance maintenance and
relationship maintenance. Task leadership focuses on the group's work and goals, while relationship
leadership emphasizes interpersonal relations within the group.

The great leader theory attributes leadership success to certain inherent characteristics possessed by
individuals. It is attributed to historian Thomas Carlyle.

The Zeitgeist theory, attributed to Leo Tolstoy, posits that history is primarily shaped by the spirit of the
times rather than the actions of great leaders. In contrast, the great leader theory suggests that individuals
with specific traits influence historical events significantly.

Conscientiousness and extraversion are highly correlated with leadership emergence.

The Dark Triad consists of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy, which can influence
leadership behavior through manipulative tactics, inflated self-worth, and lack of concern for others.

Emotional intelligence involves perceiving and managing emotions in oneself and others, which can
enhance leadership effectiveness by facilitating understanding, communication, and collaboration.

The Implicit Leadership Theory suggests that group members hold assumptions about the traits and
qualities that distinguish leaders, known as leader prototypes, which influence their perception of
leadership emergence.

Social Identity Theory predicts that individuals who best represent the group's identity will be favored as
leaders within the group.

Social Role Theory proposes that group members have specific expectations about the qualities required
in a leader based on their perceived role within the group.

True or False: Autocratic leadership style emphasizes group participation in decision-making.

- False
True or False: The Dark Triad includes traits such as humility and empathy.
- False
True or False: Transactional Leadership involves exchanging resources for desired outcomes.
- True
True or False: Transformational Leadership inspires followers by maintaining the status quo and resisting
change.
-False
True or False: The future of leadership is expected to focus more on leader-centered approaches.
- False