DEADLINE SUNDAY 6PM NIGHT
PARTITION:
Rizal Biography:ABANDO (Basic info, family background, siblings, lover, educational
background, professions)
Reference/s: Books
1. Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero by
Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide
2. The Greatest Filipino: His Life and Works by Fr. Rolando S. Delagoza, C.M., Ph.D.
Mother: Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos (from Manila born 11/08/1826 died 08/16/1911)
Father: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro (from Binan, Laguna born 05/11/1818
died 01/05/1898)
*The Rizal family later moved to Calamba, Laguna and became a tenant-farmer of
Dominican-owned hacienda
**Belonged to Principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines (middle class)
Born: June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna (Baptized on 06/22nd by Batangueno Fr. Rufino
Collantes; Godfather Fr. Pedro Casanas; why Jose? His mother was a devotee of Saint Joseph)
Full Name: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Siblings
1. Saturnina “Neneng” Rizal Mercado Manuel T. Hidalgo: Tanawan, Batangas
de Hidalgo
2. Paciano Rizal Mercado y Alonso Mistress Severina Decena
Realonda
3. Narcisa “Sisa” Rizal Mercado de Antonio Lopez: Teacher of Morong, Rizal
Lopez
4. Olimpia “Ypia” Rizal Mercado de Silvestre Ubaldo: Telegraph Operator
Ubaldo
5. Lucia Rizal Mercado de Herbosa Mariano Herbosa: Calamba
6. Maria Rizal Mercado de Cruz Daniel Faustino Cruz: Binan, Laguna
7. RPJ Josephine Bracken
8. Concepcion “Concha” Rizal Died at 3 due to sickness, RPJ’s first sorrow
Mercado y Alonso Realonda in life
9. Josefa “Panggoy” Rizal Mercado y Spinster
Alonso Realonda
10. Trinidad “Trining” Rizal Mercado y Spinster
Alonso Realonda
11. Soledad “Choleng” Rizal Mercado Pantaleon Quintero: Calamba
de Quintero
Lovers
1. Consuelo Ortiga y Rey Madrid, September 16, 1882: his friend had
feeling with Consuelo and Rizal was still
engaged with Leonor Rivera
- Poem: A La Se norita C.O. y R.
2. Segunda Katigbak Trozo, Manila: “Puppy love/first love”
3. Seiko Usui “O-sei-san” Japan, 1888 going to San Francisco
4. Gertrude Beckett London, 1888: daughter of his landlord
Charles Beckett
5. Suzanne Jacoby Belgium, 1890
6. Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela UST Manila, a neighbor and sophomore med
student, love letter written in invisible ink
7. Nellie Boustead Biarritz, France: Rizal and Antonio Luna
almost got into duel because of her; she
wanted Rizal to convert into Protestantism
but refused
8. Leonor Rivera Relationship lasted for 8 years; inspiration of
Maria Clara
9. Josephine Bracken Dapitan: had a son believed to have been
named Francisco
Educational Background
House Mother
Binan School Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
Painting Lessons Juancho, father in law of the school teacher
Ateneo Municipal de Manila (Jesuits) 1872-73
- Bitter rival of Colegio de San Juan de - Arithmetic, Latin I, Spanish I, Greek I
Letran (Dominican) 1873-74
- Latin 2, Spanish 2, Greek 2, Universal
Geography
1874-75
- Latin 3, Spanish 3, Greek 3, Universal
History, History of Spain and the
Philippines, Arithmetic and Algebra
1875-76
- Rhetoric and Poetry, French I,
Geometry and Trigonometry
1876-77
- Philosophy I, Mineralogy and
Chemistry, Philosophy 2, Physics,
Botany and Zoology
*All Excellent or
Universidad de Santo Tomas 1877-78
- Philosophy and Letters
Vocation course at surveying in Ateneo
(1878) - perito agrimensor = expert surveyor
1878-1882
- Medicine
Universidad Central de Manila - Medicine and Philosophy and Letters
Academy of Fine Arts in San Fernando - Painting and Sculpture
Language Lessons under private - French, German, English
instructors
Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell - Fencing and shooting
Professions
Polyglot (Dalubwika) and Polymath (Dalubhasa)
“Not only is Rizal the most famous man of his own people, but the greatest man the Malayan
race has produced.”
—Ferdinand Blumentritt
Polyglot (Dalubwika) 1. Tagalog
2. Ilokano
3. Bisaya
4. Subanun
5. Spanish
6. Latin
7. Greek
8. English
9. French
10. German
11. Arabic
12. Malay
13. Hebrew
14. Sanskrit
15. Dutch
16. Catalan
17. Italian
18. Chinese
19. Japanese
20. Portuguese
21. Swedish
22. Russian
Polymath (Dalubhasa) 1. Physician (Opthalmic Surgeon)
2. Poet
3. Dramatist
4. Essayist
5. Novelist
6. Historian
7. Architect
8. Painter
9. Sculptor
10. Educator
11. Linguist
12. Musician
13. Naturalist
14. Ethnologist
15. Surveyor
16. Engineer
17. Farmer Businessman
18. Economist
19. Geographer
20. Cartographer
21. Bibliophile
22. Philologist
23. Grammarian
24. Folklorist
25. Philosopher
26. Translator
27. Inventor
28. Magician
29. Humorist
30. Satirist
31. Polemicist
32. Sportsman
33. Traveler
34. Prophet
Political activities: RIC (establishment of La Liga Filipina and La Solidaridad) arrest and
execution
La Solidaridad:
- During Rizal in Europe, he was exposed to new ideas, particularly the idea of liberalism.
He realized that every person should have a right to enjoy and possess, which he did not
see being practiced in the Philippines.
- Because of this, together with the first set of propagandists from our country that
subsequently spearheaded the propaganda movement, ‘Marcelo H. Del Pilar’ and
‘Graciano Lopez Jaena’, have published essays about possible reforms that could be
made to the Philippines.
- During Rizal’s time in contributing to the ‘La Solidaridad’, he wrote numerous articles,
one of those numerous articles is the ‘A La Defensa’ (To La/The Defense – April 30,
1989) which is a response to the accusation made by the Spanish author Spanish author
Patricio de la Escosura against Rizal and our countrymen, particularly in the matter of
the Philippine Revolution.
La Liga Filipina:
- In 1892 when Rizal came back to the Philippines, he established the ‘La Liga Filipina’.
- The ‘La Liga Filipina’ is an organization made, inspired, and derived from the “La
Solidaridad’ that fights for the reform in the Philippines.
- The ‘La Liga Filipina’ aims to promote union, cooperation, commerce, and the likes.
- In this sense, Rizal understood that people cannot have liberties without having material
prosperity first.
- Despite having different opinions from different researchers about whether ‘La Liga
Filipina’ is a peaceful or revolutionary movement, it is still evident that ‘La Liga Filipina’ is
one of Rizal’s most popular and last attempts to encourage institutional change.
- Due to this, the governor-general at that time, Eulogio Despujol, thought that ‘La
Solidaridad’ is ultimately subversive, which pushed for his arrest.
- After Rizal’s arrest, Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio took the lead to reorganize
the organization.
Arrest and Execution:
- On July 7, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested and was deported to Dapitan, which
consequently urged for the ultimate creation of the KKK.
- During his exile in Dapitan, and particularly his last 4 years, he spent teaching students
in his school and gave free medical services for the poor.
- During this exile in Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to take a peek into
the perspective of Rizal on the forthcoming revolution.
- Furthermore, in Dapitan, Rizal had pondered and thought about the aspects of change.
Where it has been said that there are other aspects in the society that can foster change
and not just in the political aspect of things.
- After his exile in Dapitan, he returned to Manila in August 1896 to serve as a doctor in a
revolution in Cuba.
- Coincidentally, the revolution began when he was at Manila Bay, which thus made the
Spaniards think that he had a hand in the revolution, that it was not a coincidence.
- He was then arrested and imprisoned in Fort Santiago, and was later executed in
Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896.
References:
Jandoc, K. (2011). La Liga Filipina: Rizal and institutional change.
Philippine History.org. (n.d.). La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina.
https://www.philippine-history.org/la-solidaridad.htm
Literary Works: SHENA Short info lang kada literary works pero ang mainly idiscuss yung (The
Indolence of the Filipinos and The Philippines a Century Hence)
TRIVIAL QUESTIONS:
1. What is the longest essay of Jose Rizal? Answer: The Indolence of the Filipinos
2. What is the last literary work of Jose Rizal? Answer: Mi Ultimo Adios
Noli Me Tangere (1887)
● Wag mo akong salingin or Touch Me Not (English)
● Jose Rizal completed Noli Me Tangere on March 21, 1887 while he was studying in
Europe
● Rizal wrote the novel mirroring the harsh realities Filipinos experienced under the
Spanish rule
● Noli Me Tangere is inspired to Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
● Dr. Maximo Viola the savior of the Noli
El Filibusterismo (1891)
● The sequel to Rizal’s Noli me Tángere
● Translated as The Reign of the Greed
● March 29, 1891 Jose Rizal finished the manuscript El Filibusterismo
● Jose Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo to the GOMBURZA
● Valentin Ventura the savior of the El Filibusterismo
La Indolencia de los Filipinos (1890)
● The Indolence of the Filipinos (English)
● Indolence means “katamaran”
● It was the longest essay of Jose Rizal
● Published on June 15, 1890
● This essay is the response to the accusations of Mr. Sanciano that the Filipinos are
indolent
● Jose Rizal provides historical evidence in his essay to show that before the arrival of the
Spanish the Filipinos were a hard working
● According to Jose Rizal, Filipinos were not born lazy but had a tendency to become lazy.
Acknowledging the tendency for the Filipinos to become indolent due in part to the
tropical climate. Jose Rizal noted that it was the European surrounded by servants who
was the paragon of laziness in the tropics.
● The deterioration of the industry of the Filipinos can be attributed to two sets of factors:
First is those attributes to the Spain colonizers and second is attributable to the Filipinos
own faults.
1. Wars and internal disorders that followed Spanish Conquest
2. Piratical attacks on Coastal Towns and Villages by Muslim Pirates
3. Forced Labor in Shipbuilding
4. Government's Neglect and Apathy to Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce
5. Absence of Material and Moral Incentives to Work Harder
6. The teaching of the Spanish Missionaries that Heaven is for the poor
7. Too much Government Restriction and Red Tape in the approval of permit to transact
business
8. Encouragement and Propagation of Gambling
9. Ownership of the Big Estates by the friars
10. Example set by the Spaniards in Disdaining Manual Labor
11. Deprivation of Human Dignity
Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (1889–1890)
● The Philippines A Century Hence (English)
● This essay is published in La Solidaridad in September 1889
● This essay starts with an analysis of the causes of the miseries of the people:
1. One of the causes identified in this essay was Spain’s implementation of their
military policies
2. A second cause of this misery was deterioration and disappearance of Filipino
indigenous culture
3. A third cause of this miserable condition of the people was their passivity and
submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers
● Could Spain prevent the progress of the Philippines? If Spain decide to do so, what could
they possibly do:
1. Keep the people ignorant?
2. Keep the people in poverty?
3. Exterminate the Filipino race?
● Keeping the people ignorant is failed
- Awakening of national consciousness among the people united them, with the
spread of enlightenment the illustrado class arose.
● Recourse to improvement also failed
- Keeping the people in poverty created in the Filipinos the desire to change things.
● Extermination of the people as an alternative to hindering progress was an impossibility
according to Jose Rizal
- The people had survived in spite of the wars they had engaged in and the
epidemics that had plagued society.
● Can the rule policy still work to foster enmity between and among the native?
- For Jose Rizal, this would no longer be effective owing to the ease of movement
in the archipelago brought about by improved means of transportation.
● This essay centered on the reforms and political changes needed for the Philippines to
remain under Spanish rule.
● These reforms is the following:
1. Freedom of the press in the country
2. Representation of the Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes
3. Granting of Spanish citizenship to the people
4. Filing of government positions through competitive examinations
5. Reforms in commerce, agriculture and education
6. Greater security for the individual and other reforms
Sobre la Nueva Ortografía de la Lengua Tagala
Mi Último Adiós (1896)
● Also known as “My Last Farewell”
● After being associated with the Katipuneros, Jose Rizal was arrested and later
sentenced to death by firing squad for acts of sedition and rebellion.
● During his final days in Fort Santiago of Manila, Jose Rizal bid farewell to his motherland
and countrymen through this poem.
● Mariano Ponce came up with the title.
● This is a bittersweet letter emphasizes the undying love of Jose Rizal for his country,
serving as a sacrifice to achieve freedom.
● The poem also expresses Jose Rizal acceptance of his imminent death, portraying a
sense of peace and resignation.
A La Juventud Filipina (1879)
● To the Filipino Youth (English)
● This poem is the first Spanish poem written in 1879 by a Filipino Jose Rizal
● To awaken the nationalistic spirit among the youth
● Motivate the youth to free Filipinos from ignorance and to seek freedom and human
dignity
El Canto del Viajero
● The Song of the Traveler (English)
● This was published in El Renacimiento on December 29, 1903
● It is written by Rizal after he was freed from his exile in Dapitan and when he received a
letter coming from Gov. General Ramon Blanco.
● This poem provides a perspective of Jose Rizal as a traveler
● A poem where he wrote his journey “from shore to shore” accompanied only by
memories of his joyous days.
Junto al Pasig (1880)
● Along the Pasig (English)
● This is the short play revolves around the themes of Christianity, the struggle between
good and evil, and mentions of paganism.
● This short play is in response to the Jesuits’ request, Rizal wrote this one act play in the
Spanish language for the velada a gala variety program during the principal feast days.
● The play centers around Leonido (a young Filipino who has a strong faith in the Virgin)
and the Diwata/Satan, which symbolizes the Spanish oppression towards Filipinos.
● Jose Rizal wrote it in honor of the Our Lady of Peace and Voyage of the UST, and the
play was staged on December 8, 1880.
THE MAKING OF A NATION BY JOHN SCHUMACHER Rizal in the Context of
Nineteenth-Century Philippines: MEDALLO
Bonifacio Biography: VERGARA (Basic info, family background, siblings, lover, educational
background, professions
BASIC INFO/FAMILY BACKGROUND
- Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
- Founder of the Katipunan (July 7, 1892)
- Known as “Ama ng Katipunan”
- Born in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863, Died on May 10, 1897
- Parents: Santiago Bonifacio (Tailor) and Catalina de Castro (A cigarette factory
worker)
- His parents died when he was only 14 years old in which he had stop his study and
support his siblings
- Oldest of 6 children (has 3 brothers and 2 sisters)
- Siblings: Procopio, Ciriaco, Maxima, Troadio, and Espiridiona
- Wife: Gregoria de Jesus (Lakambini ng Katipunan) born on May 9, 1975
EDUCATION/PROFESSION
- He studied at Guillermo Osmena’s private school but he was not able to finish it because
of the death of his parents. To continue to learn, he read works written in Tagalog,
Spanish, and even English, as he worked for a British firm.
- To support his siblings, he had to work by selling crafts, paper fans and canes. He also
worked in a shop owned and managed by Spanish masters.
- Andres Bonifacio joined the La liga Filipina, organized by RIzal in 1892.
- He founded an underground secret society called Katipunan in 1892 after the
dissolvement of La liga Filipina.
(Bonifacio brothers’ cause of death)
- Andres was sentenced to death for treason along with his brother Procopio in which they
were brought and executed in Mt. Maragondon. (Gregoria de Jesus, Andres’ wife, was
also captured along with them (April 28, 1897) after Andres refused to give respect on
the result of Tejeros Convention)
- MAY 5, 1897 they were brought to a house in Maragondon, Cavite to scrutinize their
innocence but later on they were sentenced to death for treason.
- Ciriaco was killed by Magdalo forces when they entered the Bonifacio camp and tried to
take Andres alive.
Political Activities (Establishment of KKK) (TEJEROS CONVENTION) ARREST AND
EXECUTION): ABANDO
Establishment of KKK
- Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, July 07, 1892
- La Liga Filipina
- Deodato Arellano
- Andrés Bonifacio
- Valentín Díaz
- Ladislao Diwa
- José Dizon
- Teodoro Plata
- Attempt to rescue Jose Rizal from Deportation, July 07, 1892
- May 1896, firearms from Japanese warship
- August 19, 1896, Katipunan was discovered after Teodoro Patiño revealed it to Fr.
Mariano Gil
- August 23, 1896, Cry of Pugadlawin, Start of the three-year long revolution
- August 30, 1896,
- Battle of San Juan del Monte, gunpowder magazine
- Governor-General Blanco proclaims state of war in 8 rebel provinces
- September 01-03, 1896, Battle of Imus
- October 31, 1896, The Magdalo was formed under Baldomero Aguinaldo
- December 31, 1896, The 2 Factions assembled to settle dispute over leadership
- March 22, 1897, Dissolution of KKK
- Tejeros Convention convened
- Aguinaldo, President
- Trias, Vice President
- April 15, 1897, Aguinaldo orders the arrest of Bonifacio
Tejeros Convention
Arrest and Execution
Pag ibig sa tinubuang lupa at Pluma: THERESE
Pag - ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
STANZA EXPLANATION
1. Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya - In the first three stanzas, Bonifaio
sa pagkadalisay at pagkadakila highlights that there is no greater love
gaya ang pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa? than the love for one’s own country.
Alin pag-ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala. Serving and sacrificing for one’s
homeland transcends social class, and
anyone who courageously and selflessly
2. Ulit-ulitin mang basahin ng isip dedicates themselves is worthy of honor
at isa-isahing talastasing pilit and respect.
ang salita’t buhay na limbag at titik
ng isang katauhan ito’y namamasid.
3. Banal na pag-ibig pag ikaw ang nukal
sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman,
imbit taong gubat, maralita’t mangmang
nagiging dakila at iginagalang.
4. Pagpupuring lubos ang nagiging hangad - For these two stanzas it highlights that the
sa bayan ng taong may dangal na ingat, work and efforts a Filipino does should be
umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat, for his fellowmen. Skills, talent,
kalakhan din nila’y isinisiwalat. knowledge, and resources are meant to be
used for the welfare of the Filipinos.
5. Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog
ng pusong mahal sa Bayang nagkupkop,
dugo, yaman, dunong, katiisa’t pagod,
buhay ma’y abuting magkalagot-lagot.
6. Bakit? Ano itong sakdal nang laki - Andres stirs the spirit and heart of those
na hinahandugan ng buong pag kasi who have forgotten to serve their
na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari homeland. He earnestly seeks to inspire
at ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi. Filipinos to embrace patriotism.
7. Ay! Ito’y ang Inang Bayang tinubuan,
siya’y ina’t tangi na kinamulatan
ng kawili-wiling liwanag ng araw
na nagbibigay init sa lunong katawan.
8. Sa kanya’y utang ang unang pagtanggap
ng simoy ng hanging nagbigay lunas,
sa inis na puso na sisinghap-singhap,
sa balong malalim ng siphayo’t hirap.
9. Kalakip din nito’y pag-ibig sa Bayan
ang lahat ng lalong sa gunita’y mahal
mula sa masaya’t gasong kasanggulan.
hanggang sa katawan ay mapasa-libingan.
10. Ang nangakaraang panahon ng aliw,
ang inaasahang araw na darating
ng pagka-timawa ng mga alipin,
liban pa ba sa bayan tatanghalin?
11. At ang balang kahoy at ang balang sanga - For stanzas 11-13, Bonifacio looks back at
na parang niya’t gubat na kaaya-aya the beauty and security of the town. He
sukat ang makita’t sa ala-ala reminds us that our homeland is ours, it is
ang ina’t ang giliw lampas sa saya. prosperous and that our land should bring
us happiness and enthusiasm because this
is where we live. That even if we go away
12. Tubig niyang malinaw sa anaki’y bulog from our homeland, we should always be
bukal sa batisang nagkalat sa bundok excited to come home.
malambot na huni ng matuling agos
na nakaka aliw sa pusong may lungkot.
13. Sa aba ng abang mawalay sa Bayan!
gunita ma’y laging sakbibi ng lumbay
walang ala-ala’t inaasam-asam
kundi ang makita’ng lupang tinubuan.
14. Pati na’ng magdusa’t sampung kamatayan - In stanza 14, he highlights that enduring
wari ay masarap kung dahil sa Bayan hardship, facing distress, sacrificing one’s
at lalong maghirap. O! himalang bagay, life, and offering a sincere heart to defend
lalong pag-irog pa ang sa kanya’y alay. and rebuild the nation are the noblest
actions a person can take.
15. Kung ang bayang ito’y nasa panganib - For these two stanzas, if our nation were
at siya ay dapat na ipagtangkilik to be oppressed by a foreign country, then
ang anak, asawa, magulang, kapatid us Filipinos should unit in solidarity to
isang tawag niya’y tatalikdang pilit. defend our country. We must not run away
from fighting for our freedom, even if it
means facing various battles.
16. Datapwa kung bayan ano ang bayan ng
ka-Tagalogan
ay nilalapastangan at niyuyurakan
katwiran, puri niya’t kamahalan
ng sama ng lilong ibang bayan.
17. Di gaano kaya ang paghinagpis - For these two stanzas, Bonifacio calls the
ng pusong Tagalog sa puring nalait Filipino people to rebel against the foreign
at aling kaluoban na lalong tahimik nation, to open our minds, hearts and
ang di pupukawin sa paghihimagsik? spirit to fight against slavery. And that
discrimination and dislocation can only
bring greater distress to our homeland.
18. Saan magbubuhat ang paghihinay
sa paghihiganti’t gumugol ng buhay
kung wala ring ibang kasasadlakan
kundi ang lugami sa kaalipinan?
19. Kung ang pagka-baon niya’t - The message of stanzas 19 - 22 is that the
pagka-busabos only people that can heal the destruction
sa lusak ng daya’t tunay na pag-ayop of one’s own country are the people
supil ng pang-hampas tanikalang gapos within. It calls out the inactive conscience
at luha na lamang ang pinaa-agos of Filipinos, questioning whether they will
permit outsiders to belittle and undermine
their country.
20. Sa kanyang anyo’y sino ang tutunghay
na di-aakayin sa gawang magdamdam
pusong naglilipak sa pagka-sukaban
na hindi gumugol ng dugo at buhay.
21. Mangyari kayang ito’y masulyap
ng mga Tagalog at hindi lumingap
sa naghihingalong Inang nasa yapak
ng kasuklam-suklam na Castilang hamak.
22. Nasaan ang dangal ng mga Tagalog,
nasaan ang dugong dapat na ibuhos?
bayan ay inaapi, bakit di kumikilos?
at natitilihang ito’y mapanuod.
23. Hayo na nga kayo, kayong nanga buhay - The following stanzas 23-27 call for
sa pag-asang lubos na kaginhawahan Filipinos to unite and fight against slavery
at walang tinamo kundi kapaitan, in their homeland. This is also the
kaya nga’t ibigin ang naaabang bayan. aim of the literary work, to look for
Filipinos who are willing to give
everything they have and serve his nation.
24. Kayong antayan na sa kapapasakit For
ng dakilang hangad sa batis ng dibdib Bonifacio, not fighting for the Philippines,
muling pabalungit tunay na pag-ibig is self-sufficient and greedy.
kusang ibulalas sa bayang piniit.
25. Kayong nalagasan ng bunga’t bulaklak
kahoy niyari ng buhay na nilanta't sukat
ng bala-balakit makapal na hirap
muling manariwa’t sa baya’y lumiyag.
26. Kayong mga pusong kusang inuusal
ng daya at bagsik ng ganid na asal,
ngayon magbangon’t baya’y itanghal
agawin sa kuko ng mga sukaban.
27. Kayong mga dukhang walang tanging
sikap
kundi ang mabuhay sa dalita’t hirap,
ampunin ang bayan kung nasa ay lunas
sapagkat ang ginhawa niya ay sa lahat.
28. Ipahandog-handog ang buong pag-ibig
hanggang sa mga dugo’y ubusang itangis - The final stanza serves as a reminder to us
kung sa pagtatanggol, buhay ay mapatid Filipinos to be courageous. That dying
ito’y kapalaran at tunay na langit. with the flame of passion to fight for one’s
homeland is never in vain. Instead, it is a
noble truth, an honor and even a destiny
for us Filipinos.
For the summarization of the whole poem
- The Poem :Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” truly highlights one’s love for their country and that
until death the Filipinos will fight for independence. We can relate the last lines of the poem to
our National Anthem “Ang mamatay ng dahil sa’yo”. This work of Banifacio proves that he lived
his love for his country and not for anything else. That until his last breath he fought against the
colonizers of Spain.
- To this day this poem is still relevant in today’s society but it saddens me to say that it is in a way
where we forget our homeland and forget that our country is the place we were meant to live and
serve. Because admit it or not, many of us have plans to move out of the country to live a better
life and to earn more money when what we should be doing is staying here in our motherland.
After we graduate we should serve and sacrifice for our homeland.
- Furthermore, Andres Bonifacio’s poem reminds us of the sacrifices our ancestors made in the
past because of their love for their country. That without their loyalty, their bravery and their
sacrifices we may still be in the hands of the Spanish colonization.
Mga Pluma ni Andres Bonifacio
1. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs Should Know) – An essay that urges
Filipinos to rise against the oppression of Spanish colonisation and explains the need for
revolution to achieve true freedom.
2. Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (Duties of the Sons of the People) – A set
of guidelines for members of the Katipunan, outlining the responsibilities and obligations of those
who join the revolutionary movement.
3. Dekalogo ng Katipunan" (The Katipunan Decalogue) – This is a set of ten principles or
commandments that Bonifacio wrote to guide members of the Katipunan. It serves as a moral and
ethical framework for revolutionaries, emphasising patriotism, unity, and sacrifice for the country.
4. "Tapunan ng Lingap" (Where Sympathy Is Cast) – A patriotic poem believed to be written by
Bonifacio, which speaks of the sacrifices one must endure in the struggle for freedom. It reflects
Bonifacio’s deep conviction that true sympathy for the people lies in fighting for their liberty.
Video Presentation Link
https://youtu.be/vcH9X7YyGog?si=Alc99EL2cRsb0265
John N. Schumacher, S.J. (1927–2014) was a prominent American Jesuit historian who made
significant contributions to the study of Philippine history, particularly during the Spanish colonial
period. He is best known for his research on the Philippine revolution, nationalism, and the role
of the Catholic Church in the Philippines.
Some of his key works include:
● "The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895" – a detailed study of Filipino reformists in
Europe who advocated for greater representation and rights under Spanish rule.
● "Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement,
1850–1903" – an exploration of the role played by Filipino priests during the reform and
revolutionary periods.
Spanish colonization of the Philippines began in 1565, when Miguel López de Legazpi
established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu. The colonization lasted until 1898,
when Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States after its defeat in the Spanish-American
War through the Treaty of Paris.
Jose Rizal's nationalist thought must be understood within the larger context of the economic,
political, cultural, and religious developments of the 19th-century Philippines. While Rizal is a
key figure in Filipino nationalism, his evolving ideas were shaped by the circumstances of his
time.
-We must see Rizal more than just a symbolic national hero and rather focus on the contexts of
his ideas and that is what we’re going to talk todayrizalSchumacher resonated Renato
Constantino’s criticism of "veneration without understanding" suggests that true respect for
Rizal's legacy requires a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the historical forces that
shaped his nationalism.
-"Veneration without understanding" an essay of Constantino addressesing questions and
controversies over Rizal's status as a Filipino national hero.
Economic Development
● Economic Growth (Post-1830): Export economy flourished, leading to prosperity for
Filipino middle and upper classes, especially those in agriculture (sugar, rice, abaca).
Show the data
● Land Ownership: Large estates were controlled by Filipino hacenderos, friars, and
inquilinos who rented lands from friar estates and operated them in a semi-feudal
system.
Jose Rizal's Chinese ancestry, traced to his great-grandfather Domingo Lam-co, a successful
immigrant businessman, benefited from this as Rizal's family transitioned from small landholders
to significant renters, acquiring 390 hectares by the 1890s.
● Impact on Nationalism: Economic friction (due to increased land value and rent
disputes) between inquilinos and friars fueled resentment, contributing to questioning the
Economic success allowed the Filipino elite to question Spanish colonial rule.
Cabesang Tales, also known as Telesforo Juan de Dios, in El Filibusterismo who
symbolizes the struggles of Filipino farmers under Spanish colonial rule. Once a
hardworking farmer who became a cabeza de barangay, his land was unjustly taken by
the friars despite his efforts to pay increasing rent. As his family falls into poverty, with
his daughter Juli forced into servitude, Cabesang Tales transforms from a peaceful,
law-abiding man into a tulisan.
Political Developments
● Corruption in the Spanish colonial government led to inefficiency and instability.
They imposed high taxes on Filipinos but the funds were often misused and their policies
hinder progress and worsen the oppression’
1.TRIBUTE a type of tax collected by the treasury to fund the expenses of colonization.
The Principalia, military officials, missionaries and other servants of the church were
exempted from paying this tax.
2. POLOS Y SERVICIO A system of forced labor imposed by the Spaniards to the
Filipinos. All healthy males of the right age were required to do forced labor called
polistas
3. VANDALA Forced sale of products such as rice and other crops to the Spanish
government. These products were not paid, so it simply became the confiscation of
crops.
4. ENCOMIENDA the right to collect taxes from people living on their land/property.
● Opening of the Suez Canal (1869) increased exposure to European ideas, especially
liberalism.
The canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, allowing ships to travel between
Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa via the Cape of Good Hope.Not only
benefit us in trading, but help to be enlightened and cultivate the ideas of liberty, equality,
and nationalism.
● Inability to provide basic public services (schools, roads, peace and order), with a failing
taxation system that hindered modernization effort.
The government and church are failing to meet the needs of the Filipinos. Political appointments
were often used as rewards for party loyalists in Spain, resulting in a bureaucracy that had little
knowledge of or concern for the Filipino people. These officials typically arrived in the
Philippines to exploit resources rather than address local needs.
● Calls for reforms grew as it became clear that Spain wouldn’t provide them, pushing figures
like Rizal towards independence.
Cultural Development
● Spread of education, especially higher education, helped spread nationalist ideas.
It has become a commonplace to speak of the role of ideas learned by the
Europeaneducated ilustrados in the emergence of the nationalist
● Jesuits' return in 1859 and the establishment of schools like Ateneo Municipal provided
Filipinos with modern education, while the Escuela Normal de Maestros, founded in
1865 to train Spanish-speaking Filipino teachers, became a symbol of educational
progress.
● Expelled from the Philippines and the rest of the Spanish empire in 1768, they finally
returned in 1859 to take charge of the evangelization of Mindanao.They are believed to
be expelled because of political tension that they are interfering with the Spanish
Government. Rival religious orders, such as the Dominicans and Franciscans, accused
the Jesuits of political intrigues. King Charles III of Spain issued a royal decree expelling
the Jesuits from all Spanish territories, including PH.
When Rizal was already in Europe, he write to his Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt,
concerning the young Filipinos in Spain:
“Almost all were educated by the Jesuits. The Jesuits have surely not intended to teach us love
of country, but they have showed us all that is beautiful and all that is best.”
● Rizal, influenced by German historiography, used modern methods to explore the
Philippines' past, emphasizing in Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
that history is essential to the nationalist cause.
In his annotation to the book, Rizal highlights evidence of a thriving Filipino civilization
before Spanish colonization and argues that the three centuries under Spanish leads to
pagbagsak imbes na pag-unlad. Pinuri din niya yung Filipino values, showing them as
different from and often superior to Spanish values. Although Rizal may have overstated
his case from a strict historical perspective, he successfully created a foundation for
national pride and identity.
4. Religious Developments
● Religion and politics were deeply intertwined, with Spanish friars holding significant
power over governance and land.Even anticlerical Spanish governors like Rafael
Izquierdo acknowledged that friars were indispensable for maintaining Spanish control in
the Philippines. The friars' devotion to Spain and their influence on the local population
were seen as vital for sustaining colonial rule
Spanish colonial authorities prioritized friars over government officials because the friars,
acting as intermediaries between the colonial government and Filipinos, held immense
influence and loyalty among the local population, were seen as crucial to maintaining
Spanish control, and their religious and political power was deemed indispensable even
by anticlerical governors
● A key aspect of religious development was the conflict between Filipino secular clergy
and Spanish friars, particularly over the control of parishes. Figures like Father José
Burgos championed the rights of Filipino priests, which evolved into a broader nationalist
movement. The 1872 execution of Burgos and other priests (GomBurZa) further
galvanized the nationalist cause, as it was seen as an unjust suppression of Filipino
equality and rights
In recent years certain generalizations have been used concerning the nationalist movement of
the nineteenth century and the revolution that emerged from it. John Schumacher outlines five
main currents of 19th-century Filipino nationalism:
1. Reformist: Sought government reforms without demanding independence
Many Filipinos, including friars, sought reforms in the colonial government, such as
improvements in public services and governance, but without necessarily seeking
independence
2. Liberal: Advocated civil liberties and opposed the friars' influence
Liberals advocated for civil liberties such as freedom of speech, the press, and
representation in government. They were often anticlerical, seeing the friars as obstacles
to progress
3. Anticlerical: Targeted the friars' political and economic power
This movement opposed the political and economic influence of the Spanish friars,
viewing them as suppressors of both liberal reforms and nationalist aspirations
4. Modernizing: Focused on economic progress, often without pushing for independence
Focused on economic progress, this current supported modernization, but many
modernizers, including foreign businessmen, were more interested in economic gain
than national independence
5. Nationalist: Aimed for full independence and Filipino sovereignty
True nationalists sought full independence from Spain, advocating for Filipino
sovereignty and a united national identity. They saw the struggle as not just for reforms
but for the creation of an independent Filipino nation
The Tejeros Convention, held on March 22, 1897, was a pivotal event in the Philippine
Revolution against Spai:
● The convention aimed to resolve internal conflicts between factions of the Katipunan
(Magdiwang and Magdalo) and establish a unified revolutionary government.
● The convention elected officers for a new government, with Emilio Aguinaldo being
elected as President (in absentia) and Andrés Bonifacio as Director of the Interior
● Bonifacio questioned the legitimacy of the election after being insulted by Daniel Tirona,
who questioned his qualifications for the position of Director of the Interior
● In response, Bonifacio nullified the convention's results, citing irregularities, and issued
the Acta de Tejeros rejecting the authority of the new government
● This event deepened the division between Aguinaldo's and Bonifacio's factions, leading
to further conflict and eventually Bonifacio's arrest and execution
Background:
● The Katipunan was divided into two main factions in Cavite: the Magdalo faction led by
Emilio Aguinaldo and the Magdiwang faction led by Mariano Álvarez.
● Disputes arose between the two factions on how to manage the revolutionary efforts.
● A meeting was called at the Tejeros estate to address these conflicts and discuss the
defense of Cavite, but it turned into a political discussion about leadership.
Date and Venue:
● The convention took place on March 22, 1897, in Tejeros, located in the town of San
Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), Cavite.
Objective:
● The initial goal was to resolve military strategies against the Spanish forces, but the
focus shifted towards forming a revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan.
Key Figures Present:
● Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of the Magdalo faction (absent as he was engaged in battle).
● Andrés Bonifacio – Supremo of the Katipunan and leader of the Magdiwang faction.
● Mariano Álvarez – leader of the Magdiwang faction.
● Artemio Ricarte, Severino de las Alas, Baldomero Aguinaldo, and other leaders.
Agenda Shift:
● A proposal was made to dissolve the Katipunan and establish a new government to lead
the revolution more effectively.
● Andrés Bonifacio presided over the meeting as the Supreme Leader (Supremo) of the
Katipunan.
Bonifacio's Reaction:
● When Bonifacio’s qualifications for the Director of the Interior post were questioned by
Daniel Tirona, who suggested a lawyer should hold the position, Bonifacio felt insulted.
● Outraged, Bonifacio declared the results of the convention null and void, invoking his
authority as Supremo of the Katipunan.
● He drew his revolver but was eventually calmed by others in attendance.
Aftermath:
● The division between the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions deepened following the
convention.
● Bonifacio attempted to establish his own government and declared the convention
invalid, leading to his eventual arrest and execution on orders from Aguinaldo’s camp.
● The Tejeros Convention marked a turning point, where Emilio Aguinaldo rose to a
leadership position that eventually paved the way for his later role as the first President
of the Philippines.
Purpose of the Convention:
● The primary goal of the Tejeros Convention was to resolve these internal differences and
establish a unified revolutionary government. It was also intended to strengthen the
military and political strategy of the revolutionaries.
● Andrés Bonifacio, as the leader of the Katipunan, presided over the meeting, and both
the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions participated. However, tensions between these
factions were high.
The Proceedings:
● The convention began with discussions on military matters, but it quickly turned into a
debate over the structure and leadership of the revolutionary movement. The Magdalo
faction, represented by Emilio Aguinaldo’s supporters, argued that the Katipunan was
no longer sufficient to lead the revolution and that a revolutionary government should be
established to give the movement legitimacy.
● The Magdiwang faction, loyal to Bonifacio, was hesitant to abandon the Katipunan, but
they agreed to hold an election to decide the leadership of a new revolutionary
government.
The Election:
● During the convention, an election was held to form the first revolutionary government.
Positions up for election included the President, Vice President, Captain-General,
Director of War, and Director of Interior.
● Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the President of the revolutionary government, even
though he was not present at the convention (he was engaged in battle against the
Spanish forces at the time).
● Mariano Trías was elected Vice President, and Andrés Bonifacio, despite being the
presiding officer, was elected to a relatively lower position as Director of the Interior.
The Controversy:
● A controversial moment occurred when Daniel Tirona, a member of the Magdalo
faction, openly questioned Bonifacio's qualifications for the position of Director of the
Interior, claiming that someone with a formal education in law should hold the position.
This public insult enraged Bonifacio, who declared the election void, citing violations of
the Katipunan's principles and election protocol.
● Bonifacio, in anger and feeling deeply insulted, drew his revolver on Tirona but was
restrained by others. He then declared that he, as the Supremo of the Katipunan, had
the authority to nullify the results of the convention.
Aftermath of the Tejeros Convention:
● Bonifacio, feeling betrayed and undermined by the election results, refused to recognize
Aguinaldo's leadership. In retaliation, he attempted to establish his own government in
Naic, Cavite, known as the Naic Military Agreement, where he declared the Tejeros
government illegitimate.
● In their memoirs, Santiago Álvarez and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged that many ballots
were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended
there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had
been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were
canvassed, but he had done nothing.
