7-0 mn~n's ;

7-1 ÁLrkouk
7-2 x|ka'k dk vuqokn & u fg ra i';kfe ------------------------ ijke`';rs ;'k%A
7-3 lkjka'k
7-4 'kCnkoyh
7-5 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
7-6 cks/k@vH;kl ç'uksa ds mŸkj

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki &

 y{eh dh dBksjrk dks tku ldsaxsA
 vki ;g Hkh tku ldsx
a s fd jkty{eh O;fDr dks fou; jfgr cukrh gSA
 vki ;g Hkh tkusaxs fd ;g jktkvksa dks mnjrkghu dj nsrh gSA
 y{eh ds nq"izHkkoksa dks HkyhHkk¡fr tku ldsaxsA
 ck.kHkê dh dYiuk izkS<+rk ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxAs

fÁ; Nk=ksa! iwoZ dh bdkbZ esa 'kqduklksins'k ds vUrxZr y{eh nks"k o.kZu 'kh"kZd ds dqN
ikB~;ka'k dk vkius v/;;u fd;kA ogk¡ ck.kHkê us y{eh dk o.kZu djrs gq, mlds nks"kksa
dks Hkh izLrqr fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd ;g y{eh nhif'k[kk ds leku gSA ftl izdkj
nhif'k[kk izdk'k rks djrh gS fdUrq vius /kwe ls dkfyek Hkh QSykrh gS mlh izdkj y{eh
Hkh euq"; dks cqjs dk;ksZa esa izo`Ùk djrh gSA ;g y{eh euq"; dh r`".kk dks Hkh c<krh gSA
tSls-tSls y{eh izkIr gksrh tkrh gS] euq"; dh vkSj vf/kd ikus dh fyIlk c<rh tkrh
gSA ;g y{eh bfUnz;:ih e`xksa dks foo'k djus ds fy;s O;k/kxhr gSA ftl izdkj cgsfy;k
e`xksa dks o'khHkwr djus ds fy;s xhr xkrk gS vkSj e`x ds eksfgr gksus ij mls ekj nsrk
gS] mlh izdkj y{eh bfUnz;:ih e`xksa dks viuh vksj vklDr djrh gS rFkk euq"; dk
fouk'k dj nsrh gSA ;g egkiq#"kksa ds lPpfj= dks mlh izdkj ls vko`r dj ysrh gS] tSls
/kwe fp= dks vko`r dj ysrk gSA bl y{eh ds dkj.k O;fDr /ku ls erokyk gks tkrk
gSA og foosd:ih us=ksa dks [kks nsrk gSA y{eh ds en ls O;fDr mn~n.M gks tkrk gS rFkk
fdlh dk lEeku vkfn djuk Hkwy tkrk gSA ck.kHkê ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;g y{eh
Øks/k dks c<kus okyh exjePNksa dh tUeHkwfe unh gSA y{eh dk lnqi;ksx u djus okyk
O;fDr yksd fuUnk dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj mls vi;'k gh izkIr gksrk gSA ;g dkenso:ih
gkFkh dk fiz; Hk{k.k gSA tSls gkFkh dsys ds dksey ikS/ks dks rksMd
+ j [kk tkrk gS] mlh
izdkj y{eh ds en esa pwj O;fDr viuh dkeukvksa ds }kjk rksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

87
 vkius iwoZ bdkbZ esa ;g Hkh i<+k gS fd voUrh {ks= esa vusd fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr mTtf;uh
uxjh esa rkjkihM uked ,d jktk jkT; djrk FkkA ml jktk dk eU=h “kqdukl uked
egkfo}ku~ czkã.k FkkA jktk dks lalkj ds lHkh lq[k izkIr Fks fdUrq mlds dksbZ lUrku
ugha FkhA blh fpUrk ls jktk rkjkihM vkSj mldh jkuh foyklorh nq%[kh jgrs FksA ,d
fnu jktk us LoIu ns[kk fd iwjk pUnze.My mldh jkuh ds “kjhj esa izo's k dj x;kA
mlds dqN gh fnu ckn egkjkuh xHkZorh gks xbZ vkSj ,d rstLoh iq= dks tUe fn;kA
tUelaLdkj vkfn djus ds ckn jktk us vius LoIu ds vuq:i ml iq= dk uke
^^pUnzkihM** j[kk A blh le; jktk ds eU=h “kqdukl dks Hkh iq= jRu dh izkfIr gqbZ vkSj
“kqdukl us vius iq= dk uke ^^oS'kEik;u** j[kkA
vkidks ;g Hkh Kkr gS fd jktk us pUnzkihM vkSj oS'kEik;u dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dhA
nksuksa us xq#dqy esa tkdj f'k{kk xzg.k dhA f'k{kk xzg.k ds vuUrj tc og uxj dks ykSVk
rks iztktuksa us mudk Lokxr fd;kA jktHkou esa igq¡pdj pUnzkihM us vius firk dks
iz.kke fd;kA firk dh vkKk ls og ekrk ls feyus ds fy;s vUr%iqj esa x;kA dqN gh fnu
ckn rkjkihM us lkspk fd vc pUnzkihM dks vius jkT; dk ;qojkt gksuk pkfg;sA mlus
mlds ;kSojkT;kfHk"ksd dh rS;kjh “kq: dj nhA bl izlax esa pUnzkihM egkeU=h “kqdukl
ds ikl igq¡pkA “kqdukl vuqHkoh vkSj egku~ fo}ku~ egkeU=h Fkk] mlus ;qojkt cuus ls
igys pUnzkihM dks ;kSou] y{eh vkSj jkten ds fo"k; esa yEck fdUrq egÙoiw.kZ mins'k
fn;kA
vkius ;g tku fy;k gS fd “kqdukl }kjk fn;k x;k ;g mins'k Hkkjrh; thou n'kZu
dk lkj gSA ;g izR;sd O;fDr ds fy;s vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA ;g dFkk ds ek/;e ls ekuo
thou dks lexzrk iznku djus ds fy;s ck.kHkê ds }kjk iznf'kZr egku~ ekxZ gS] thou ds
iz'kfLr dk ije lksiku gS vkSj Hkksxksa ds fu;U=.k dh egku~ Ük``a[kyk gSA ;g jkt/keZ dk
“kk'or fl)kUr Hkh gSA

'kqdukl jktk rkjkihM dk egkeU=h gS] og pUnzkihM dh voLFkk dks tkurk gSA vr% cM+s
izes ls mlls dgrk gS fd iq= pUækihM ! rqe lHkh KkrO; fo"k;ksa ds Kkrk gksA rqEgsa
leLr 'kkL=ksa dk ifjKku gS] vr% rqEgkjs fy, mins'k;ksX; dksbZ fo"k; ugÈ gS ijUrq
LoHkko ls gh ;qokoLFkk ds çHkko ls mRiUu vUèkdkj lw;Z ds çdk'k ls Hksnk ugÈ tk
ldrk] jRuksa dh ped ls feVk;k ugÈ tk ldrk rFkk nhid dh çHkk ls nwj ugÈ fd;k
tk ldrk gSA y{eh ls mRiUu en cgqr gh nk#.k gksrk gS rFkk o`)koLFkk esa Hkh 'kkUr
ugÈ gksrkA ,s'o;Z:ih frfej jksx ls mRiUu vUèkRo vR;fèkd d"Vçn gksrk gS rFkk vatu
dh 'kykdk ls Hkh vlkè; gksrk gSA

niZ :ih nkgToj ls mRiUu Å"erk dks vR;fèkd rh{.k rFkk 'khry mipkj ls Hkh nwj
ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA fo"k; :ih fo"k dk vkLoknu djus ls mRiUu eksg loZnk fo"ke
gksrk gS rFkk tM+h cwfV;ksa vkSj eU=ksa ls Hkh mldk fuokj.k ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA jkx
:ih ey dk voysi fuR; Luku vkSj 'kkSp dk;ks± ls Hkh nwj ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
jkT;-lq[kksa ds lewg ls mRiUu ¼u VwVus okyh jkT;lq[k :ih lfUuikr jksx ls mRiUu½
fuæk fujUrj jgus okyh] jkf= ds chr tkus ij Hkh u VwVus okyh rFkk ¼vR;fèkd½ ?kksj
gSA blhfy, eSa foLrkjiwoZd rqEgas dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡A

tUe ls gh çkIr çHkqRo] vfHkuo ;qokoLFkk] vuqie lkSUn;Z rFkk vykSfdd 'kfDr-lEiUurk]
;g lc fu'p; gh vuFkks± dh cgqr yEch iafDr gSA blesa ls ,d Hkh ¼lc çdkj dh½
mn~n.Mrkvksa dk ?kj gksrh gS] rks fQj bu lcls feys gq, lewg ds fo"k; esa rks dguk
88
gh D;k \ ;qokoLFkk ds çkjEHk esa 'kkL= :ih ty ds }kjk ç{kkyu djus ls fueZy gqÃ
cqf) çk;% dyq"krk dks çkIr dj tkrh gSA 'osrrk dks R;kxs fcuk Hkh ;qodksa dh –f"V
ykfyek ls iw.kZ jgrh gSA ftl çdkj vk¡èkh èkwfy ds }kjk HkzkfUr mRiUu djds lw[ks iÙks
dks viuh bPNk ls cgqr nwj ys tkrh gS] mlh çdkj ;qokoLFkk esa ç—fr jtksxq.k ls HkzkfUr
mRiUu djds iq#"k dks viuh bPNk ls cgqr nwj rd ys tkrh gS vkSj loZnoS bfUæ; :ih
e`xksa dks vk—"V djus okyh ;g miHkksx :ih e`xr`".kk vR;fèkd nq%[knk;h vUr okyh gSA
ftl çdkj ¼vkaoyk vkfn [kkus ls½ dlSys Lokn okys O;fDr dks ogh ¼igys fi;k gqvk½
ty iqu% vkLoknu fd, tkus ij igys ls vfèkd ehBk yxrk gS mlh çdkj uo;kSou
ls dlSys vUr%dj.k okys eu dks mUgÈ fo"k;ksa dk Lo:i ¼tks igys ckY;koLFkk esa Hkh
fo|eku Fks½ iqu% vkLoknu fd, tkus ij igys dh vis{kk vfèkd eèkqj yxrs gSAa ftl
çdkj ekxkZUrj esa igq¡pk nsus okyk fn'kkvksa dk Hkze O;fDr dks u"V dj nsrk gS mlh çdkj
mUekxZ esa ço`Ùk djus okys fo"k;ksa esa vR;fèkd vklfDr O;fDr dk uk'k dj nsrh gSA

izLrqr bdkbZ esa vki ck.kHkê }kjk of.kZr y{eh ds vU; nqxqZ.kksa dks i<+x
sa sA ck.kHkê dgrs
gSa fd ;g y{eh jktkvksa dks cykr~ idM+rh gS vkSj mUgsa leLr vfou;ksa dk vf/k"Bku
cuk nsrh gSA jkT;kfHk"ksd ds le; gh eaxydy'kksa ds ty ls bu jktkvksa dh mnkjrk
/kks nh lh tkrh gSA vfXu ds /kwe ls ân; Hkh efyu dj fn;k tkrk gSA iqjksfgrksa ds dq'k
ls cuh lEektZuh ls ekuks budh {kek'khyrk lkQ dj nh tkrh gSA bUgsa vius vkus okys
ok/kZD; dk Hkh Lej.k ugha jgrk gSA ekuks pkej dh gok ls budh lR;okfnrk mM+k nh
tkrh gSA bl izdkj bl bdkbZ esa vki y{eh ds dfri; vU; nqxqZ.kksa dks Hkh i<+x sa As

¾ ugha] ¾ fu'p; gh] ¾ ml] ¾ ns[kuk] ¾ tks]

¾ bl vifjfpr y{eh ds }kjk] ¾ ugha] ¾ [kwc
vkfyafxr u fd;k x;k gksA ¾ tks] ¾ Bxk] ¾ ugha x;k gksA ¾
;g y{eh] ¾ fp= esa fpf=r gksrh gqbZ Hkh] ¾ fuf'pr:i ls]
¾ pyrh gS] ¾ feV~Vh] ydM+h ;k yksgs dh cuh gqbZ Hkh] ¾
tknwxjh dk] ¾ vkpj.k djrh gS] ¾ iRFkjksa esa mdsjh xbZ Hkh]
¾ /kks[kk nsrh gS] ¾ lquh xbZ Hkh] ¾ diV djrh gS]
¾ lksph xbZ Hkh] ¾ Bxrh gSA

u fg ra i';kfe] ;ks fg vifjfpr;k vu;k& y{E;k] u

fuHkZjeqixw<%&fuHkZja&xk<a ;FkkL;kr~ rFkk] u &uSo] mixw<%&vkfyf³~xr%] ok& vFkok] ;%]
u&uSo] foçyCèk%&oafpr%A fu;ra & fu'p;e~] b;a& y{eh%] vkys[;xrkfi& fp=fLFkrk
vfi] pyfr& vU;= ç;kfrA iqLre¸;fi& iqÙkfydk:ik vfi] bUætkyekpjfr&
dqgdekpjfrA mRdh.kkZ vfi & çLrjknkS fuLr{; jfprk vfi] foçyHkrs & >fVfr
ifjR;T; oap;frA Jqrk vfi & d.kZxkspjrka xrk vfi] vfHklUèkÙks & vuqlUnèkkfr]
fpfUrrkfi] oap;fr & çrkj;frA
89
 fu'p; gh ,slk dksbZ O;fDr ugÈ gS tks bl vifjfprk y{eh ds }kjk n`<+rk
ls vkfy³~xu u fd;k x;k gks] ;k fQj tks bl y{eh ds }kjk Bxk u x;k gksA ;g y{eh
fp= esa fpf=r gksus ij Hkh vius pkapY; dks ugha NksM+rhA dk"B ;k feêh ls iqryh ds
:i esa x<+h gksus ij Hkh ;g tknw dk [ksy jprh gSA mdsjh xbZ Hkh ;g y{eh èkks[kk nsrh
gSA lquh tkus ij Hkh diV djrh gS vkSj lksph tkus ij Hkh Bx ysrh gSA

ck.kHkê% dFk;fr ;r~ yksds u dks·fi rkn`'k% tu% voyksD;rs ;% tu%

vifjfpr;k vu;k y{E;k xk<a u vkfyafxr%A vFkok rkn`'k% vfi tu% u voyksD;rs ;%
vu;k izrkfM+r% u L;kr~A lalkjs izk;% lokZu~ vfi iq#"kku~ dnkfpr~ b;e~ vo';eso
vkfyaxfrA Lo;a p vkf'y";frA i'pkPp ra iq#"ka lglk fogk; vU;a iq#"ke~ mi;kfrA
fu'p;:is.k b;a y{eh% fp=fLFkrkfi vU;= iz;kfrA e`Rdk"Bkfn jfpriqÙkfydk:ikfi
bUnztkye~ vkpjfrA mRdh.kkZfi foizyHkrs Jqrkfi izrkj;frA ,rkn`';k% iwoZof.kZrk% nqjkpkjk;k%
y{E;k% dsukfi izdkjs.k mipkj% u HkofrA vu;k x`ghrk% jktku% lekdqyk% HkofUrA b;a
losZ"kke~ vfou;kuke~ mn~xeHkwfe% orZrAs b;a p y{eh% eaxydy'ktyS% jkKke~ vkSnk;Za
iz{kky;frA /kweus so jkKka ân;a efyuhdjksfrA vr% vL;k% miHkksx% vrho lko/kkur;k
dj.kh;%A
ifj$fp$Dr$Vki~A mi$xwg$DrA
fo$Á$yHk~$DrA vk$fy[k~$.;r~A
iqLrd$e;V~$³hi~A
vkys[;a xrk] f}rh;k rRiq#"kA u ifjfprk]
u´~ lekl A
e`nk ok nk#.kk okFk oL=s.kkFk peZ.kkA
yksgjRuS% Ñra okfi iqLrfeR;fHkf/k;rsAA vejdks'k%A

mi;qZDr o.kZu esa dfo us ;g dgk gS fd ;g y{eh lalkj ds lHkh

iq#"kksa dk dHkh uk dHkh vkfyaxu djrh gS] vFkkZr~ mUgsa izkIr gksrh gS vkSj fQj vdLekr~
mUgsa NksM+dj nwljs ds ikl pyh tkrh gSA vr% ;gk¡ leklksfDr vyadkj gSA

¾ bl izdkj dh] ¾ bl nqjkpkfj.kh y{eh

ds }kjk] ¾ HkkX;o'k] % ¾ idM+s x;s] viuk;s x;s] ¾
jktkx.k] ¾ O;kdqy gks tkrs gSa] ~ ¾ leLr vf'k"V
vkpj.kksa ds vkJ;] ¾ jkT;kfHk"ksd ds le; gh] ¾
ekaxfyd dy'kksa ds ty ls gh] ¾ /kks;k tkrk gS] ¾ mnkjrk]
¾ gou vkfn vfXudk;Z ds /kq,a ls] ¾ ân;] ¾
eSyk dj fn;k tkrk gS] ¾ iqjksfgrksa ds dq'kksa ds vxzHkkx
ls cuh lEektZuh ls ekuks] ¾ 'kkfUr] {kek] ¾ nwj dj nh tkrh gS]
90
 ¾ ixM+h ds cU/ku ls] ¾ ok/kZD; dh izkfIr dk
Lej.k] ¾ <¡d fn;k tkrk gS] ¾ N= ds e.My ls]
¾ LoxZ yksd dk n'kZu] ¾ nwj dj fn;k tkrk gS]
¾ pkej dh gok ls gh] ¾ lR; cksyus dk LoHkko] ¾ nwj dj
fn;k tkrk gSA ¾ csra ds n.M ds leku] ¾ /kS;kZfn xq.k]
¾ nwj fd;s tkrs gSa] ¾ t;dkjs ds dksykgy }kjk] ¾
vPNs xq.k] ¾ nwj dj fn;s tkrs gS]a ¾ /ot ds oL=ksa
}kjk] ¾ dhfrZ] ¾ iksN
a nh tkrh gSA

,oa foèk;k mifj fuÆn"V;k y{E;k dFkefi nSoo'ksu fofèkuk ifjx`ghrk%

vkfJrk% jktku% foDyok% & i;kZ d q y k% HkofUrA vr% rs jktku% los Z " kke~
vfou;kuka&nqO;Zogkjk.kke~ vfèk"Bkurke~ vkLinRoa p xPNfUrA nqO;Zogkjk% fu:I;Urs rFkk
fg bR;usuA ,rs"kka jkKke~ vfHk"ksdle;s ,o nkf{k.;e~ vkSnk;± xPNfrA ;Fkk vfHk"ksdle;s
jktku% e³~xydy'ktyS% vfHkf"kP;Urs & ç{kkY;Urs rFkk rs"kkekSnk;Zefi xPNfrA
vfXudk;Zèkwesu & vfHk"ksdk³~xHkwr% ;ks gkse% rL; èkweus bo ân;a efyuhfØ;rsA yksds
èkwesu ekfyU;a tk;rsA vr% ,oe~ mRçs{krsA vFk jkKka {kek u';fr bfr onfrA iqjksfgrkuka
rs"kka dq'kkxzk.;so dq'kk% dq'kk[;r`.kfo'ks"kk rs"kkexzHkkxk ,o lEektZU;% rkfHkfjo {kkfUr%
{kekxq.k% viuh;rs nwjhfØ;rsA ;Fkk yksds lEektZuhfHk% js.kq% nwjhfØ;rs rFksfr 'ks"k%A
m".kh"ka ewèkkZos"Vua rnso iêcUèk% {kkSeolusu cUèkua rsu bo tjkxeuLej.ka] o`)ks·ga
Hkfo";kfe bfr fpUrue~ vkPNk|rs vkfoz;rsA ;Fkk yksds oL=s.k oLrq vkPNk|rs rFksfr
'ks"k%A vkri=e.Mye~ & vkri=L; N=L; e.Mya rsu ijyksdn'kZua tUekUrja ee
HkosfnR;soa foèka tUekUrjn'kZue~ viok;Zrs bo fuok;Zrs boA yksds vkri=s.k mifjruoLrq
vkPNk|rs rFkkA pkejiouS% lR;okfnrk lR;lUèkrk vifâ;rsA jktku% lR;lUèkk% u
HkofUrA ;Fkk yksds iouS% oLrq nwjhfØ;rs rFkkA

bl çdkj dh bl nq"Vk y{eh ds }kjk fdlh çdkj HkkX;o'k idM+s x, jktk

yksx nq%[kh gksrs gSa rFkk lHkh çdkj dh mn~n.Mrkvksa dk LFkku cu tkrs gSa A mnkgj.k
ds fy,&vfHk"ksdle; esa gh] ekuks budh mnkjrk e³~xydy'kksa ds ty ls èkks nh tkrh
gS] ;K ds èkq,a ls ekuks budk ân; efyu dj fn;k tkrk gSA budk {kekHkko ekuks
iqjksfgrksa ds }kjk dq'k ds vxzHkkx ls cukà xà ektZfu;ksa ls nwj dj fn;k tkrk gSA
o`)koLFkk ds vkxeu dk Lej.k ekuks ixM+h :ih iê ds ck¡èkus ls <¡d fy;k tkrk gSA
ijyksd dk n'kZu ekuks jktN= ds e.My ls jksd fy;k tkrk gSA lR;okfnrk ekuks
pkej dh iou ds }kjk nwj dj nh tkrh gSA ekuks csra ds n.M ds }kjk xq.k Hkxk fn;s
tkrs gSa] ekuks ^^t; gks! t; gks!** bu 'kCnksa ds dksykgy }kjk vPNs xq.k frjLÑr dj
fn;s tkrs gSaA ekuks /otkvksa ds oL=ksa }kjk jktk dh dhfrZ dks iksaNdj lkQ dj fn;k
tkrk gSA

dsfpn~ jktku% foºoyrka papyrke~ mi;kfUrA dFkfeR;qP;rs JesfrA

rFkk fg Jeo'ksu nwjksM~M;ukfn JekfèkD;su f'kfFkya 'yFka ;r~ 'kdquhuka if{k.kka xyiqVa
d.Bns'k% r}r~ piykfHk% rFkk [k|ksr% T;ksfrfj³~x.kk[;çkf.kfo'ks"k% rL; mUes"kor~ eqgwrZ
{k.kdkya euksgjkfHk% rFkk eufLotuk% Kkfuu% rS% xÆgrkfHk% laifn~Hk% èkukfnfHk% çyksH;ekuk%A
èkuyoL;kYièkukfnykHksu ;ks·oysiks·g³~dkj% rsu foLe`rkfu tUekfu ;SLrsA vFkkZr~ vfLeu~
tUefu èkukfnykHksu xÆo"Bk% ds o;a d;ksjkRetk% dh–xoLFkka çkIrk bR;kfn Hkoku~
foLejfUrA rFkk vusdnks"kksifprsu jkxkos'ksu nq"Vsukl`tk jDrsu bo ckè;ekuk% ihMîekuk%
HkofUrA fofoèkk vusds ;s fo"k;k% rs"kka xzkls"kq xzg.ks"kq ykylS% iapfHk% p{kq%-Jks=-jluk-?kzk.kRoxziw %S
91
 bfUæ;Sjfi fo"k;kfèkD;kr~ vusdlglzl[a ;S% bo HkklekuS% bfUæ;S% vk;kL;ekuk%A rFkk p
ç—R;k papyr;k pkapY;LoHkkosu gsrquk yCèkçlkj.k-çkIrkodk'ksu-fofoèkfo"k;O;kIrsu
vr,o ,dsukfi fo|ekusu eulk fo"k;k.kka ckgqY;kr~ lglzrka xrsu vkdqyhfØ;ek.kk%
lUr% foºoyrka papyrke~ mi;kfUrA

bneqDra ;Yy{E;k x`ghrk% jktku% losZ"kkefou;kukekJ;k% HkofUrA rs nkf{k.;kfnxq.kghuk%

HkofUrA rs"kka ân;a efyua HkofrA rs {kekjfgrk% HkofUrA {kek cye'kDrkuka 'kDrkuka Hkw"k.ka
{kek bR;q f Dr% vfLrA fdUrq {kekxq .kk% rku~ R;tfUrA fo"k;kuq jkfx.kks HkwR ok
okèkZd-eqfuo`Ùkhukfefr era foLe`R; rs thofUrA vFkkZ}kèkZD;eLekde~ vkxre~ vr% ija
lzXpUnuofurkfn"kq fo"k;s"kq ykylk% u Hkoke bfr fpUrka rs ifjR;tfUrA vLekYyksdkRijefLr
ijyksd% r= lq[keokIrqa èkeZekxsZ.k thosegs tUeuhfr p foLejfUrA lR;a cz; w kfnR;Lekda
èkeZ%A ijesrs jktku% lR;okfnrka R;tfUrA

ifj$xzg$DrA fo$Dyq$vp~A
vf/k$LFkk$Y;qV~A {ke~$fDru~A

nSoL; o'ksu] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA eaxyk;

dy'kk%] prqFkhZ rRiq#"k] rs"kke~ tyS%] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA vXus% dk;Ze~]
rL; /kwesu] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA dq'kkuke~ vxzk%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k]
dq'kkxzS% Ñrk% lEektZU;%] r`rh;k rRiq#"k] rS%A m".kh"kL; iV~V%] rL;
cU/ksu] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA tjk;k% vkxeue~] rL; Lej.ksu] "k"Bh
rRiq#"kA vkri=L; e.Mysu] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA pkejk.kka
iouS%] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA
N=a Rokri=feR;ej%A
folzlk tjk] bR;ej%A
esa mRizs{kk vyadkj gSA

1½ jktk fdlds o'khHkwr gksdj jkt/keZ dks Hkwy tkrk gS \

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2½ ^vfXudk;Z/kweus so efyuhfØ;rs ân;e~* bl okD; dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \
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92
3½ jktk ^m".kh"kiêcU/ku* ls D;k foLe`r dj nsrk gS \
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4½ ^pkejiou* fdls mM+k nsrk gS \
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5½ ^fu;rfe;e~ vkys[;xrkfi pyfr* dk rkRi;Z fyf[k,A
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6½ ^nkf{k.;* dk D;k vFkZ gS \
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1½ y{eh dks dfo us papyk D;ksa dgk gS \

2½ y{eh ds vkJ; ls jktkvksa dh D;k xfr gksrh gS \
3½ jkty{eh jktkvksa dks vuqnkj dSls cukrh gS \
4½ ^lokZfou;kf/k"Bkurk* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
5½ bl bdkbZ dk lkj vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
6½ bl bdkbZ ds vk/kkj ij ck.kHkê dh o.kZu'kSyh ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

93
 izLrqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u dk lkj ;g gS fd jkT;y{eh ln~xq.kksa ds lkFk-lkFk nqxqZ.kksa dk
Hkh vf/k"Bku gSA ;g fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks /kks[kk fn;s fcuk ugha NksMr+ h] ftls viukrh gS]
dkykUrj esa mlh dks NksMd+ j vU; iq#"k dk vkJ; ys ysrh gSA ck.kHkê dk dFku gS fd
vxj y{eh dks fpf=r Hkh dj fn;k tk;s rks Hkh og viuh papyrk dks ugha NksM+rhA ;g
dkB dh iqryh dk :i ysdj ds Hkh tknwxjh djrh gSA bls mdsj Hkh fn;k tk;s rks Hkh
;g yksxksa dks Bxrh gSA blds uke Jo.k ek= ls yksx Bxs ls jg tkrs gSAa HkkX;o'k ftls
Hkh ;g feyrh gS] og fody gks tkrk gSA vgadkj ls n`Ir gksdj dksbZ Hkh blds o'khHkwr
gksus ds dkj.k vius jkt/keZ dks Hkwy tkrk gS vkSj lR;okfnrk] ijyksd vkfn ds Kku dks
Hkwy tkrk gSA og erokyk gksdj lHkh dh voekuuk djus yxrk gSA

fu'p; gh ,slk dksbZ O;fDr ugÈ gS tks bl vifjfprk y{eh ds }kjk n`<r+ k ls vkfy³~xu
u fd;k x;k gks] ;k fQj tks bl y{eh ds }kjk Bxk u x;k gksA ;g y{eh fp= esa
fpf=r gksus ij Hkh vius pkapY; dks ugha NksM+rhA dk"B ;k feêh ls iqryh ds :i esa x<+h
gksus ij Hkh ;g tknw dk [ksy jprh gSA mdsjh xbZ Hkh ;g y{eh èkks[kk nsrh gSA lquh tkus
ij Hkh diV djrh gS vkSj lksph tkus ij Hkh Bx ysrh gSA

bl çdkj dh bl nq"Vk y{eh ds }kjk fdlh çdkj HkkX;o'k idM+s x, jktk yksx nq%[kh
gksrs gSa rFkk lHkh çdkj dh mn~n.Mrkvksa dk LFkku cu tkrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds
fy,&vfHk"ksdle; esa gh ekuks budh mnkjrk e³~xydy'kksa ds ty ls èkks nh tkrh gS]
;K ds èkq,a ls ekuks budk ân; efyu dj fn;k tkrk gSA budk {kekHkko ekuks iqjksfgrksa
ds }kjk dq'k ds vxzHkkx ls cukà xà ektZfu;ksa ls nwj dj fn;k tkrk gSA o`)koLFkk ds
vkxeu dk Lej.k ekuks ixM+h :ih iê ds ck¡èkus ls <ad fy;k tkrk gSA ijyksd dk
n'kZu ekuks jktN= ds e.My ls jksd fy;k tkrk gSA lR;okfnrk ekuks pkej dh iou
ds }kjk nwj dj nh tkrh gSA

vifjfpr;k vu;k & bl vifjfpr y{eh ds }kjk

fuHkZjeqixw<% & [kwc vkfyafxr u fd;k x;k gks
foizyC/k% & Bxk
vkys[;xrkfi & fp= esa fpf=r gksrh gqbZ Hkh
fu;re~ & fuf'pr:i ls
iqLre;h & feV~Vh] ydM+h ;k yksgs dh cuh gqbZ
bUnztkye~ & tknwxjh
vkpjfr & vkpj.k djrh gS
mRdh.kkZfi & iRFkjksa esa mdsjh xbZ
foizyHkrs & /kks[kk nsrh gS
Jqrkfi & lquh xbZ
vfHklU/kÙks & diV djrh gS
94
fpfUrrkfi & lksph xbZ
oap;fr & Bxrh gS
,oa fo/k;kfi & bl izdkj dh
nSoo'ksu & HkkX;o'k
jktku% & jktkx.k
foDyok & O;kdqy gks tkrs gSa
vfHk"ksdle;s & jkT;kfHk"ksd ds le;
iz{kkY;rs & /kks;k tkrk gS
nkf{k.;e~ & mnkjrk
ân;e~ & ân;
{kkfUr% & 'kkfUr] {kek
vkPNk|rs & <¡d fy;k tkrk gS
vilk;Zrs & nwj dj fn;k tkrk gS
pkejiouSfjo & pkej dh gok ls gh
lR;okfnrk & lR; cksyus dk LoHkko
vifâ;rs & nwj dj fn;k tkrk gS

1½ dknEcjh & Hkkocksfèkuh O;k[;k lfgr] MkW- t;'kadj yky f=ikBh] —".knkl
vdkneh] okjk.klh] 1993A
2½ dknEcjh & egksikè;k; HkkuqpUæfl)pUæ —r Vhdk lfgr] la- dk'khukFk ik.Mqj³~x
ijc~] fu.kZ;lkxj çsl] ckWEcs] 1849 ¼'kdkCn½A

1½ jktk y{eh ds o'khHkwr gksdj jkt/keZ dks Hkwy tkrk gSA

2½ ^vfXudk;Z/kweus so efyuhfØ;rs ân;e~* bl okD; dk rkRi;Z gS & ;K ds /kq,a ;s
ekuks budk ân; efyu dj fn;k tkrk gSA
3½ jktk ^m".kh"kiêcU/ku* ls o`)koLFkk ds vkxeu dks foLe`r dj nsrk gSA
4½ ^pkejiou* lR;okfnrk dks mM+k nsrk gSA
5½ ^fu;rfe;e~ vkys[;xrkfi pyfr* dk rkRi;Z gS & ;g y{eh fp= esa fpf=r gksus
ij Hkh vius pkapY; dks ugha NksMrhA
6½ ^nkf{k.;* dk vFkZ gS & mnkjrkA

bu Á'uksa ds mŸkj fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksAa 95