[ (B) EVAPORATION J

........., INTRODUCTION I
........., OBJECTIVE AND APPLICATION I
........., FACTORS INFLUENCING EVAPORATION I
____.. STEAM JACKETED KETTLE

.........., HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR I

........., CLIMBING FILM EVAPORATOR I
........., FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR I
........., MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATORI
........., ECONOMY OF MULTIPLE EFFECT I
I □ INTRODUCTION I
• Evaporation is a type of vaporization that
occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes EVAPORA T ION

into the gas phase.

• Equipment used for the evaporation are
known as evaporators.
• Heat is supplied to the evaporators , which transmits it to the
evaporating liquid so as to provide latent heat of vaporisation.
• Steam is nonnally used as a source of heat.

, □ OBJECTIVE I
• Getting concentrated product
• An aqueous solution 1nustbe removed of its water
• To develop drinking water by evaporating seawater
• It is used to obtain solid - free water for use in chemical boilers.

I □ APPLICATION I
1. MANUFACTURE OF BULK DRUGS
• Evaporation process is used in pharmacy practice , pharmaceutical
industries , chemical industries.
2. MANUFACTURE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
• Evaporation is used in the manufacture of biological product s such
as insulin, biochemical products and plants products.

3. MISCELLANEOUS
• Water containing minerals is subjected to evaporation to get
demineralised water after condensation.
4. MANUFACTURE OF FOOD PRODUCTS
• Evap oratio n is used in many food, drink and milk applications.
• For example, it is used to proce ss milk, starc h, deriv ative s, coffee,
fruit juices, veget ables paste s and conce ntrate s, seaso nings ,
sauce s, sugar and edibl e oil
5. MANUFACTURE OF DEMINERALISED WATER
• Demi neral ised wate r is a form of purif ied wate r that has had all of
its minerals remo ved throu gh a proce ss of ion excha nge.

I □ FACTORS INFLUENCING EVAPORATION I

• The rate of evaporation depen ds sever al factors. The relationshi p may be
expre ssed math entati cally as
M = KS/ P (b-b')
3
• Where M = mass of vapo ur forme d per unit time (rate) , m /s
S = surfa ce area of the liquid exposed, m2
p = atmo spher ic press ure , kpa
b = maxi mum vapo ur press ure at the temp eratu re of air , kpa
b'= press ure due to the vapo ur of the liquid , actually prese nt in the
air ,kpa
k = const ant , m/s

1. TEMPERATURE
• A direc t relati onshi p exists betwe en temp eratu re and evapo ration
increa ses with incre asing temp eratu re.
• Wate r molecules move faster when the temp eratu re rises.
• In the vapo r phase , the molecules have acqui red kineti c energ y and
are leaving the surfa ce .
• Evaporation rates are gener ally deter mined by heat trans fer since
latent heat must be provi ded for vapor izatio n.
2. VAPOUR PRESSURE
• The high vapou r pressu re of low boilin g point liquid causes them to
evapo rate rapidl y.
3. SURFACE AREA
• It is clear that the greate r the surfac e area of the liquid , the greate r
will be the evapo ration .
• For this reason , evaporation is conducted in evapo rators with larger
heatin g surface area.
4. MOISTURE CONTENT
• When moist ure is prese nt , some drug components decom pose more
quickly. Especially at higher temperature .
• Evaporation should theref ore be conducted at low temperature that
can be controlled.
5. TYPE OF PRODUCT
• Type of produ ct required some time decid es the appara tus for
evaporation .
• Open pan produces liquid or dry concentrate .
• Film evapo ratoryields liquid concentrate.
• Spray dryer produces dry produ cts with good solubility.
• Vacuu m evapo rator gives porou s produ ct suitab le for conversion to
granules , for examp le, preparation of granular extrac t of cascara for
tablet making.
6. ECONOMIC FACTORS
• The selection of the method and appara tus should take into accou nt
econo mic factors.
• A liquid is heated most efficiently by an evaporator.
7. TIME OF EVAPORATION
• When expose d for a short time to a high temperature , the active
ingred ient may be less damaged than when expose d for a longer
period to a lower tempe rature .
• Evaporators have used relatively high tempe rature s , but their
expos ure times are very short
I□ STEAM JACKETED KETTLE I
, PRINCIPI.E
• Steam is supplied to a jacketed kettle (evaporating pan) 1n which
aqueous extract is placed.
• Stea1n gives out heat to the kettle.
• The heat is transferred to the aqueous extract by conduction and
convection.
• The temperature raises and the escaping tendency of the solvent
molecules into vapor increases.
• Stirring further enhances the vaporization of solvent molecules.

, CQNSTRIJCTIQN
• It is a hemispherical structure Solvent vapours
consisting of an inner pan called a
\\\ \ 111
kettle.
Steam inlet--+ Steam outlet
• It is enveloped with an outer pan
called a jacket.
• The two pans are joined to enclose
Condensate suspension
a space through which steam is Coooentrated
product
passed.
• For smaller quantities, the kettle is made up of a single sheet of metal.
• Iron is used for the construction of the jacket because it has minimum
conductivity.
• To prevent rusting of the jacket, the iron is either tinned or enameled
on the inner surface.
• An inlet for the steam and an outlet (vent) for non condensed gases are
provided near the top of the jacket.
• Condensate leaves the jacket through the outlet provided at the bottom.
• The kettle is provided with one outlet for product discharge at its
botton1.
, WORKING
• It consist of a pot filled with evaporable solution , steam fed through
the intake and condensate spouting out of the outlet , which heats the
content .
• Mechanical stirring is required for larger volumes , while manual
stirring is required for smaller volumes.
• Evaporation begins rapidly at the begininng .
• Vapour n1ust be able to escape the chamber where evaporation occurs
in order to prevent fog from forming .
• The room is fitted with fans to avoid condensation and to speed up
evaporation.
• Fixed or titled kettles are available.
• Up to 90 liters of capacity can be titled in a kettle.
• A botto1n outlet allows caught residue to be collected
, USES
• Concentrating aqueous liquids is possible with an evaporating pan
• Thermostable liquors , such as liquorice extracts , can be concentrated
with this apparatus
, ADVANTAGES
• Evaporating pan is constructed both for small-scale and large-scale
operations.
• It is simple in construction and easy to operate, clean, and maintains.
• Its cost of installation and maintenance is low.
• Stirring of the contents and removal of the product is easy.

, DISADVANTAGES
• Heat transfer is poor due to the products natural circulation
• As a result of solid deposition the product may decompose
• Wit~ increasing pan size , heating surface decreases proportionally
• Thermally labile materials cannot be concentrated with it.
• Operating under reduced pressure is not possible
I □ HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR I
► PRINCIPI.E
• Steam is circulated horizontally through tubes in this type of
evapora tor.
• When the feed is heated , the feed evaporates outside the tubes and
discharges concentrated vapours from the outlet at the bottom .
• By circulating the product over the Heating coil, the vapour 1s
removed from the top of the chamber and the product is circulat e d
naturally If the surrounding environment is saturate d with vapour, the
process might be slowed
, CONSTRIJCTION
• It consists of a large cylindrical body with conical or dome-s haped
top and bottom.
• It is made up of cast iron or plate steel.
• An average size of the body ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 metres diamete r
and from 2 .4 to 3.6 metres height.
• The lower part of the body consists of a steam compartment with an
inlet for steam at one end and a vent for non conden sed gases on the
other end.
• A condensate outlet is provide d at the bottom of the steam
compar tment.
• In the steam compartment, 6 -8 stainless steel horizontal tubes are
placed.
• The tubes are cut long enough so that they project about 2 5.0
millimetres beyond the tube sheet on both ends.
• The width of steam compartment is usually half the diamet er of the
body
• At one convenient point, an inlet for feed is provide d .
• One outlet for vapour is placed at the top of the dome.
• Another outlet for thick liquid is placed at the centre of the conical
bottom of the body.
 -•• Vapour

- - Evaporator body

Feed E:=S============~=v--- Tube

• _ ... .-steam

- - Steam chest

◄
Condensate

• Thick liquor

, WORKING
• The feed 1s introduced into the evaporator until the stean1
compartment is satisfactorily immersed.
• Steam is introduced into the steam compartment.
• The horizontal tubes receive heat fro1n the steam and conduct it to
the liquid due to temperature gradient.
• Steam condensate passes through the corresponding outlet.
• The feed absorbs heat and solvent gets evaporated.
• The vapour then escapes through the outlet placed at the top.
• This process is continued until a thick liquid is forn1ed, which can be
collected from the bottom outlet .
 , IISES
• In order to make cascara extract, it is used
• Caustic soda is n1ade with it
• Sodium chloride is used to 1nale salts.

, MERITS
• The effect can be enhanced by joining a number of units.
• The heating surface are inexpensive per unit.
• The design is extremely simple.
• Surface of heating can be easily renewed.
• Low maintenance construction with sectional construction.

__
........._
• Easy to use.
• Liquor carrying capacity of the body.
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, DEMERITS
• In co1nparison to steam jacketed kettles , cleaning and maintenance
are more difficult.
• During operation , the inside pressure of the evaporator increases ,
which lowers the effective temperature gradients and adversely
affect heat-sensitive 1naterials.
• The use of this n1ethod is lirnited to when natural circulation is able to
achieve rigorous boiling.
• Liquids w ith high viscosity should not be used.
• Due to its location outside of the tubular heating surface, boiling
liquid is difficult to clean mechanically.
 I □ CLIMBING FILM EVAPORATOR I
~ PRINCIPI.E
• As liquid and vapour flow upwards in parallel during t he boiling
process , the ascending force of the steam 1s responsible for the
climbing film evaporator.
• Additionally , the vapour production increases and the vapour
produces a thin film on the tubes, which causes the liquid to rise
upwards.
• The upward co-current creates a high degree of turbulence in the
liquid as a result of this upward movement against gravity.
, CONSTRIJCTION
Vapor
• In this evaporator, the heating unit consists
of steam jacketed tubes.
• Here, the tubes (long and narrow) are held
between two plates. Steam
• An entrainment separator is placed at the
......__--top to the vapour head.
11 he evaporator carries steam inlet, vent
outlet and condensate outlet.
• The feed inlet is from t he bottom of the ~~ ~
steam compartment.

, WORKING t
Feed

• Into the heated tube bundle at the bottom is delivered the liquid to
be concentrated.
• Heat is transferred from the feed to the shell when steam condenses
on the outside of the tube.
• Upon boiling, steam and vapour form within the tube, resulting in a
rising temperature
• The liquid is circulated using natural convection.
• As a result, the vapour pushes the food upward as an upward force is
itP-d bv the liauid aeainst th tube walls
 • A thin layer of vapor forms above the calandra as vapor generation
increases the tube's center of velocity and forces the remaining
liquid against the wall.
• Due to the high velocities generated by the vapour lift, it provides
good thermal per formance Items that clog the heating surface or
are excessively viscous of sticky can be evaporated using this
technique
• To transport the liquid and to produce the rising film, a high
temperature difference is typically needed between the heating and
boiling sides of the evaporator.
• A vapour-liquid separator separates the vapour from the balance
liquid
, IISES
• Using climbing film evaporators , thermolabile substances such as
insulin , liver extracts and vitamins can be concentrated.
• Clear liquids and corrosive solutions in large q uantit ies can be
operated.
• Deposits of scales can be removed quickly by increasing the feed rate
or reducing the steam rate so that the product is unsaturated for a
short time.
► MERITS
12 In a climbing film evaporator , large area for heat transfer is
provided employing long and narrow tubes
• Since liquid flows at high velocity , the resistance for heat transfer
at the boundary layers is reduced.
• The tubes can be cleaned more easily.
• The feed can tolerate trace amounts of suspended particles.
• A reasonable vacuum can be achieved.
, DEMERITS
• The machine is heavy and requires a lot of space.
• When temperature difference are small , it transfers heat poorly.
• Material that are thermolabile should not be used.
• During evaporation, low viscosity products evaporate and have
minimal fouling potential.
IDFORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR I
, PRINCIPI.E
• Pumps circulate high pressure liquid throug h tubes in forced
circul ation evapo rators .
• The elevat ed boiling point preven ts boiling from taking place.
• It also causes some form of agitati on to be create d by forcing the
liquid s to circul ate.
• When the liquid leaves the tubes, the pressu re in the vapou r head
drops abruptly.
• This cause s super heated to flash , which 1n turn causes feed to
evapo rate.

, CONSTRIICTION
• The steam jacket ed tubes are held betwe en two tube sheets .
• The tube measu res 0.1 metre inside diame ter and 2.5 metre long.
• The part of the tubes projects int o the vapou r bead , which consis t of a
deflec tor.
• The vapou r head is conne cted to a return pipe, which runs
downw ards and enters into the inlet of a pump .

.-:-~ ___: ..
N on-conde nsable
gas ouUet

•:1a .-- Condens er

l i ' - - - - Condens ate

Body

Stea m je t:- ~ ~~
Sw lr1 breaker

.-- C irculating pipe

►
Conde nsate - 'it:=:91
outle t Product
dlschargo

-
► WORKING
• The calendria introduces steam.
• A positive velocity is applied to the liquid as it enters the tube.
• During the process of n1oving up the tube, the liquid gets heated and
begins to boil.
• Consequently, vapor and liquid mixtures rush out of the tubes at a
high speed.
• Liquid and vapor are effectively separated when this mixture strikes
the deflector.
• In cyclone separators, the vapour enters and leaves the equipment.
• During evaporation, liquids are circulated through pumps.
• The collected product seeps down into an outlet on the bottom.

, USES
• If evaporation 1s conducted under reduced pressure , forced
circulation evaporator is suitable for thermolabile substances.
• This method is used for the concentration of insulin and liver extracts.
• It is well suited for crystallization operation where crystals are to be
suspended all times.

, MERITS
• In forced circulation evaporator , the heat transfer coefficient is high
due to rapid liquid movement
• Salting , scaling and fouling are not possible due to forced circulation.
• This evaporator is suitable for thermolabile substances because of
rapid evaporation.
• It is suitable for high VIscous preparation because pumping
mechanis1n is used.

, DEMERITS
• In forced circulation evaporator , the hold-up of liquid is high .
• The equipment is expensive , because power is required for
circulating the liquid.
IDMULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR I
, PRINCIPI.E
• Steam is used in the evaporator to heat up a solution containing a
desired product.
• When the solution is heated , the water in it is converted in to vapour
, which is condensed .
• The vaporized concentrated solution is then removed or fed into a
second evaporator for a further concentration process.
• Any solution that is concentrated using a single evaporator is called a
single effect evaporator system an_d any solution that is concentrated
using 1nore than one evaporator is called a mult iple effect evaporator
systen1.
, CONSTRIJCTION
• Three evaporators 1.e. triple effect evaporator , are used to
construct the multiple effect evaporator shown in figures.
• Others aspects of the vertical tube evaporator's construction are
unchanged.
• Using vapor from the first evaporator to heat the second evaporator is
illustrated in figure.
• As with the 2nd evaporator , the 3 rd evaporator is also heated by the
vapor from the 2 nd evaporator vacuum pu1np.
• Th~ last evaporator is connected to a vacuum pump.
To condenser and vac uum
Vapour Vapour generating system

, SI 2nd
1 3'°
Effect Effect Effect

Steam

Feed

P = Pressure
P 1 > P2 > P3 ....__,.. Thick liqu or

Condensate Condensate
, WORKING
• An evaporator with three effects is a tube type forced circulation
evaporator in which strong steam is used for the first effect to
evaporate the solvent from the feed.
• In the second effect , the vaporized solvent is used to evaporate the
feed at at1nospheric pressure.
• In third effect , the evaporation of the concentrating feed from the
second stage is used to evaporate solvent from the second stage.
• The evaporated solvent from the third effect is finally condensed
with cooling water on the other side of the steam condenser.
• In all three processes , conden_sate is collected in condensate 1
,

receiving tanks.
• The pure solvent in this condensate can be reused in the subsequent
process.

, IJSES
• As the vapor pressure falls, the second effect of a multiple effect
evaporator lowers the boiling point .
• Multi effect evaporation refers to this reusing of latent heat from
vapor molecules.

, MERITS
• Operation on a large scale and in continuous mode is possible
• As compared to single effect , it is highly economic
• There can be attached about 5 evaporators
• Utilizing input energy as efficiently as possible
• Requires less energy to run the entire system.

- n~[Link]
16
"' It Has the disadvantage that it requires a lot of the headroom .
• In a falling film evaporator, the tubes have a greater pressure drop.
• Temperature sensitivities can be affected by hydrostatic heads
located at the bottom of tubes.
 IECONOMY OF MULTIPLE EFFECT I
• The economy of an evaporator is the quantity of vapour produced per
unit steam ad1nitted.
• It is calculated by considering the following assumptions.
• Feed is admitted at its boiling point , therefore , it does not require any
more heat to raise its temperature.
• Hence , the supplied steam gets condensed to give heat of condensation.
• This heat will then be transferred completely to the liquid .
• The heat transferred now serves as latent heat of vaporisation ,i.e.,
liquid undergoes vaporisation by receiving heat.
• Loss of heat by any means is negligible.
• The economy of an evaporator may be expressed as.
Total mass of vapour produced
Economy o f an evaporator = - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total mass of steam supplied

• In single effect evaporator, steam produces vapour only once.

N units of vapour produced

Economy of a single - =1
effect evaporator N units of steam supplied

• In multiple effect evaporator , one unit of steam produces vapour many

times , depending on the number of evaporators connected.

Economy of a multiple - N units of vapour produced

-N - -of
-units ---
-steam - - - - - =N
suppliedl
effect evaporator
 1 1 ! 1·\ I HJ\\ I J{(l~l lHt: .\B O\'E TOPIC
'
Very Short Answer Questions (2 marks)
1. Explain the term evaporatio n?
2. Write objective of evaporatio n?
Short Answer Questions (4 marks)
1. Describe evaporatio n and application of evaporatio n?
2. Write factors affecting evaporatio n?
3. Write short notes on economy multiple effect?
Long Answer Questions (8 marks)
1. Write principle. Constructi on and working of multiple effect
evaporator s?
2. Write principle. Constructi on and working of forced circulation
evaporator s?
3. Write principle. Constructi on and working of horizontal tube
evaporator s?
4. Write principle. Constructi on and working of climbing film
evaporator s?

18