+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link].

com

LEARNING OUTCOMES!
Candidates should be able to:

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Structure and Growth

 understand the changing population structures (both age and sex) as

shown by population pyramids for Pakistan
 explain and evaluate the effects of the present and projected
population structures on the economy and development of
Pakistan
 interpret graphs and statistics illustrating birth rates, death rates and
the rates of natural increase in Pakistan, and identify trends in
population growth
 explain the social, educational, economic and political factors
which contribute to population growth over time
 explain the problems for development caused by population growth
over time, consider its sustainability and evaluate possible solutions to
these problems.

Movements of Population

 describe and explain, with reference to both ‘push’ and ‘pull’

factors, the main causes of population movements, including rural-
urban migration, seasonal migration, emigration and immigration
(including refugees)
 describe and explain the effects of these population movements,
including shanty developments in cities, tent cities and the de-
population of rural areas
 understand the effects of population movements and evaluate the
measures which may be taken to help solve the problems created,
such as self-help schemes, provision of clean water and other services
(including adverse outcomes such as poor housing).

Distribution and Density of Population

 distinguish between distribution of population and density of population

 recognise the variations in both distribution of population and
density of population between the Provinces (including the Northern
Area) and within the Provinces (including within the Northern Area)
 explain the physical, economic, social and political factors which
contribute to these variations.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Employment

 define the terms primary, secondary and tertiary in relation to

occupations
 describe and explain the proportions of the workforce engaged in
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, and any

changes in these proportions that may have taken place or may be
taking place
 understand and explain the causes of rural and urban unemployment
and underemployment (that is, people who are not fully employed),
and understand the problems for development created by
underemployment and unemployment
 describe and explain the availability of skilled labour (people qualified
for the professions, for management and as technicians, etc.) and
manual labour
 understand that unemployment and underemployment can be
factors that influence GNP and GDP
 understand and evaluate the importance for Pakistan’s development
of literacy, education and training for both males and females, in
rural as well as urban areas.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

BIRTH RATE
 The number of live births per thousand person in a particular year.

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
REASONS FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE
 Lack of knowledge of contraception (artificial method to prevent
pregnancy)
 Lack of availability of contraceptives
 No family planning
 Need children for help on farms
 More children means more income
 Desire for a son
 Concept that children will support in old age
 Religious beliefs/Allah will provide/prestige of large families
 High infant mortality rate
 Women at home to care for children
 Women lack education
 Early marriages
 Do not know about problems of overpopulation/large families

MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH BIRTH RATE

 Access to education of contraception
 Use of contraceptives
 Family Planning
 Ban child labour
 Religious support for birth control
 More clinics and hospitals to reduce infant mortality rate
 Education of women
 Job opportunities for women
 Ban on early marriages
 Awareness about problems of overpopulation.

DEATH RATE
 The number of deaths per thousand person in a particular year.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

REASONS FOR HIGH DEATH RATE

 Lack of medicines
 Medicines are expensive
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 Lack of clinics, hospitals

 Lack of trained doctors, nurses
 Lack of vaccinations
 Poor hygiene
 No access to clean drinking water
 Lack of food production and supply
 Poor lifestyles
 No exercise
 Improper diet

MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH DEATH RATE

 Better medicines
 More clinics, hospitals
 Trained doctors, nurses
 More widespread vaccinations
 Prevention of diseases, e.g. malaria, cholera, typhoid;
 Improved hygiene
 Access to clean drinking water
 Proper sewage
 Improvement in food production and supply
 Healthy lifestyles
 More exercise
 Balanced diet

NATURAL INCREASE
 The difference between birth rate and death rate is called natural
increase
 NATURAL INCREASE = BIRTH RATE – DEATH RATE

AGE DISTRIBUTION
 0-14 Years is known as young dependant

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 15-59 Years is known as economically active (working force)

 60 and over 60 years is known as old dependant

IF MORE 0-14 YEARS PEOPLE

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
ADVANTAGES
 Support to farmers on farm
 More workers available
 Support to old parents

DISADVANTAGES
 No free education, health facilities possible for children by government
 Pressure on resources (schools, clinics)
 Burden on the head of family
 Burden on livestock, agriculture
 More chance of ban on international trade due to child labour

IF LESS 0-14 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
 Free education, health facilities possible for children by government
 No pressure on resources (schools, clinics)
 Less burden on the head of family
 Less burden on livestock, agriculture
 Less chance of ban on international trade due to child labour

DISADVANTAGES
 Less support for farmers on farm
 Less workers available
 No support For old parents

IF MORE 15-59 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
 More labour
 More Production

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 More taxes paid

DISADVANTAGES
 Fewer job opportunities
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 More unemployment
 Lower wages
 More pressure on named resources e.g. healthcare / recreation /
public transport / food supply

IF LESS 15-59 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
 More job opportunities
 Less unemployment
 Higher wages
 Less pressure on named resources e.g. healthcare / recreation /
public transport / food supply

DISADVANTAGES
 Less labour
 Less Production
 Less taxes paid

IF MORE 60 ABOVE YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
 Old give good advice
 Some provide family support

DISADVANTAGES
 Old cannot work
 Do not contribute to economy
 Burden on healthcare
 Burden on family
 Pension needed
 Raised taxes to provide pensions

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

IF LESS 60 ABOVE YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
 Energetic people at work
 Economy becomes better
 Less Burden on healthcare
 Less Burden on family
 No Pension needed
 No Raised taxes to provide pensions

DISADVANTAGES
 Less good advice
 Less family support

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

 Graphs suggesting sequence of change in relationships between
birth and death rates over a period of time.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Stage 1
 This indicates high birth rate (moderately stable) while the death
rate is also high but with many fluctuations due to sporadic
outbreak of diseases, famine etc.
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 There is little natural increase in the population of Pakistan.

Stage 2
 This indicates the fall of the death rate but the birth rate remains
more or less at previous levels.
 The gap between the two rates widens so as a result the rate of
natural increase of population peaks to its maximum.
 The percentage of the population under 15 increases.
Stage 3

 This indicates a fall in the birth rate and the stabilization of the death
rate.
 The growth of a city’s population slows down and the life expectancy
also
increases.

Stage 4
 Both birth rates and death rates are low with the birth rate fluctuating
somewhat due to changes in the economy yet the death rates remains
stable.
 Population growth is slow and at the end of the stage four, the death
rates rise slightly as more people become old and are more prone to
die

Stage 5
The birth rate falls below the death rate resulting in a natural
decrease in population.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
OVERPOPULATION
 When an area’s population is too large to be supported by its available
resources like wealth, food, fresh water and land.

EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION
 Natural habitats are lost as people find alternative means of earning
(due to shortage of job opportunities) such as cutting wood and selling
it, which destroys ecosystems of many animals. This may cause a
decline in tourist industry
 With increasing population, the country’s expenditure on
agriculture increases (to grow more food) leaving fewer
finances to account for Pakistan’s industrial and tertiary sector
development
 Illiteracy rises because education spending decreases thus
resulting in a shortage of schools as funds are deviated towards
basic necessities
 Living standard of the old population falls as pensions and welfare
benefits decrease and other facilities such as hospitals, old homes
(to take care of elderly) become scarcer

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 Also, life expectancy falls as people are more vulnerable to diseases

due to degrading health services
 Unemployment rises and some children are forced to take up low
value jobs by giving up their education to support their families (child
labour)
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 Pollution may also increase as increased human, industrial

waste etc is produced, which exceeds the capacity of waste
treatment plants
 The country begins to import goods when the demand is not met
locally, hence foreign exchange decreases
 Poverty among people increases as government cuts back on job
creation etc to pay for external debts. These debts are taken to pay
for foreign goods
 Crime rate rises as unemployed look to make ends meet
 Inflation rises because of the high difference between high demand
and low production. So the goods becomes more expensive
 The working population has to carry more burden of the
dependant population in various forms such as taxes etc
 Poverty forces people to live In temporary houses and this
leads to formation of slums
 Uneven distribution of wealth occurs as the rich and wealthy can
adapt to conditions while the poor cannot (like generators to deal
with loadshedding, so businesses owned by the rich can still function)
 Government may have to employ more people than required
(overstaffing) to reduce unemployment. These extra people are paid
from an institution’s annual income (thus inefficiency increases)
 Traffic increases which leads to other issues such as people more
roadside accidents (and deaths) and road jams

SOLUTIONS
 Educating people about the problems of a large population and
pointing out the benefits of having a smaller family through
schemes like Sabz Sittara
 Increased government expenditure in education and hence
building more schools to increase literacy among people
 Promoting new businesses to set up so that the rate of job creation
surpasses the population growth rate. Meaning if a million people
enter the independent age group (they have to earn money now)
annually, then 2 million new jobs are created annually
 Setting up family planning institutions and leading in them in a way that
its
aim doesn’t come in contrary to the religious beliefs of the people
 Advertising the burden upon the economy due to the high rate of
population

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 Providing benefits to smaller families like tax reliefs etc. This

encourages people to have more children.

SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
 Population size that can be supported by available resources

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.1

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/C
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 J2017/P2/Q1/B

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 3 J2016/P2/Q1/C-D
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 J2015/P2/Q5/A,C-D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 5 N2014/P2/Q4/D-E

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 6 N2013/P2/Q5/D
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 7 J2013/P2/Q5/A-B

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 8 N2012/P2/Q5/A-B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 9 J2010/P2/Q5/B-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/B-C

Question 11 J2009/P2/Q5/A-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 12 J2006/P2/Q5/A

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 13 N2005/P2/Q5/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MIGRATION
 Movement of the people from one place to another is called migration.
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

TYPES OF MIGRATION
 There are three types of migration
 Internal Migration
 External / International Migration
 Seasonal Migration

INTERNAL MIGRATION
 Movement of the people within the country is called internal migration.
 Internal migration has four types;
 Rural to Urban
 Rural to Rural
 Urban to Rural
 Urban to Urban

CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

RURAL PUSH FACTORS
 Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas and hope of
better employment in cities
 Limited educational facilities motivates people to move as better
institutions are more likely to be in the urban areas
 Droughts may damage the farmlands leaving it unsuitable for
farming purposes
 Water logging and salinity also damages the farmland
 No law and order may result in improper carriage of justice
 Standard of living maybe poor and better standard of living maybe
expected in the urban areas
 Less access to highly qualified doctors and hospitals
 Shortage of clean water for sanitation and drinking
 Traditional lifestyle maybe unacceptable to the new generations
 Lack of shopping opportunities
 Limited access to electricity and gas supplies

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

URBAN PULL FACTORS

 Better chances of getting employed

 Chances for getting more highly paid jobs as compared to the rural

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
areas
 Better educational institutions
 Bright lights are a source of attraction for people in rural areas
 More culturally free
 Better law and order
 People in urban areas are usually assured of supplies of food and
hence are more reliable
 Recreational and entertainment facilities such as parks, malls etc
 Better infrastructure and easy access to different locations
 Easy availability of hospitals and qualified doctors
 Easy access to gas, electricity, telephones and other means of
communication

EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

On Urban Area
 Burden upon economy in terms of increased demand for electricity,
water, gas, communication etc as the urban population increases
 Increased pollution (air, water and noise)
 Traffic issues such as jams and accidents etc
 Increase in the crime rate and violence as the people emigrating
maybe illiterate (so face difficulty to find jobs) and unemployment
may force them to indulge in such activities
 Poverty of immigrants may result in formation of temporary
locations or slums
 Distribution and composition of people changes as more males may
come (from rural areas) and increase the percentage of male
members in urban areas
 Traffic congestion.
 Spread of diseases

On Rural Area
 Loss of workforce / only the old and young left.
 Fewer children.
 This results in lower agricultural production in rural areas as
men are required for planting, growing and harvesting the crop
 Loss of educated people.
 Women left behind / unbalanced sex ratio.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 As rural areas depopulate the government authorities might shift

their attention away from rural areas towards urban areas. This
may mean less developmental funds for rural areas to be spent on
education/ health etc
 Loss of infrastructure. e.g. roads, electricity, telephone.
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 Lack of government investment.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
 The movement of the people from one country to another for
purposes of settlement with the intention of staying a year or more.

EMIGRATION
 The act of leaving a country is called emigration.

IMMIGRATION
 The act of entering a country is called immigration.

EMIGRANTS
 Those who migrate are called emigrants.

IMMIGRANTS
 Those who immigrate are called immigrants.

CAUSES OF EMIGRATION FROM PAKISTAN

 Better education opportunities abroad
 Expectations of getting a job
 Chances for higher wages
 Political stability and insecure environment of Pakistan may motivate
people to shift
 Terrorism activities in Pakistan develops insecurities among people
about fate of their children
 To indulge in a less culturally bound manner of life
 Medical reasons as some diseases are likely to be better treated abroad
 Also some people may wish to support families in Pakistan by earning
better abroad
 Government encouragement so that foreign exchange is sent back

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

SEASONAL MIGRATION
 The movement of the people within the country due to climatic
changes.

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
 In winter season, from northern areas to plain areas.

CAUSES OF SEASONAL MIGRATION

 To avoid from severe summers / winters.
 Move from mountainous areas in winter to find jobs in plains.
 Nomadic movements in search of pastures and water.
 In mountains take animals up to higher pastures in summer /
when snow clears bring animals down to valley pastures for
winter.
 Work in cotton / sugar mills after harvests then return home when
work finishes.
 Move from the active flood plain to save from flood.
 Enjoy holidays in summer and winter.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

PRACTICE QUESTION 1.2

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/A-B(i),D
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 J2017/P2/Q2/C

Question 3 N2016/P2/Q5/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 4 J2015/P2/Q5/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 5 J2014/P2/Q5/B-D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 6 N2012/P2/Q5/C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 7 J2012/P2/Q5/D
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

Question 8 J2011/P2/Q4/B-D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 9 N2010/P2/Q3/B

Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/A

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 11 J2009/P2/Q5/D

Question 12 N2008/P2/Q3/A

Question 13 J2006/P2/Q5/C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
 Population distribution is the spread of people across the world, ie
where people live.

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
POPULATION DENSITY
 The density of population is the number of people per unit area.
 The unit can be a square mile or square kilometer.
 The density is obtained by dividing the total population of a
country (province, district etc.) by its area.

FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY

Topography
 Flat plains with well drained, soft, deep and alluvium rich soils are
perfect for human settlements.
 It is easy to build houses on flat plains and operate machines to
harvest crops.
 It is easy to irrigate crops.
 Furthermore, the cost of laying down railways, roads and runways are
low as compared to hilly areas.
 All of these factors are attractive for investment
 Well drained, soft and deep and alluvium rich soil are perfect for
crop growth.
 Well drained soil can retain pockets of air as well as water and
nutrients in a balanced amount, which is favourable for plant growth.
 Soft soil can easily be ploughed and shoots and roots can easily grow.
 Deep soils mean that the soil will not lose its store of nutrients quickly,
thus the amount of fertilizer which has to be applied will be low (thus
saving costs to a farmer)

Climate
 Areas which have no extremes of climate (temperature, rain, storm
etc) are usually heavily populated.
 This is because suitable temperatures and rainfall are necessary for
crop growth, which is necessary for human sustenance.
 High temperatures cause high rates of evapo-transpiration, which
makes growing crops very difficult as plants wilt and then die.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 Less people live in the deserts, where they constantly have to move
to find food and water.

Infrastructure
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 People prefer living in those areas where facilities like gas,

electricity and water supply are available. They add to the standard
of living
 Also industries can be set up easily with little capital costs (as
infrastructure is already present), which employ many thousands of
people and provide a permanent source of income
 Road and rails make the transport of raw materials, products and
people (including labour force), quicker and cheaper. This is
extremely important for the development of a region as a
commercial and industrial hub, which can attract local as well as
foreign investment
 Furthermore, many business people prefer cities where an airport
(international preferably) is found. It helps them to keep up with
foreign appointments so they could secure valuable deals for their
businesses etc

Resources
 Regions where natural resources are available and are being utilized
are also thickly populated like the example of deserts of Chile and
Saudi Arabia.
 The presence of mineral resources means that the excess production
can be exported to earn foreign exchange. A share of the profits is
given in form of high salaries, which acts as an incentive for people to
stay in these areas and populate them

Political
 International and local investors are always worried about the
safety of their investments.
 An unstable political situation may lead to fears of social unrest
(looting, disruption of supplies and failure to meet deadlines for
orders).
 In this case the investor fears that he may not be able to get his
returns and thus abandons further investments and withdraws what
he already has invested.
 This means essentially that the slow and steady flow of ideas,
machinery into the country and the ever rising exports suddenly
decrease, thus having a disastrous effect on the country’s economy

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q2/C

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 J2016/P2/Q1/B

Question 3 N2014/P2/Q4/A-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 J2012/P2/Q5/A-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 5 N2011/P2/Q4/B

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 6 N2005/P2/Q5/A,C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

EMPLOYMENT DIVISIONS
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OCCUPATION
 Employed labor force by sectors

PRIMARY OCCUPATION
 It is related to all such occupations that extract raw material directly
from the earth or sea.. e.g. Agriculture. Mining. Fishing.

Why People Working in Primary Sector?

 Working in Primary sector usually simpler skills in comparison to
other sectors such as manufacturing and tertiary
 Some people may inherit land and hence become a part of
agricultural activities
 Tertiary occupations usually demand a higher level of education and
because the illiteracy rate is high in Pakistan people are forced to
become a part of the primary sector
 A very large percentage of people live in the rural areas. Here the
main occupation is in the primary sector

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 Also many people in rural areas are illiterate, thus they can’t enter into
jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector. Secondary sector requires
education of a certain minimum set standard etc
 Pakistan benefits two cropping season ensuring crop growth
throughout the year (permanent employment). Also the growing

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
areas are suitable for farming activities
 Pakistan has an estimated population growth rate of 1.6 percent
and so it becomes vital to feed the ever growing population by
growing more crops
 Pakistan has reserves of natural gas, petroleum and other minerals
such as limestone and gypsum which need to be extracted (mining,
fishing, livestock, agriculture and forestry are all primary sector jobs)
 Woodcutting is common in many areas of Pakistan as the demand for
fuel wood has increased. This is because many areas of Pakistan are
not supplied by gas
 Pakistan has a large amount of fish catch on the coasts of Karachi.
The people involved in inland and costal fishing increase the
number of people working in primary sector occupation
 Most of industries are agro-based, thus when the profits trickle down to
the farmer he has more incentive to cultivate new land. This requires
increased amount of labour thus increasing the number of people
working in this sector

Why the rate is decreasing of working people?

 The repeated division of land in the families after death of father
means that the next generation has farms which are very small in
size and thus
can’t provide a permanent or reliable source of income as income is too
small
 Waterlogging and salinity has meant that much of the fertile land has
been lost and is uncultivatable, thus people have been forced to
move into the cities in hope of better employment
 Also with rise in rural education many people want a better paying job
(which utilizes their skills) and thus move to the cities in search of it
 Increased mechanization has meant that now less hands are required
on the field as a machine can do the work of several persons in less
amount of time, with less effort
 Consolidation of holdings has occurred to increase efficiency so some
people have sold their lands and now need an alternative source of
income
 Some tenants face problems with the landlords, thus they are
forced to leave rural areas and move towards the cities

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

 Industries have also started developing outside of cities (to reduce

congestion), thus these industries are now located near the rural
areas, thus more rural folks can work in them

SECONDARY OCCUPATION
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 It includes occupation which process and manufacture the primary

products.
e.g. steel making, shipping or furniture making and assembly industries.

TERTIARY OCCUPATION
 It comprises of all those occupation which provide services such
as transport, banking, trade, insurance, administration, health,
education.

Why the rate is increasing of working people?

 People who work in the service sector of an economy usually earn
higher and so priority is given to jobs in this sector
 With an increase in literacy rate people manage to attain the
level of education required to take up jobs in this sector.
 Working conditions in this sector are often better than in primary
and secondary sectors When the country experiences an overall rise
in the standard of living, there is an increase in greater demand for
services. To fulfil these demands, there are greater work
opportunities in this sector (banking, telecommunications etc)
 Growth of tourism has meant that more people are required to in hotels
etc
 Higher investments by government in the education sector have
increased the standard of education and so more and more teaching
staff is required to run an increased number of schools
 Similarly investments in medicinal facilities requires more doctors and
nurses
 Only a limited number of people make things for their own use by
themselves and hence the need for retail outlets has expanded
 Increase in population and rise of standard of living has meant
more car drivers are required
 Increased industrialization has facilitated growth of banking,
insurance etc which has led to increased number of jobs
 Growth of telecommunications (internet and cellular companies) also
has led to more people seeking employment in this sector

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
EMPLOY
 A job to do for
payment.
 To use the services of (a person) in return for payment.

EMPLOYEE
 A person employed for wages.
 A person who is paid to work.

EMPLOYER
 A person or company that pays people to work for them.

EMPLOYMENT
 Work, especially when it is done to earn money.

SELF EMPLOYED
 Working independently and not for an employer.
 Working for your self and not employed by a company.

UNDER EMPLOYED
 Not having enough work to do.
 Not having work that makes full use of your skills and abilities.
 Not fully employed.

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

UNEMPLOYMENT
 Unemployment occurs when people who have the ability and the will to
earn,
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

can’t find a job.

Causes
 Lack of investments in Pakistan due to political instability hence, foreign
businesses don’t exist and no extra jobs are created
 High rate of population growth is another important factor as
there are limited jobs available
 There is a mismatch in the demand and supply of labour in form of
skills, gender, age etc required by the employer.
 Some of the people migrating from rural to urban areas in
hope of employment may remain unemployed due to
illiteracy etc
 With improvements in technology and capital intensive (machinery
based) means of production fewer labour is needed and workers
are laid off to reduce costs
 With mechanized farming becoming popular such as tractors etc few
people are required on the farm

Solutions

 Provide technical education, training and skill facilities

 Establishment of heavy industries and invite foreign investors
 Establishment of cottage industries in rural areas
 Computer education
 Establishment of technical institution
 Establishment of industrial estates
 Establishment of export processing zones
 Establishment of dry ports
 Establishment of other seasonal industries.
 Government schemes (Khushal Pakistan Programmes)
 Explore more overseas employment opportunities

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.4

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q5/B(i-ii)

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 2 J2017/P2/Q3/D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 3 J2016/P2/Q3/A-B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 4 J2016/P2/Q5/D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 5 J2011/P2/Q4/A

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 6 N2010/P2/Q3/A,D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 7 N2009/P2/Q5/D

Question 8 N2008/P2/Q3/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

LITERACY
 The ability to read and write is called literacy.

LEVEL OF EDUCATION
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

REASONS FOR HIGH ILLITERACY

 Lack of investment on the government’s part in educational projects
 Child labour results in children leaving education for work

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
 Lack of priority given to education in rural areas
 There is also a lack of schools and colleges in rural areas
 Poverty results in deprivation of children of education as parents fail
to pay for the fee
 Private schools are very expensive
 Lack of teaching staff and lecturers in Pakistan
 Large section of the population are located in the rural areas
 Education is not provided in remote areas
 Large number of remote areas exist

REASONS FOR HIGHER FEMALE ILLITERACY

 Lack of public institutions for girls
 Parents maybe not be in favour of a co-educational school and may
not send their girls to get educated
 Poverty results in people choosing to educate boys in preference over
girls
 Traditional attitudes influence people in rural areas such as the
role of a women is to stay home and that it results in a male
dominated society so fewer girls are given schooling

IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
 Education is required to read instructions (on back of a fertilizer bag
etc). This gives a farmer the ability to apply the right amount of
pesticides/fertilizers and at the right time leading to better yields
 The farmer could read and write (signing bank loans etc)
 Education is necessary for operating big and complex
machines like harvesters etc
 Education is also important in fields of extraction of minerals. This is a
major hurdle in achieving self-sufficiency in these minerals. Skilled
workers are needed to make operate computers and machines etc
 Leadership qualities and organizational skills are required to run
large companies successfully in increasingly competitive local as
well as foreign markets
 Increased literacy will result in more doctors; thus helping improve
health conditions in Pakistan along with nutritional requirements.
This will help

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

increase the span of time during which people will be able to serve the
state and contribute to its development
 Family planning services will be improved thus providing a better
future for rural Pakistanis who would now have more resources per
person. This will reduce rural-urban migration
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

 With the increase in use of telecommunications (internet) to

research and learn techniques, make deals etc, the value of
education cannot be ignored

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.5

Question 1 N2013/P2/Q5/A-C

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 2 N2012/P2/Q4/D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

RECENT PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

Question 1 J2018/P2/Q5

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 N2018/P2/Q5

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 3 J2019/P2/Q5
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 N2019/P2/Q5
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

ANSWER KEY
Practice Questions 1.1

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 J2017/P2/Q1/B
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

Question 3 J2016/P2/Q1/C-D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 J2015/P2/Q5/A,C-D
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 5 N2014/P2/Q4/D-E
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 6 N2013/P2/Q5/D

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 7 J2013/P2/Q5/A-B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 8 N2012/P2/Q5/A-B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 9 J2010/P2/Q5/B-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/B-C

Question 11 J2009/P2/Q5/A-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

Question 12 J2006/P2/Q5/A

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 13 N2005/P2/Q5/B

Practice Questions 1.2

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/A-B(i),D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 J2017/P2/Q2/C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 3 N2016/P2/Q5/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 J2015/P2/Q5/B
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

Question 5 J2014/P2/Q5/B-D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 6 N2012/P2/Q5/C
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

Question 7 J2012/P2/Q5/D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 8 J2011/P2/Q4/B-D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 9 N2010/P2/Q3/B

Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/A

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 11 J2009/P2/Q5/D

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 12 N2008/P2/Q3/A

Question 13 J2006/P2/Q5/C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Practice Questions 1.3

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q2/C

Question 2 J2016/P2/Q1/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 3 N2014/P2/Q4/A-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 J2012/P2/Q5/A-C

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 5 N2011/P2/Q4/B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 6 N2005/P2/Q5/A,C
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Practice Questions 1.4

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q5/B(i-ii)

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 2 J2017/P2/Q3/D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 3 J2016/P2/Q3/A-B

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 4 J2016/P2/Q5/D

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 5 J2011/P2/Q4/A

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 6 N2010/P2/Q3/A,D

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 7 N2009/P2/Q5/D

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 8 N2008/P2/Q3/B

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Practice Questions 1.5

Question 1 N2013/P2/Q5/A-C
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 2 N2012/P2/Q4/D

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Recent Past Paper Questions
Question 1 J2018/P2/Q5

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

Question 2 N2018/P2/Q5

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

Question 3 J2019/P2/Q5

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

 +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
Question 4 N2019/P2/Q5

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I

+92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@[Link] [Link]

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I