Static Var Compensator (SVC) & Static Compensator (STATCOM)
BRIEF OVERVIEW
Flow of Presentation
Introduction
High voltage power transmission network in India
FACTS elements in transmission network
Basics of FACTS elements
Semiconductor devices
Parallel & series var compensation
Basics of SVC
Basics of STATCOM
STATCOM CONTROL Overview
Basics of FSC/TCSC
SVCs and STATCOMs……
C. New Wanpoh S/s - (+) 300 MVAR / (-) 200 MVAR
(Commissioned / Under Execution)
SVC IN OPERATION
• Kanpur S/S: 2 X +/- 140MVAR -- Since 1993.
• Ludhiana S/s : (+) 600 MVAR / (-) 400 MVAR
• Kankroli S/s : (+) 400 MVAR / (-)300 MVAR
• New Wanpoh: (+) 300 MVAR / (-)200 MVAR
C STATCOM –
A • NP KUNTA S/S : +/- 100Mvar
12
• Rourkela ±300 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor
B • Aurangabad ±300 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
13 1x125MVAR Capacitor
7 • Solapur ±300 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
10
1x125MVAR Capacitor
9 • Satna ±300 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
2 1x125MVAR Capacitor
1
• Ranchi ±300 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor
• Jeypore ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
3 2x125MVAR Capacitor
11
• Kishanganj ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor
4 8 • Nallagarh ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
2x125MVAR Capacitor
• Gwalior ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
1x125MVAR Capacitor
• Lucknow ±300 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
6 1x125MVAR Capacitor
5
• Hyderabad ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
1x125MVAR Capacitor
• Trichy ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
1x125MVAR Capacitor
• Udumalpet ±200 MVAR STATCOM ; 2X125 Reactor ,
1x125MVAR Capacitor
Power Semiconductor Devices
Thyristor
No gate turn-off, not suitable for VSCs, highest ratings, Lowest
losses, Lowest cost, low gate power with optical turn-on. (ABB,
Infineon, Dynex, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Hitachi and China)
Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO).
High ratings, low forward losses, Slow turn on, high switching
losses and high gate drive power. No longer used for HVDC or
FACTS.
IGBT
Gate turn-off, Low switching losses, higher conduction losses,
lower ratings than Thyristors, wire bonder packaging need
explosion proof enclosure, low cost. (Many suppliers)
Press-pack IGBT
Gate Turn-off, low switching losses, higher conduction losses,
does not need explosion proof enclosure, higher cost (ABB, Toshiba
IEGT)
Future Advanced Devices
High power, Fast switching, low conduction and switching losses
High Power Devices
Conventional Thyristor GTO IGBT High Power Device
Direct Light Triggered IIGBT Wire-Bonded IGBT High Power Press pack Device
Thyristor
POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY &
STABILITY
δ
P = U1U2Sinδ
XL
Or P ∝ U1U2
Or P ∝ 1/ XL
Where U1 = Sending end Voltage.
U2 = Receiving end Voltage
XL = Series Inductive Reactance of Transmission line
δ = Phasor angle by which U1 leads U2
POWER LOADING ON LINE CAN BE ENHANCED:
1. By Raising U1,
2. By Raising U2
3. By raising δ
4. By reducing XL.
WHAT IS FACTS
TWO TYPE OF FACTS:
– Parallel Compensation:
• Mechanical Switched Reactor/Capacitor
• Static VAR Compensator
• Static Compensator
– Series Compensation
• Fixed Series Compensation (FSC)
• Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC)
• Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPHC)
FACTS – PARALLEL COMPENSATION
SVC Main Components
– Power Transformer
– Power Capacitor Banks
– Air Core Reactors
– Thyristor Valves
– Valve Cooling System
– Instrument Transformers
– Surge Arresters
– Electronic Voltage Transducers
– Disconnectors, Earthing Switches
– Auxiliary supply system (LT Trafo, ACDB, DCDB, DG Set, UPS etc.)
– Control, Protection and Monitoring system
– Illumination system, Air conditioning & Ventilation system
– EHV yard equipment (PT, CT, CB , isolator / ES Etc.
SVC Main Branches providing Reactive Power
TCR – Thyristor Controlled Reactor
– Provides Inductive Vars
– Dynamically controlled in its range from zero current to full current
TSC – Thyristor Switched Capacitor
– Provides Capacitive Vars, ON/OFF Control
– Zero current when switched off
– Full current when switched on
– Regulation in Capacitive range achieved by simultaneous controlled
conduction of TCR
Harmonic Filters (5th , 7th or Double tuned Filters)
– Absorbs Harmonics generated by TCR
– Provides Capacitive Var, Always connected
Power Transformer
– Steps down EHV Bus Voltage to MV level, Provides some inductive var too
which depends on its Impedance
THYRISTOR VALVE
Valve
Anode
V
Gate Th1 Th2
Cathode
ωt
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
Vp 120º
150º
Vp 90º
Vp
ωt
ωtω
Reactor
I
VV
V LL
L
L VL ωtω
ωtt
Vp
Controlled
Susceptance I I
I
Th1 Th2
ωtωt
ωt
Thyristor
Valve
TCR – Fundamental U/I characteristic
Vm
Xs
0º
150º
I m
12
5º
165º
5º
13
º
90
10
1.0 System loadline
L
E Vm
Th1 Th2
I
0 1.0
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
Vp 90º
ωt
Capacitor bank
I including current-
limiting reactor
Vc
L
ωt
Vc
Vp
Th1 Th2
Thyristor
Valve
FP
ωt
TSC – Fundamental U/I characteristic
Xs
I m Vm
L
Vc 1.0
E
120º
135º
90º
165
150
18
º
0º
Th1 Th2 Th1 Th2
I
0
1.0
Voltage Current Characteristics
TCR and Filters (transformer impedance neglected)
1
X L = ωL BL = −
ωL
TCR + Filter TCR no filter
Vm
1
XC = − BC = ωC
ωC The SVC must
always operate with
filters connected!
BSVC = BL + BC
I
1 1 0
X SVC =− = −
BSVC − 1
+ ωC FC
ωL
Voltage Current Characteristics
TSC and Filters (transformer impedance neglected)
Filter
1
XC = −
ωC Filter+TSC Vm
BC = ωC
BSVC = BTSC + BFC
1 1 I
X SVC = − =− 0
BSVC (ωCTSC + ωCFC )
Principle of Shunt Compensation 1(6)
Vs Vm Vr
Xl Xl
X'd X'd
Es XT XT Er
a b
Xl Xl
Load
Vm
Xs
I m P
System load line
slope Xs
E
Xc
E Vm
I
0
Principle of Shunt Compensation 2(6)
Vs Vm Vr
Xl Xl
X'd X'd
Es XT XT Er
a b
Xl Xl
Load
Vm
Xs
I m
System load line
slope Xs
Voltage decrease
E P
XL
E Vm
I
0
Principle of Shunt Compensation 3(6)
Vs Vm Vr
Xl Xl
X'd X'd
Es XT XT Er
a b
Xl Xl
Load
Vm
P3
P1 E
P2 Pre-fault slope ; Xs
Ef
Post-fault slope; Xs'
I
0
Principle of Shunt Compensation 4(6)
Vs Vm Vr
Xl Xl
X'd X'd
Es XT XT Er
a b
Xl Xl
Load
Vm
E
P1
Pre-fault slope Xs
Ef
Post-fault slope Xs'
P2
I
0
Principles of Static Compensation 5(6)
Vs Vm Vr
Xl Xl
X'd X'd
Es XT XT Er
a b
Xl Xl
Load
SVC
Vm
Compensator Characteristics
Fixed Capbank
Reactor + Fixed Capbank
Switched Capbank + Fixed Capbank
I
0
Principles of Static Compensation 6(6)
Vs Vm Vr
Xl Xl
X'd X'd
Es XT XT Er
a b
Xl Xl
Load
SVC
Vm
P
4
3 2
1
I
0
SVC step response
Design Conditions – Southern Terminal SVC 2 (2)
Southern Terminal, VI-diagram seen from the primary side
1.4
At 1.0 p.u. primary
1.2 C
voltage
B
D Inductive, continuous, point
B 100 Mvar
1
A E
Capacitive, continuous,
point A 200
Mvar
Primary voltage [pu]
0.8
0.6 At 1.1 p.u. primary
voltage
0.4
Inductive, continuous, point
L 121 Mvar
0.2
Capacitive, continuous,
point E 200
0
Mvar
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
SVC current [pu]
TCR - Harmonic Generation
– A current or voltage for which the wave form deviates
from pure sinus contains harmonics
– If the voltage – time areas of the positive and negative half
cycles are of equal size and shape, then the wave form
includes only odd harmonics
– Thus harmonics of order 3,5,7,9,11...... will be generated
by the TCR
– The amplitude of the harmonics will vary with the firing
angle
SVC – TCR CURRENTS
• Currents through the Reactor is controlled by varying the
Thyristor Firing angles.
•TCR current is not sinusoidal & contains fundamental as
well as large harmonics
•For a six pulse valve controller, major harmonic orders are
5th & 7th.
•Filter banks are provided for filtering the harmonics. Design
of filter requires information about the network harmonic
impedances, back-ground harmonics & system unbalances.
TCR – Harmonic Current vs Control
Angle
Harmonic Currents vs control angle
In [% ]
15
14
13
12
11
10
9 3
8 5
7 7
6 9
5
4
3
2
1
0
90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180
Control angle (degrees)
Air Core Reactors
These magnetic clearances are defined as:
– MC1: clearance for any metallic parts in the neighbourhood
– MC2: clearance for any metallic closed loop
– MC3: clearance for occupational areas (for trained professionals)
– MC4: clearance for general public (usually where fences are placed in yard)
POWER CAPACITOR
RESISTORS
Resistors are used in following locations:
– In Charging of STATCOM Valves (Charging Resistors) Charging_Resistor-[Link]
– In the neutral of Grounding Transformer as Neutral Grounding Resistors (NGR) NGR [Link]
– In series to Capacitors (if applicable) to damp oscillations (Damping Resistors)
Valve Cooling System
TCR
Circulating de-ionized
water/glycol mixture
Low conductivity
SVC – Single Line Diagram
COMPONENTS: THYRISTOR VALVES, REACTORS, CAPACITORS, TRANSFORMER, VALVE
COOLING SYSTEM, CONTROL & PROTECTION
FUNCTION: PROVIDES DYNAMIC VOLTAGE CORRECTION & POWER OSCILLATION DAMPING
400KV BUS
SVC AT KANPUR S/S
CAPACITY : 2 UNITS OF +/-140MVAR
TYPICAL SETTING: Auto Mode
Vref : 402KV, Slope: 3% 10.56KV BUS
5th Filter 7th Filter
+40MVAR +10MVAR
TCR-I TCR-II TSC
-95MVAR-95MVAR +90MVAR
SVC Losses
Losses depends upon branch configurations
TYPICAL SVC LAYOUT
SVC at Kanpur
Coupling Transformer
TCR BRANCH
TSC BRANCH
TCR
TSC
SVC SWITCHYARD AREAS
Filter Branch
MV BUS WORK
TCR
SVC Installation in POWERGRID
1. 2 X +/- 140Mvar SVC at Kanpur 400kV (Service since 1992)
2. +300/-200 Mvar SVC at New Wanpoh (Commissioned)
3. +400/-300 Mvar SVC at Kankroli (Commissioned)
4. +600/-400 Mvar SVC at Ludhiana (Commissioned)
2. STATCOM
COMPONENTS: GTO / IGBT VALVES, DC CAPACITOR, PHASE REACTORS, COUPLING
TRANSFORMER, VALVE COOLING SYSTEM, CONTROL & PROTECTION
• MULTILEVEL Voltage Source Converter
• DC capacitor act as a Voltage source
• VSC works as a synchronus condensor
• No need of large passive components like
Capacitor bank or Reactors
• Only small High pass Filter reqd or NO filter
• compact size compared to conventional SVC
• Regulates the Voltage by injecting Reactive
current in to the system
VSC operation as Inductive & capacitive var source
VSC operation as Rectifier & Inverter
VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER
+ Vd/2
- Vd/2
BASIC POWER MODULE
Power Module
POWER MODULE COMPENENTS
DRY TYPE DC CAPACITOR
POWER MODULE PARTS
Capacitor
Unit
IGBT
Stacks
Discharge Bypass
Resistor Switch
IGBT Drive
Board
One power module in Multi-module / Chain link
configuration and typical ratings
MULTI MODULE configuration
MultiModule ( Chain link) valve configuartion
3-ph VALVE ARRANGMENTS
3-PH DIAGRAM OF STATCOM UNIT
STATCOM Valves
Statcom valves (Multilevel configuartion)
VI curve : SVC Vs STATCOM
Thyristor-based SVC and Turn-off thyristor or IGBT -based STATCOM
CLOSE LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
SVC Vs STATCOM: PERFORMANCE
1.1 pu
1.0 pu
0.9 pu
+1.0 pu -1.0 pu
STATCOM Characteristics
Like a machine
– More Mvar at low voltage than an equivalent
capacitor
Better than a machine
– Less maintenance, no rotating parts
– Smaller
– Faster response
Advance over the SVC
– Faster response, better for flicker reduction
– Very low self-generated harmonics
– Less switchyard equipment
SVC Vs STATCOM: SPACE SAVING
STATCOM Station – single line diagram
TYPICAL STATCOM STATION LAYOUT
STATCOM YARD AREA
CLC – Input Signals
• HV (400kV Bus Voltage) : To calculate magnitude of actual Ph-Ph Voltages & frequency.
• MV Bus Voltage : To synchronise Converter output.
• Converter Currents: To control Converter output.
• 400kV Line currents / Power: For POD control function
Control Mode Selection
1. Manual Control Mode :
2. Automatic Control Mode:
BUMPLESS OPERATION MODE CHANGEOVER
Control Redundancy
STATCOM ON-OFF SEQUENCE
Emergency OFF
REFERENCE SETTINGS
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL MODE
Close loop control – simplified block diagram
V-I DIAGRAM WITH FAST VOLTAGE CONTROL MODE
V-I DIAGRAM WITH Q-CONTROL IN VOLTAGE CONTROL MODE
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROLLER
POD AND SSR DAMPING CONTROLS
POWER OSCILLATION DAMPING
SUB SYNCHRONUS RESONANCE (SSR) DAMPING
Based on system studies for SSR, control measures shall be implemented in STATCOM
Control to mitigate the SSR. It is likely to oocur only in cases where there is a large TPP
in close vicinity to the STATCOM Station.
LIMIT EVALUATION IN CONTROLS
POWER MODULE (IGBT) CONTROL
CONTROL OF 400KV BUS REACTORS
O/V & U/V CONTROL STRATEGY
OTHER SUPERVISION FUNCTION
Converter current supervision:
Breaker failure supervision (LBB):
STATCOM STATION PROTECTION ZONES
CB
REDUNDANT PROTECTION PROVIDED FOR EACH ZONE
TYPICAL LOSS CURVE FOR A STATCOM
NOTE: LOSSES ARE TYPICALLY LOWER THAN SVC FOR CASES REQ
ZERO MVAR OUTPUT FROM THE COMPENSATOR FOR MOST OF THE
Comparison of various type of shunt
compensators
Comparison of response to a fault
STATCOM provides fast damping
Response comparison (MVAR output)
installation view – Small capacity containerized
solution
Installation view – a small capacity Statcom
Containerised solution for Small capacity installation
By:
Abhay Kumar
Sr. GM, ENGG-CC
POWERGRID
Sr. Member IEEE
Member Cigre NSC B5,
Member BIS ETD 35
Email:abhaykumar@[Link]
