1.

Poetry

 This category includes rhythmic and meaningful works, often arranged in verses.
Children's poetry uses rhyme and playful language to engage young readers,
introducing them to creative expression. Examples include Mother Goose
Nursery Rhymes and Jabberwocky

Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes: Traditional English nursery rhymes often

attributed to "Mother Goose," featuring simple language, repetition, and rhyme,
making them suitable for young children.
The Owl and the Pussycat by E. Lear: A whimsical and nonsensical poem by
Edward Lear about the adventures of an owl and a cat.
Jabberwocky by L. Carroll: A nonsensical poem by Lewis Carroll found in
Through the Looking-Glass. Known for its playful language and imaginative
words.
Little Red Riding Hood by R. Dahl: A poem from Roald Dahl’s Revolting
Rhymes series, providing a humorous and sometimes dark twist on traditional
fairy tales.
Life Doesn’t Frighten Me by M. Angelou: A poem by Maya Angelou that
encourages children to face their fears and challenges confidently.

2. Picture Books

 Combining illustrations with text, picture books are short and use simple
language to tell stories or convey information. They help young children develop
reading skills and enhance comprehension through visuals.

The Very Hungry Caterpillar by E. Carle: A popular picture book by Eric Carle
that tells the story of a caterpillar's transformation into a butterfly. It also
introduces concepts like counting and days of the week.
The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss: A playful, rhyming book by Dr. Seuss about a
mischievous cat who entertains two children during a rainy day.
The Giving Tree by S. Silverstein: A thought-provoking story by Shel
Silverstein about a tree's selfless love for a boy, exploring themes of giving and
sacrifice.
Where the Wild Things Are by M. Sendak: A book by Maurice Sendak about a
young boy named Max who imagines himself in a land of wild creatures,
exploring emotions and imagination.

3. Traditional Literature

 Traditional literature encompasses folktales, fables, and fairy tales passed down
through generations, often featuring universal themes and moral lessons.

Aesop’s Fables: A collection of short stories attributed to Aesop, each featuring

a moral lesson, often conveyed through animal characters.
 Andersen’s Fairytales: Stories by Hans Christian Andersen, including famous
tales like The Little Mermaid and The Ugly Duckling, known for their moral and
sometimes dark themes.
The Grimm Brothers’ Fairytales: Traditional German tales collected by the
Brothers Grimm, including classics like Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel.
One Thousand and One Arabian Nights Stories: A collection of Middle
Eastern folk tales told by Scheherazade, including stories like Aladdin and Ali
Baba and the Forty Thieves.
Other Famous Fairytales: Other popular fairy tales from various cultures that
convey moral lessons or entertain with magical elements. General reference to
widely known fairy tales like Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty, retold in numerous
versions worldwide.
Filipino Folktales: Traditional tales from the Philippines, passed down orally,
often featuring mythical creatures, animals, or moral lessons specific to Filipino
culture. Stories like The Monkey and the Turtle and Juan Tamad, passed down
orally across Filipino culture.
Filipino Legends: Stories from Philippine mythology or history that explain
natural phenomena, cultural beliefs, or historical events unique to the Philippines.
Includes tales such as The Legend of Maria Makiling and The Legend of Mayon
Volcano, which explain natural phenomena and cultural beliefs in Philippine
mythology.

4. Modern Fables:
These are stories that convey moral lessons through anthropomorphized animals and
simple narratives. They often highlight themes of virtue, ethics, and the consequences
of actions.

EX:
Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter
Moral Lesson: Teaches about the consequences of disobedience and the importance of
listening to parental guidance.
Anthropomorphism: Peter and the other animals exhibit human-like traits, making their
experiences relatable.
Simple Narrative: The plot follows Peter's adventure in Mr. McGregor's garden,
illustrating the dangers of curiosity.
5. Modern Fantasy:
This genre features imaginative and fantastical elements, often set in magical worlds or
involving extraordinary characters. It explores themes of adventure, friendship, and the
battle between good and evil.
EX:
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by L. Carroll
-Features whimsical characters and absurd logic, creating a dreamlike world that defies
reality, a hallmark of modern fantasy.
6. Realistic Fiction:
This genre portrays everyday life and believable characters in relatable situations. It
often addresses real-life issues, emotions, and social dynamics, making it easy for
readers to connect with the story.

EX:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
-Centers on Greg Heffley, a middle schooler, as he deals with everyday challenges like
friendships, family dynamics, and school life, all depicted with humor and authenticity.
7. NON-FICTION
Nonfiction is a genre of writing that deals with real people, events, and information. It is
based on facts and evidence, and aims to inform, educate, or persuade the reader.
1. BIOGRAPHY
 a written account of a real person's life. It's based on facts and research, aiming to
tell the story of a person's life, achievements, and experiences.
 It is a form of literature, commonly considered nonfictional, the subject of which is
the life of an individual.
 One of the oldest forms of literary expression, it seeks to re-create in words the life
of a human being—as understood from the historical or personal perspective of the
author
 Retained from drawing upon all available evidence, including that retained in
memory as well as written, oral, and pictorial material.
2. ESSAY
 Is a short piece of writing that explores a specific topic or idea based on facts and
evidence. It's a structured form of writing that presents an argument, analysis, or
personal reflection on a particular subject.
Example :

I am Malala
By Malala Yousafzai

"I Am Malala" is the captivating autobiography of Malala Yousafzai, a young Pakistani

activist known for her unwavering advocacy for girls' education. The book traces
Malala's upbringing in the Swat Valley, where her father's commitment to education
deeply influenced her. As the Taliban's influence grew, Malala fearlessly spoke out
against their oppressive policies through a blog, drawing global attention. In a shocking
turn of events, Malala was targeted and survived a Taliban assassination attempt,
propelling her to international fame as a beacon of courage and resilience. Through her
recovery and continued activism, Malala emerged as a symbol of the transformative
power of education, the fight for women's rights, and the indomitable spirit of those who
dare to stand up for justice and equality. Her story serves as a powerful reminder of the
importance of education, the strength of the human spirit, and the need for universal
access to learning opportunities for all children.

"Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl"

is a poignant and powerful account of a young Jewish girl's experiences hiding from the
Nazis during World War II. The diary, written between 1942 and 1944, offers a raw and
intimate glimpse into the life of a teenager facing unimaginable hardship and fear.

8. Historical Fiction
 The historical fiction definition in literature is a story that blends true historical
facts with fictional characters and events.
 This historical fiction meaning in any type of media mixes fictional details with a
strongly detailed, historically accurate setting.
 The genre is comprised of historical facts with writers often filling in gaps with
fictional elements to make the story more entertaining.

Example : “Number the stars” by Lois Lowry

"Number the Stars" by Lois Lowry is a historical fiction novel set in Copenhagen,
Denmark during World War II. The story follows ten-year-old Annemarie Johansen and
her best friend, Ellen Rosen, a Jewish girl, as they navigate the dangers of Nazi-
occupied Denmark.
When the Nazis begin rounding up Jewish people, Ellen's family goes into hiding,
leaving Ellen in the care of the Johansen family. Annemarie's family, along with the
Danish Resistance, works tirelessly to help Ellen and other Jewish families escape to
safety in Sweden.
Annemarie's courage is tested as she faces checkpoints, encounters Nazi soldiers, and
helps smuggle an important package to her uncle, a fisherman who is secretly
transporting Jews across the sea. She learns about the dangers of the Nazis and the
importance of resistance, while also experiencing the power of friendship and family
during a time of great fear and uncertainty.

The novel ends with the war over, and Annemarie, now twelve, anxiously awaits the
return of her best friend, Ellen, and her family. "Number the Stars" is a story of bravery,
friendship, and the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity. It highlights the
importance of standing up against injustice and the power of small acts of courage in
the face of overwhelming odds.

"Little House on the Prairie"

By Laura Ingalls Wilder

"Little House on the Prairie" follows the Ingalls family as they leave their familiar
Wisconsin home to start anew in Kansas. Set in the late 19th century, the series
captures the challenges and adventures of pioneer life through the eyes of Laura
Ingalls, the protagonist and author's alter ego. The family faces hardships such as harsh
weather, encounters with Native American tribes, and the struggle to build a new home
on the vast prairie. Through their resilience, resourcefulness, and strong family bonds,
the Ingalls navigate the uncertainties of frontier living, finding joy in simple pleasures
and a deep appreciation for the land and each other. Laura's coming-of-age journey,
filled with both excitement and trials, resonates with readers of all ages, making the
"Little House" series a timeless classic that celebrates the pioneer spirit and the
enduring power of family and perseverance.

9. Multicultural and international literature

 LIterature that “incorporates nationality, ethnicity, class, gender, religion, disability,
age, sexual orientation, family status, geographic difference, linguistic variation, and
any other possible differences from the mainstream culture.
 Multicultural and international literature encompasses a vast and diverse range of
works that explore the experiences, perspectives, and cultural identities of people
from around the globe. It goes beyond simply representing different cultures; it
 delves into the complexities of cultural identity, the intersection of traditions and
modernity, and the universal human experiences that connect us all.
 Multicultural and International books help to educate children about the many rich
cultures around the world, they help children to appreciate the differences in each
culture, but also, they help children to recognize our many similarities that,
hopefully, dispels the fears that generate prejudices, hatred, and eventual clashes
that lead to us to battles.

Akong Bugsay (My Paddle)

By Amaya C. Aboitiz

In 'Akong Bugsay by Amaya Aboitiz, Andoy, who is eager to learn fishing from his father,Papa,
ventures on a fishing trip to Caubian Island. Facing setbacks during a storm,
Andoyovercomes fear with Papa's encouragement and the rhythmic song they sing.“Bugsay,
bugsay, kiling kiling diyutay. Bugsay, bugsay sa barotong gamay.”Despite initial setbacks, they
continue to catch fish, and return successful. Andoy learnsvaluable lessons about goal-setting
and perseverance, symbolized by his cherished [Link] story ends with Andoy inspired
to explore new skills, like weaving fishing baskets

"Hidden Figures" by Margot Lee Shetterly

It tells the remarkable story of a group of African American women mathematicians who
played a pivotal role in NASA's early years, particularly during the Space Race. Set
against the backdrop of segregation and discrimination in the American South, the book
highlights the resilience, intelligence, and determination of these women, who overcame
significant obstacles to achieve groundbreaking success in the field of science. The
book highlights the systemic racism and sexism the three women faced, from
segregated workplaces and bathrooms to limited opportunities for advancement.
Despite these challenges, they persevered, proving their exceptional talent and
contributing significantly to NASA's success. "Hidden Figures" not only celebrates their
scientific achievements but also sheds light on the broader struggle for civil rights and
the importance of recognizing the contributions of marginalized groups in shaping
history.

The book is a powerful testament to the human spirit, showcasing the ability of
individuals to overcome adversity and achieve extraordinary feats. It serves as a
reminder of the importance of diversity and inclusion in all fields, particularly in STEM,
and the need to acknowledge the contributions of those who have been historically
overlooked.