TAGUIG CITY

UNIVERSITY

Government and
Politics
Advisor

Prof. Queencifel Mabugay

Topics to discuss:

I Government and Politics 3

II Branches of government
6
III History of Politics
9
IV Foundation of government and politics
10
V Politician Administrator Accord

VI Implications to Public Administration 12

2
I GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

GOVERNMENT
- is the system used to make the decisions. It is the
body of persons that constitutes the governing
authority of a political unit or organisation. There are
many different systems of government – ranging
from autocracy to democracy.
 BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT

• LEGISLATIVE - is authorised to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the
power vested in the Philippine Congress.

STRUCTURES OF LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

- is the upper house of Congress, the bicameral legislature
• The Senate of the Philippines
of the Philippines. The Senate is composed of 24 senators
(Filipino: Senado ng Pilipinas)
who are elected at-large (the country forms one district in
senatorial elections) under a plurality-at-large voting

• The House of Representatives - is the lower house of Congress, the bicameral

(Filipino: Kapulungan ng mga legislature of the Philippines. The lower house is

Kinatawan) commonly referred to as Congress although the term

collectively refers to both house
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

• Executive - is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by
direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants
the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.

STRUCTURES OF EXECUTIVE

• President - the president of the Philippines, being the chief

executive, serves as both the head of state and head of
government of the Philippines.

• Vice - As the second highest public office in the land, the

Office of the Vice President shall work for the welfare of

President the Filipino people and contribute to nation-building,

economic development and political stability by fostering
fidelity to the Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines
 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

• Executive - is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by
direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants
the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.

STRUCTURES OF EXECUTIVE

• Cabinet - They possess the power to issue directives

relative to their departments, such as department
Secretaries orders. They also act as advisors to the President
of the Philippines for their areas
 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Judicial branch - This branch determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the
government

STRUCTURES OF JUDICIAL

• Supreme Court - If has the exclusive power to promulgate rules

concerning the protection and enforcement of
constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and
procedure in all courts, the admission of the law, the
integrated bar and legal assistance to the
underprivileged.
 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Judicial branch - This branch determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the
government

STRUCTURES OF JUDICIAL

• Court of - Its principal mandate is to exercise

appellate jurisdiction on all cases not falling
Appeals within the original and exclusive jurisdiction
of the Supreme Court

2
 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Judicial branch - This branch determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the
government

STRUCTURES OF JUDICIAL

• Court of Tax - a special Court mandated to address the

adjudication of appeals involving internal
Appeals revenue tax and customs cases of the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue and the
Commissioner of Customs, respectively.
 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Judicial branch - This branch determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the
government

STRUCTURES OF JUDICIAL

• Sandiganbayan - is a special court in the Philippines that has

jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases
involving graft and corrupt practices and other
offences committed by public officers and
employees, including those in government-
owned and controlled corporations
II GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

- refers to the distribution and exercise of power, the activities

Politics associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially

the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to
achieve power and polity refers to the political institution through
which power is distributed and exercised.

The study of politics and government in

the Philippines was borne out of critical
junctures in historical state-making and
nation-building in the country. From
colonialism to nationalism,
modernization, authoritarianism, and
democratisation
II HISTORY OF POLITICS

• HISTORY OF POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- Early polities in what is now the Philippines were small entities known as
barangays, although some larger states were established following the
arrival of Hinduism and Islam through regional trade networks. The arrival
of Spanish settlers began a period of Spanish expansion which led to the
creation of the Captaincy General of the Philippines, governed out of
Manila. The reliance on native leaders to help govern led to the creation of
an elite class known as the principalia. Spanish control was never firmly
established over much of its claimed territory, with some inland and
Islamic regions remaining effectively independent.
II HISTORY OF POLITICS

• HISTORY OF POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- The pre-existing elite was entrenched within the new political system,
and the dominant Nacionalista Party steadily gained more control over its
institutions. In 1935 the autonomous Commonwealth of the Philippines
was established, giving the Philippines its own constitution and a powerful
President. Plans for independence were interrupted by Japanese invasion
during World War II. The Japanese established the nominally independent
Second Philippine Republic, but American and Allied reconquest restored
the Commonwealth and led to full independence in 1946
III FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• THE FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- When the United States colonised the Philippines in 1898 it planned to gradually grant self-
determination to the country as the principles of democracy were imbibed by the population. As
education was not widespread, the elite and the educated benefited most from the system
instituted by the US, which was largely executed by officers of the US army. Filipinos worked in
the American administration and quickly came to value the concept of self-government. By
1917, when the US decided to institute its policy of ‘Filipinization’ , the elite was ready to assume
positions vacated by departing US military officers. Between 1917 and 1935, when the
Commonwealth came into existence, political parties were formed and most of the population
was educated into accepting the principles of democracy, which meant having a ruling party
and an opposition. In this respect, the Philippines was significantly different from many Asian
countries which gained independence a few years later.
III FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• THE FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- The Nacionalista and Liberal parties, which differed little ideologically, dominated politics, and
politicians switched parties to gain office. But the democratic system that developed did not
represent the majority of the population
- Beyond this, the colonial authorities made sure that only the candidates who represented colonial
interests first and last won. This practice did not die with colonialism. The ensuing political order,
which persisted long after independence, was one where a handful of families effectively and
ruthlessly ruled a society riven by inequality
- The first duty of the Commonwealth government was national security. President Manuel Quezon
procured the services of General Douglas MacArthur, who was about to retire as US Army Chief of
Staff, to establish the Philippine military. MacArthur and his US military advisory team used the
Swiss army as a model for the Philippine army
III FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• THE FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- Courses at the academy were oriented towards equipping cadets to maintain internal
law and order through combat techniques. The curriculum did not address subjects in
the humanities. Maintaining law and order, more a policing than military function,
required more emphasis on domestic politics than military skills. Officers recruited from
the Reserve Officers Training Course (ROTC) conducted at the universities were more
amenable to humanitarian considerations, but they did not generally hold command
positions in the military as they were seen as part-time soldiers
III FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• THE FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- Officers’ adherence to democratic practices also suffered under the Commission

on Appointments (CA), instituted to vet appointments under a functioning
democracy. Politicians who were members of the CA sought and gained allegiance
from officers in exchange for approving their promotion. Many officers
consequently remained indebted to politicians and were unable to conform strictly
to the military chain of command.

The 1935 constitution, which was adopted at independence on 4 July 1946,

provided the framework within which a democratic state could develop.
III FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• THE FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- The Constitution was supplemented by laws enacted by legislatures at the

national, provincial, and city/municipal levels of government. A centralised court
system which was headed by the Supreme Court performed the judicial function
of the state and a career national bureaucracy administered the policies of the
government. In other words, the political and institutional infrastructure of a
democratic government was in place in the Philippines at the time of
independence.
IV POLITICIAN ADMINISTRATOR ACCORD

Politician Administrator Accord

• The viability of the public administrator depends, to a great extent, on the political
stability of the country. The administrator cannot divorce himself from political
influence.

Politics and public administration are so intertwined as to make it

impossible to speak of one without mentioning the other. The fact is:
there can be no public administration without politics and no politics
without public administration. Indeed, all aspects of government
operation revolve in a political milieu. Under the bureaucratic structure
of the government, the administrator cannot achieve the objectives
of his organisation without political intervention.
 IV POLITICIAN ADMINISTRATOR ACCORD

Politician Administrator Accord

While the powers of the politicians and the administrators may be theoretically
separate, their powers are intended to be integrated for the general welfare of the
[Link] be effective lawmakers, it is the duty of legislators to know what is going
on in every department of the government. The administrator, on the other hand,
should know that politicians owe their duties not only to the general population, but
also to their particular constituents.
The politician-administrator accord may be fostered by program of the administrator
but to support it.
IV POLITICIAN ADMINISTRATOR ACCORD

Politician Administrator Accord

Reconciliation of problems along this line may, therefore, take many forms. It should,
however, be primarily aimed at catering to the interest of a greater number of people. As
such the politician-administrator accord may be fostered by:

1) social relations to the extent permitted by public duty and good sense;

(2) giving the due considerations to political recommendations; and

(3) an intelligent discussion of the needs of public administration jointly by legislators

and administrators
IV POLITICIAN ADMINISTRATOR ACCORD

Politician Administrator Accord

Regarding the use of force, there are political units which would submit to the áberrations of a demagogue; while
in other places, there would be an active resistance. Between diplomacy and the rule of the gun, there are
consequences that certain groups gain from and those that do not; reactions would vary, of course, and public
opinion would be as varied according to the sociocultural temperament and attitudes of the people. Government
policies set to achieve maximum peace and economic stability for this matter - which are two of the ends of good
government, therefore, be geared toward the achievement of these ends.

Legal violations or reactions to violations are similarly governed by the domestic concepts and practices inherent
in any community. Along this line, public administration still has to take into account how the people would face
certain measures and how they would fare when thrown into some expedient means taken by the government to
safeguard the national security
IV POLITICIAN ADMINISTRATOR ACCORD

Politician Administrator Accord

The religion of a people may also tighten its hold on any government. Therefore,
public administrators apparently cannot just shrug off the religious aspect of the
people's consciousness. At the same time, public administrators also seem to be
fazed with recognizing law where it is.
Public administration, considerably, must look beyond the realm of cultural barriers if
it were to relatively find protective ramparts in its governmental system
IV IMPLICATIONS TO PUBLIC MINISTRATION

Public Administration was introduced in the Philippines at a time of internal strife, transition
and reconstruction. It emerged during a difficult period marked by unrest and rebellion in
the aftermath of the Second World War. Its entry into the country as a formal field of study
is generally associated with the establishment of the Institute of Public Administration (IPA)
then based at the University of the Philippines in Padre Faura, Manila.
From this institutional base, Public Administration as a disciplinary enterprise grew as a
legitimate field of study, acknowledged and recognized as part of the larger academic and
scholarly discipline in the social science community. The expansion of academic programs
in Public Administration is also enhanced by the remarkable growth of research activities
which, by and large, also helped developed the publication of indigenous literature that
depicts, examines, and explains the depths and realities of the Philippine administrative
system
IV IMPLICATIONS TO PUBLIC MINISTRATION

This chapter discusses the evolution of public administration in the Philippines and includes the
following sections.

a) Historical context and evolution of public administration in the Philippines;

b) Scope and role of public administration institutions and processes: executive and bureaucracy;
legislature; local governments and decentralisation, civil society participation in governance;

c) Issues and concerns: corruption, continuous reorganisation; devolution and federalism;

d) Directions for reform: reorganisation and institutional reform; leadership; mindsets, values, and
restoration of ethics and accountability; citizens' engagement; a vision for PA and SDGs, Ambisyon
Natin 2040, and role of capacity building institutions and PA
schools
 2022 April 24
TAGUIG CITY
UNIVERSITY

Thank you
for listening!

Final Defense
Advisor Students

Prof. Queencifel Mabugay Group 1