POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Practical Report

Submitted by

Name: Sajan Gurung

Student No: 02200093

Electrical Engineering

College of Science and Technology

Rinchending, Phuentsholing

Lab report 3: Experiment No 3 Date:21/08/2024

Experiment 03
2.1 Aim:
Study the effects of different power flow control strategies such as generator prime mover,
excitation system, transformer tap settings, shunt capacitors and reactors on generation, line
power flow and losses
2.2 Objective:
✓ To observe the effect of prime mover control and the excitation field control of
synchronous generator (active power depending on load angle (𝛿) and terminal voltage
depend on the change of reactive power)
✓ To observe the effect of tap changing transformers in regulating the bus voltages and
reactive power and line flows.
✓ To observe the effect of shunt capacitor banks/ reactors regulating reactive power and
line losses.
2.3 Procedure:
1) Build the network model of the typical radial power system network shown below and simulate
the varies control strategies of load flow.

Generator; 200 MVA, 20 kV, synchronous reactance of 2 p.u

Transmission lines; Line23 = 50 km, X23= 0.5 Ω/km
Line34 = 100 km, X34= 0.7 Ω/km
Transformers; T1, 20kV/138 kV (YNd0), 150 MVA, Xt1= 3%
T2, 138kV/13.8 kV (Dyn0), 200 MVA, Xt2= 5%
Tap settings T1 & T2: HV side, additional Voltage per tap = 1%, Tap position: ± 10.
Load: 50 MVA, 0.95 lagging pf.
 2.4 Perform the following Tasks;
1) Change the generator terminal voltage to 1.01 p.u and 1.02 p.u. Observe and compare
the results of bus voltages, line loading, line flows and line loss. (Note:
Transformers setting position should be at zero)
2) Reset the generator terminal voltage to default value and set the tap position of T1
from 1 to 5 (increase) and simulate the results of the results of bus voltages, line
loading, line flows and line loss.
Repeat, Change the tap position of T1 from -1 to -5 and comment.
3) Reset the tap position of T1 to default value and vary the tap position of T2 (both
increase /decrease positions) comment the effect of tap settings.
4) Reset both transformers tap position to default (zero) and at the load bus, install
the shunt capacitor of 100 MVA having per step change of 10 MVA. Change the 10
MVA/step and comments on the results of bus voltages, line loading, line flows and
line loss.
5) Replace the capacitor to shunt reactance bank of same MVA rating and repeat the
simulation.
2.5 Result Analysis and Discussion
1) Bus Voltages;
Vp.u Bus Voltage
Bus 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.015421
Bus1 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00534
Magnitude in p.u

1.001006
Bus2 1.00534 1.01542 1 0.9906791

Bus3 0.99068 1.00101 0.98 0.9659271 0.96179

0.9550807 0.9508944
0.96
Bus4 0.95508 0.96593 0.94
Bus5 0.95089 0.96179 0.92
0.9
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5
Bus

1.01 1.02

Line Loading; Line Loading (%)

Line Loading % 22.1 21.99873 21.99873
Magnitude in %

22
Line 1.01 1.02
21.9
Line23 21.9987 21.7495 21.74952 21.74952
21.8
Line34 21.9987 21.7495 21.7
21.6
Line23 Line34
Line

1.01 1.02
Line Flows;
Line Flows
line flows 1.013543
1.02
1.003372
lines 1.01 1.02
1
Line 23 1.00337 1.01354 0.973386
0.98
Line34 0.96217 0.97339 0.962169
0.96
0.94
0.92
Line 23 Line34

1.01 1.02

Line Losses;

line losses Line Losses

lines 1.01 1.02 14
12.2205311.85402
Line 23 4.36448 4.23358 12
10
Line34 12.2205 11.854
8
6 4.364475 4.23358
4
2
0
Line 23 Line34

1.01 1.02

2) Changing Tap Position of T1

Bus Voltages;
Vp.u From the above graph we
Tap Position 1 2 3 4 5 can conclude that the
Bus1 1 1 1 1 1 voltage of bus remains
Bus2 1.005245 1.015233 1.02522 1.035207 1.045193 same however the
Bus3 0.990581 1.000813 1.011037 1.021251 1.031458 voltageof the other buses
Bus4 0.954978 0.965725 0.976446 0.987144 0.997819 increases with the
Bus5 0.950791 0.961587 0.972356 0.9831 0.99382 increase in the tap
position of the
Bus Voltage transformer 1. The
1.1 voltagelies between 0.95
1 to 1 p.u for all the buses
0.9 except for the bus 2.
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

1 2 3 4 5
Line Loading;
Line Loading %
Tap Position 1 2 3 4 5
Line23 22.0011 21.7541 21.51319 21.27808 21.04855
Line34 22.0011 21.7541 21.51319 21.27808 21.04855

Line Loading
22.2
22
21.8
21.6
21.4
21.2
21
20.8
20.6
20.4
1 2 3 4 5
Line23 Line34

For the line loading percentage, the it decreases with increase in the tap position. They are
indirectly proportional as the line loading decreases with the increase in the tap position and
viceversa.

Line Flows;
line flows
Tap
1 2 3 4 5
position
Line 23 1.003236 1.013275 1.023311 1.033343 1.043372
Line34 0.962018 0.973092 0.984107 0.995067 1.005977

line Flow
1.05

0.95

0.9
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Line voltage profile shows that the line voltage increases with increase in tap position
of thetransformer. They are directly proportional.
Line Losses;

line losses
Tap
1 2 3 4 5
Position
Line 23 1.81519 1.77466 1.735565 1.697837 1.661406
Line34 5.08252 4.96904 4.859582 4.753944 4.651936

Line Losses
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Reactive line losses decrease with the increase in the tap position of the transformer and
they areinversely proportional. The capacitive and active line losses are zero.

For the negative tap position -1 to -5

Bus Voltages;
Voltage (p.u)
Tap
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
position
Bus1 1 1 1 1 1
Bus2 0.9831423 0.973088 0.963027 0.9529588 0.9428824
Bus3 0.9396628 0.928367 0.916981 0.9054908 0.8938833
Bus4 0.8448826 0.831204 0.817271 0.8030487 0.7884964
Bus5 0.8401185 0.826357 0.812335 0.7980198 0.7833682

Bus Voltage (p.u)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line Loading;
line loading percentage
Tap position -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line 23 24.89945 25.3141 25.75104 26.21298 26.70324
Line34 24.89945 25.3141 25.75104 26.21298 26.70324

Line Loading
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Line Flow;

line flows
Tap position -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line 23 0.983142 0.973088 0.963027 0.952959 0.942882
Line34 0.939663 0.928367 0.916981 0.905491 0.893883

Line Flow
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

For the line voltage it decreases with the decrease in tap position as they are
directlyproportional.
 Line Losses;

line losses
Tap position -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line 23 4.649869 4.806029 4.97337 5.153403 5.347972
Line34 13.01963 13.45688 13.92544 14.42953 14.97432

Line Losses
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

3) Changing Tap Position of T1

Tap changing from 1 to 5;
Bus Voltages;
Voltage (p.u)
Tap
1 2 3 4 5
position
Bus1 1 1 1 1 1
Bus2 0.993186 0.99318 0.993175 0.993169 0.993163
Bus3 0.950835 0.950793 0.950751 0.950708 0.950665
Bus4 0.858197 0.858059 0.857919 0.857778 0.857636
Bus5 0.844965 0.836448 0.828094 0.819899 0.811858

Bus Voltage
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

1 2 3 4 5
Line Loading;
line loading percentage
Tap
1 2 3 4 5
positions
Line 23 24.51153 24.51834 24.52523 24.53219 24.53921
Line34 24.51153 24.51834 24.52523 24.53219 24.53921

Line Loading %
24.55
24.54
24.53
24.52
24.51
24.5
24.49
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Line Flow;
line flows
Tap
1 2 3 4 5
position
Line 23 0.993186 0.99318 0.993175 0.993169 0.993163
Line34 0.950835 0.950793 0.950751 0.950708 0.950665

Line Flows
1

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34
Line Losses;
line losses
Tap
1 2 3 4 5
position
Line 23 4.506113 4.508618 4.511152 4.513713 4.516296
Line34 12.61712 12.62413 12.63123 12.6384 12.64563

Line Losses
15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Tap changing of T2 from -1 to -5;

Bus Voltages;
voltage (p.u)
Tap
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
position
Bus1 1 1 1 1 1
Bus2 0.9931968 0.993202 0.993208 0.9932128 0.9932181
Bus3 0.9509178 0.950958 0.950998 0.9510382 0.9510779
Bus4 0.8584688 0.858602 0.858735 0.8588656 0.8589964
Bus5 0.8625056 0.871541 0.880759 0.8901675 0.8997726

Bus Voltage
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5

Bus voltage almost remains same however there is small increase with decrease in the tap
position.
Line Loading;
line loading percentage
Tap position -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line 23 24.49814 24.49157 24.48506 24.47863 24.4722
Line34 24.49814 24.49157 24.48506 24.47863 24.4722

Line Loading
24.505
24.5
24.495
24.49
24.485
24.48
24.475
24.47
24.465
24.46
24.455
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Line Flow;
line flows
Tap position -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line 23 0.993197 0.993202 0.993208 0.993213 0.993218
Line34 0.950918 0.950958 0.950998 0.951038 0.951078

Line Flow
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Line voltages remain same with increase or decrease of the tap position of the transformer 2.
Line voltages are independent of the tap positions.
 Line Losses;
line losses
Tap position -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Line 23 4.501192 4.498776 4.496388 4.494023 4.491664
Line34 12.60334 12.59657 12.58989 12.58326 12.57666

Line Losses
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5

Line 23 Line34

Reactive line losses almost remain same irrespective of change in the tap position of the
transformer 2. There are no(zero) capacitive and active line losses.

4) Installing shunt capacitor of 100 MVA

Bus Voltage;
voltage (p.u)
Shunt
2 4 6 8 10
capacitance
Bus1 1 1 1 1 1
Bus2 0.998274 1.004524 1.012569 1.023493 0.993191
Bus3 0.989219 1.036373 1.097085 1.179551 0.950877
Bus4 0.985376 1.143083 1.347632 1.627084 0.858334
Bus5 0.986277 1.151158 1.365223 1.657872 0.853649

Bus Voltage
2

1.5

0.5

0
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

2 4 6 8 10
Line Loading;
line loading percentage
Shunt
2 4 6 8 10
capacitance
Line 23 20.21489 21.97067 32.88298 52.9238 24.5048
Line34 20.21489 21.97067 32.88298 52.9238 24.5048

Line Loading %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10

Line 23 Line34

Loading percentage increases with increase in the shunt capacitance value and they are
directlyproportional to each other.

Line Flow;
line flows
Shunt
2 4 6 8 10
capacitance
Line 23 0.998274 1.004524 1.012569 1.023493 0.993191
Line34 0.989219 1.036373 1.097085 1.179551 0.950877

Line Flow
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 4 6 8 10

Line 23 Line34

Line voltage increases with the increase in the shunt capacitance value as they are
directlyproportional.
 Line Losses;
line losses
Shunt
2 4 6 8 10
capacitance
Line 23 3.064815 3.620329 8.109678 21.00696 4.503638
Line34 8.581481 10.13692 22.7071 58.8195 12.61019

Line Losses
70
LOSSES(MVAR)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10

Line 23 Line34

The reactive line losses increase with the increase in the shunt capacitance value as
they aredirectly proportional. There are zero capacitance and active line losses.

• The capacitance value can be increased till 8MVA.

• If we increase further the system does not operate.

5) Replace the capacitor to shunt reactance bank of same MVA rating

Bus Voltage;
voltage (p.u)
Shunt reactance 0 2 4
Bus1 1 1 1
Bus2 0.9931914 0.988866 0.98497
Bus3 0.9508768 0.918255 0.888876
Bus4 0.8583337 0.75153 0.656872
Bus5 0.8536487 0.74239 0.644113

Bus Voltage
1.5

0.5

0
Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5

0 2 4
Line Loading;

line loading percentage

Shunt reactance 0 2 4
Line 23 24.5048 30.68949 37.27633
Line34 24.5048 30.68949 37.27633

Line Loading
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3

Line 23 Line34

Line loading increases with the increase in the shunt reactance value as they are
directlyproportional.

Line Flow;

line flow
Shunt reactance 0 2 4
Line 23 0.993191 0.988866 0.98497
Line34 0.950877 0.918255 0.888876

Line Flow
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
1 2 3

Line 23 Line34

Line voltage decreases with the increase in the shunt reactance value and they
inverselyproportional.
Line Losses;

line losses
Shunt reactance 0 2 4
Line 23 4.503638 7.063838 10.42143
Line34 12.61019 19.77875 29.18001

Line Losses
40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3

Line 23 Line34

The reactive line losses increase with the increase in the value of the shunt capacitance and
theyare directly proportional.

• The system operates till the 6MVA (shunt reactance value)

• The system does not operate if the value of the shunt reactance exceeds the 6MVA.

Conclusion:

Voltage regulation can be achieved through various methods: reactive power control via the
excitation system of generators allows for voltage adjustment by altering reactive power;
transformers use tap changers to adjust the voltage by modifying the turns ratio; and in
distribution systems, voltage is managed by installing shunt capacitors to supply reactive power
and shunt reactors to absorb excess reactive power, maintaining stability and efficiency.