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G12 STEM Research Sample

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (Systems Plus College Foundation)

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Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Costaricensis) Extract as an Alternative Pink Ink for

Liquid Highlighter Pen

A Research Study

Presented to the Basic Education Department

System Plus College Foundation

In Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject

Research Project

Submitted By:

Group 3

Mesa, Christian D.

Noot, Dane Gabriel B.

Pepito, Melvin S.

Radam, Theodore Carlo C.

Sampang, Tyron L.

Serios, James Kerby N.

Anacio, Alveah Keisha S.

Diaz, Rhania Althea S.

Diric, Sophia Nicole

Flores, China Mae V.

Liwanag, Paulene Nicole G.

Manaloto, Anne Jelaine O.

Mendez, Lady Alexa C.

Sundiang, Kyla Joy B.

Tolentino, Keine D.

Submitted to:

Tana, Kathy B.

Hernandez, Darwin P.

June 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This was one of the most significant academic challenges we faced as senior

high school students. This task on our research project helped us a lot. Through this, we

have built our self-confidence, time management, unity, cooperation, critical thinking,

and especially our skills—skills that we can use in our future careers. This study will

also not be possible to finish without the help of the people who believed, taught, and

guided us. We would like to dedicate our acknowledgment to everyone who helped us

throughout the journey to finish the study.

First and foremost, we humbly acknowledge the Almighty Father's loving

presence for unceasingly guiding us as we complete this research study. We are

eternally grateful to God for providing us with wisdom and countless blessings to make

this all possible.

We, the researchers, would like to extend our deepest appreciation to our

research advisers, Ms. Kathy Tana and Mr. Darwin Hernandez, for their significant

advice, assistance, and supervision during the duration of our research study. We would

also like to thank them for the patience, compassion, and knowledge they impart to us.

It was an honor to learn, work, and study under their supervision.

Lastly, we would like to extend our deepest gratitude to our families, friends,

and loved ones for their unwavering support, understanding, and encouragement

throughout this research endeavor. Their belief in our abilities and constant motivation

have been the driving force behind our achievements.

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER 1 7

1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 7

1.2 Statement of the Problem........................................................................................ 8

1.3 Hypothesis of the Study...........................................................................................9

1.4 Conceptual Framework..........................................................................................10

1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................11

1.6 Scope and Delimitation......................................................................................... 14

1.7 Definition of Terms................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 2 17

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE....................................................................17

2.1 Related Legal Basis............................................................................................... 17

Local.........................................................................................................................17

Foreign Basis............................................................................................................19

2.2 Related Literatures.................................................................................................20

Local.........................................................................................................................20

Foreign..................................................................................................................... 22

2.3 Related Studies...................................................................................................... 25

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Local.........................................................................................................................25

Foreign..................................................................................................................... 27

2.4 Justification of the Proposed Study....................................................................... 29

CHAPTER 3 31

METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 31

3.1 Research Design.................................................................................................31

3.2 Research Instrument...........................................................................................31

3.3 Research Procedure............................................................................................32

3.4 Data Gathering................................................................................................... 34

CHAPTER 4 37

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................. 37

CHAPTER 5 41

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS....... 41

5.1 Summary of Findings.........................................................................................41

5.2 Conclusion..........................................................................................................43

5.3 Recommendations.............................................................................................. 46

References................................................................................................................... 47

APPENDICES............................................................................................................. 57

Appendix A.............................................................................................................. 57

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Appendix B.............................................................................................................. 59

Appendix C.............................................................................................................. 75

DOCUMENTATION............................................................................................... 91

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ABSTRACT

The unique color of red dragon fruit flesh is caused by betalains, notably

betacyanins. It is considered safe to use as ink because naturally sourced inks are known

to be environmentally friendly. The aim of the study is to determine the viability of

Dragon Fruit, specifically Hylocereus Costaricensis, to produce an alternative pink ink

for liquid highlighter pens and to compare it to the ink of the commercially available

Stabilo. The researchers utilized the completely randomized design method, wherein the

study had three mixtures with a ratio of 12 mL: 24 mL: 36 mL of macerated dragon

fruits for the three treatments, along with 12 mL of distilled water and 60 mL of 95%

ethanol alcohol per treatment. Additionally, the researchers utilized the one-way

analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the significant difference between the three

liquid highlighter pens and the Stabilo. With the results and findings of this study, the

extract of the dragon fruit was able to produce liquid highlighter pens. Lastly, the results

obtained from the analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences

between the liquid highlighter pen made from the extract of the dragon fruit

(Hylocereus Costaricensis) and the commercially available Stabilo.

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

Dragon Fruit has striking features, including bright red, purple or yellow skin

variations and noticeable scales. Also commonly known as pitaya or pitahaya and is

typically found in western nations but frequently in tropical nations like Mexico,

Vietnam, Thailand, and Philippines. Pitahaya plants can have four and six fruiting

cycles once a year, and they can be propagated by seed or stem cuttings (Thulaja &

Rahman, 2018). Pigments are the dyes themselves and are transferred from the

container to the paper or print media. Highlighters mark books and printed materials

with vibrant translucent colors that make text stand out. Highlighter is very popular with

students who use it to emphasize important parts of the text and make it easier to study.

A highlighter makes the marked area more visible and effortless to find (Legare, 2022).

Students of all ages (elementary, middle, high school, and college) use

highlighter pens to emphasize key concepts and information in their textbooks and other

reading materials. Highlighter pens have become a common learning tool, often used to

draw attention to key passages or concepts in textbooks and study guides (Nishimura &

Kuwahara, 2015). In addition, Lehnhardt (2018), suggested that different colored inks

can be created from organic materials. One of the organic materials from which the

highlighter ink can be composed is the dragon fruit. The flesh of the dragon fruit turns

purple-red when it is ripe. Betacyanin is a red pigment used as a natural dye and is a

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significant component that can be found in dragon fruit. Betacyanin is a type of dye that

comes from the betalain family and can be dissolved in water and certain organic

solvents that are not water-soluble. As an alternative to synthetic dyes, it can be used as

a natural food dye. It is pleasant to look at, dissolves quickly in water, and has powerful

antioxidant properties (Asra et al., 2021).

Since dragon fruit contains a dye called betacyanin, it is considered safe to use

as an ink because naturally sourced inks are known to be environmentally friendly given

that they are made from renewable resources like plant leaves, roots, fruits, and minerals

(Singh & Sharma, 2017). According to Abanto (2018), the dragon fruit extract was

successful to make an alternative ink for ballpoint pens. He said that prepare the dragon

fruit as the first step then cut them into smaller pieces using a sharp knife or you may

use any other material like a blender, and boil them in water until the temperature

reaches 100-degree celsius to extract the pigment or betacyanin of the dragon fruit. As a

result, research about dragon fruit extract as an alternative pink ink for liquid

highlighter pen was conducted. This research aimed to know the performance of Dragon

Fruit extract to be a substitute for liquid highlighter pen ink in terms of permanence,

drying time, opacity, and odor.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to produce a pink ink for liquid highlighter pen using the extract

of Dragon Fruit scientifically known as Hylocereus Costaricensis.

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Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the physical properties of a different treatments of dragon fruit

highlighter pink ink pen in terms of:

1.1 Permanence

1.2 Drying Time

1.3 Opacity

1.4. Odor

2. Is there any significance difference in the Physical Properties of different

treatments of dragon fruit highlighter pink ink pen?

3. Is there any significance difference in the Physical Properties of different

treatments of dragon fruit highlighter pink ink pen compared to the

commercially available product?

4. Can dragon fruit extract be an alternative pink ink pen for highlighter

pen?

1.3 Hypothesis of the Study

Ho Dragon fruit extract does not have the potential to be an alternative liquid

highlighter pink ink pen.

Ho Regarding opacity, drying time, permanence, odor, and highlighting performance,of

dragon fruit extract is not a suitable substitute for liquid highlighter pink ink pens.

Ho The dragon fruit does not have betacyanin which is responsible for the color of the

extract.

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1.4 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1

A conceptual Framework demonstrates the connections between the study’s

factors. The IPO model shows a system in three stages: input, process, and output. It

contains a visual diagram or model that encapsulates the topics of your study and a

narrative description of the model given. Inputs are modeled as efforts and

consumables that are added to a system at the start of its lifecycle. The outcome that

the system produces is represented by the output. The conversion of inputs to outputs

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serves as the basis for modeling process (Fabulan, 2023). In the input section, the

researchers will use dragon fruit and ethyl alcohol. These (2) two ingredients will be

used as the key components in making an alternative pink highlighter ink. Additionally,

the knife, stirrer, beaker, and filter paper will be used as the equipment in the process of

making an alternative pink ink for liquid highlighter pen. Lastly, an empty container

where the finished product will be poured.

In the second column, which is the process of experimentation, the researchers

will use the maceration method for extraction of the dragon fruit. According to

Azwanida (2015), the flesh of the dragon fruit was cut into smaller pieces. Next, the

researchers used an oven to dry the dragon fruits and it is pulverized using a blender.

Third, an 80% solution of ethanol is added to the pulverized matter that is placed in a

stoppered container at room temperature. The researchers stirred the mixture, which will

also be agitated continuously for 72 hours or more until soluble matter is dissolved.

Lastly, the researchers will be testing the performance of the pink highlighter liquid pen

in a piece of paper.

Finally, the researchers were able to test the pink highlighter liquid pen in a

piece of paper. Furthermore, as a result of the raw materials and variables prepared by

the researchers, they were able to produce an alternative pink ink for a liquid highlighter

pen.

1.5 Significance of the Study

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This study's outcomes will benefit school administrators, senior high school

department, environmentalists, vendors, organic products consumer, teachers, students,

principals, book readers, journalists, and future researchers.

School Administrators. This study will be beneficial for school administrators because

by Implementing the use of dragon fruit extract in highlighters demonstrates the school

administrator's commitment to innovation and promoting sustainable practices.

Senior High School Department. This study will benefit the Senior High School

Department by providing hands-on learning opportunities for students, fostering their

interest in science and technology. This will also be useful generally for every senior

high school strand as it will help in making the learning process much more efficient.

Students. Students use highlighters to draw attention to an important idea or piece of

information, so they'll be more likely to recall the information for that reason alone.

This highlighter can help students organize what they have read and select what is

important.

Teachers. Highlighters are very useful whether you're at school, home, or work; they're

essential for teachers' effective teaching strategies. Highlighters are a useful tool for

teachers in the classroom since they can be used to showcase information that is

important for teaching or demonstrating to students what they already know and what

they still need to learn.

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Principals. The findings will be beneficial to principals, who are also among the

common users of highlighter pens. Principals usually use highlighter pens for office

work. Similarly, Dragon Fruit extract ink for highlighter pens has a significant

socioeconomic impact on principals because it provides a low-cost replacement ink.

Book Readers. This research will benefit book readers because they frequently use

highlighters to highlight or emphasize ideas or particular texts in books.

Journalists. The findings of this study will be beneficial to journalists since we will be

producing an alternative ink for highlighter pens using Dragon Fruit. Journalists will be

using this highlighter pen to mark important information when scooping news. To

improve their journalistic skills, journalists use highlighters to show important

information, the idea of objectivity, and important parts of their journal.

Environmentalists. This study will be beneficial for Environmentalists since its main

goal is to produce a renewable, all-natural, and environmentally-friendly ink by making

use of Red Dragon Fruit as an alternative to the synthetic inks that is commonly used in

highlighters.

Vendors. This study will be beneficial to the vendors since it will assist them decide

what kind of products to use in their operations. The results of this study will help them

increase sales because of the novelty of using dragon fruit extract as a highlighter pink

ink pen.

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1.6 Scope and Delimitation

The general intent of this experimental research is to produce pink ink using the

extract of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Costaricensis) as an alternative ink for producing a

liquid highlighter pen. The researchers will turn the fruit into natural ink as a substitute

for synthetic ink manufactured in factories. In this experimental study, the researchers

will use the maceration method to extract the pigment of the dragon fruit (Azwanida,

2015). The researcher will use 72 grams of dragon fruit, 180 milliliter of ethanol

alcohol, and 36 milliliter of distilled water as the mixture of the pink ink for liquid

highlighter pen. The maceration extraction will be used as the method of extraction of

the dragon fruit. When the mixture is complete, it can now be transferred into an empty

highlighter container. Furthermore, the researchers aim to measure the performance of

the final product in terms of its permanence, drying time, opacity, and odor. This study

will be limited to the dragon fruit, specifically the Dragon Fruit extract. Moreover, this

study does not cover other stationery pens such as permanent markers, whiteboard

markers, paint markers, chalk markers, gel pens, brush pens, etc.

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1.7 Definition of Terms

Betacyanin is any of a group of red nitrogenous pigments found in plants like

beetroot. Betalain is nitrogen-containing water-soluble pigments that are classified as

redviolet (betacyanins) and yellow-orange (betaxanthins). Betanin is considered as the

most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. (Molecular Nutrition & Food

Research, 2015)

Extraction is the process to remove or take out something. to obtain something

by physical or chemical methods. Fruit Extraction is the process of removing essence

or flavor of a fruit using methods like the steam or alcohol. It doesn’t include the pulp

or sugar, just the flavor and sometimes the color. (Furley Bio, 2015).

Highlighter is a broad felt-tipped pen used for emphasizing text or part of an

illustration making it legible. A highlighter pen is typically used for encouraging

learners by highlighting the keywords or phrases, thus increasing learning efficiency.

(Hiroki N., Noriaki K., 2017)

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Hylocereus Costaricensis common name is Dragon Fruit, the fruit is also

called Strawberry Pear, Dragon fruit, Pithaya, Night blooming Cereus, Belle of the

night, Conderella plant and Jesus in the Cradle. It is called pitaya because of the scales

on the skin of the fruit and hence the name of pitaya meaning ‘‘the scaly fruit’’.

Hylocereus Costarinces, a climbing vine cactus and a famous root crop for its potential

source of both natural colorants and antioxidants. (Winson, et al., 2015)

Opacity is a measure of resistance to electromagnetic or other types of

radiation, particularly visible light. The most common technique for determining

opacity is contrast radio, which involves placing printed samples over a black

background and measuring the density of the black ink through the print. (Arcos, S.

2014)

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, generalization or conclusions, methodologies,

and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information

that are relevant and similar to the present study.

2.1 Related Legal Basis

Local

Article II, Section 21 of the 1987 Constitution provides that, "The State shall

promote comprehensive rural development" Moreover, Article II, Section 15 states that

"The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health

consciousness among them." In Asia, the dragon fruit is referred to as "Saniata'' or

"Pitahaya" and is a high-value crop that is quickly establishing a reputation as a

"superfood." The dragon fruit is being investigated as a potential aid for diabetes

management and cancer prevention since it is high in fiber, Phyto albumins, and

antioxidants. The world's dragon fruit industry is growing as a result of its reputation as

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a superfood. The top dragon fruit producers are Vietnam, China, Mexico, Colombia,

Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Ilocos Norte, Cagayan Valley, Central

Luzon, and Calabarzon are the main producing areas in the Philippines. Despite the

industry's potential, dragon fruit farming has relatively low productivity. This is because

our farmers lack the education, equipment, and production-related skills necessary to

maximize their yield. By creating a vehicle for the formation of programs for effective

production, processing, marketing, and distribution of dragon fruit to ensure growth,

this measure aims to address the issues raised above.

According to the FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (2023), the production of

dragon fruit is now a highly profitable industry in the Philippines. What was once a

backyard ornamental plant was now "the Philippines dragon fruit industry," worth

millions of pesos, thanks to the propagation, cultivation, and harvest of its fruits. It was

most likely introduced in the Philippines during the 16th century trade and exchange of

items between the Filipinos and Spaniards. The fruit's health advantages have helped it

grow in popularity. According to a number of publications, dragon fruit is a good source

of proline, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and copper. Comparatively speaking, red

dragon fruit has a higher level of antioxidant activity than other fruits and vegetables

The Bureau of Agricultural Research (2022) stated that due to the rising

production of dragon fruit in the Philippines, Nueva Ecija proposed the "Dragon Fruit

Peel Utilization and Product Development" project. Dragon fruit peel has a wide range

of health benefits that can benefit many people, and in this task, it can assist farmers in

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making income from waste. CLSU and REFMAD Farms have already confirmed that

dragon fruit peel can be advantageous and commercially viable.

Foreign Basis

Commonwealth of Australia (2022) said that The Australian Government

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (the department) to evaluate the

Philippines' request for market access to Australia for fresh dragon fruit intended for

human consumption. The proposed risk management measures take into account

regional variations in pest distribution within Australia. The Northern Territory has

designated Frankliniella occidentalis as a regional quarantine pest, while Western

Australia and South Australia have designated Thrips palmi as a regional quarantine

pest for two more pests that require risk management measures.

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service USDA (2017) stated that to permit

the importation of fresh Pitahaya fruit from Ecuador into the continental United States,

the rules governing fruits and vegetables are being modified (Federal Register). The

fruit will need to be produced in line with a systems approach that includes

specifications for fruit fly traps, pre-harvest inspections, authorized production sites,

and packinghouse methods designed to keep quarantine pests out as a requirement for

entry. Additionally, the fruit must be imported in commercial consignments and be

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accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate from Ecuador's national plant protection

organization attesting that the consignment was produced and ready for export in

compliance with the system's approach's specifications. By taking this step, the United

States will continue to be protected from the importation of plant pests while still

allowing the importation of fresh Pitahaya fruit from Ecuador

The American Psychological Association (2023) analyzed the results of two

tests to see whether "highlighting" certain text can increase student retention in four

groups, each consisting of 19 students. A thorough analysis suggested that highlighting

improves retention of chosen text material and that active highlighting is preferable to

passive reading of highlighted material, despite the fact that there were no differences in

total scores on a retention test 1 week after reading with different highlighting

techniques or without highlighting. When the reader had the most confidence that the

highlighter could distinguish between vital and unimportant material, highlighting

seemed to work the best. Traditional underlining proved successful as an attention

strategy in Experiment II, which involved 24 graduate students.

2.2 Related Literatures

Local

Quintela et al. (2018) investigated dragon fruit often known as Pitaya, which is

the fruit of several tropical climbing plants belonging to the Cactaceae family's

Hylocereus genus. Dragon fruit, also known as pitaya, is a rare tropical fruit that has

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several advantages for human health. Extracts from the stems, flowers, peels, and pulp

of dragon fruit provide a variety of beneficial biological properties against bacteria,

fungi, disease, and viruses.

Vera files (2022) stated that in the Philippines, where the species commonly

cultivated are hylocereus undatus (red skin with white flesh), hylocereus costaricensis

(red skin with red pulp), and hylocereus megalanthus, the fruit is known as "saniata,"

which means "light and wealth" (yellow skin with white pulp). Dragon fruit or Pitaya is

now grown on all six continents, as well as in Asian countries such as Vietnam and the

Philippines. Pitaya arrived in the country in the 1900s as a result of trade with Spain,

but commercial farming did not begin until 1992 in Cavite. Dragon fruit is a perennial

crop that does not require replanting after each harvest. Dragon fruit, like other

perennial crops such as banana and durian, can be planted for up to 20 years.

According to Smith (2021), studies have shown that highlighters that are yellow

or orange tend to be tougher on the eye. The brain struggles more as a result of large,

bold highlights on information since the color is so striking. It can be more difficult for

the brain to process yellow and orange colors. Due to lighting, we link orange with road

signs and yellow with slow down. Why utilize these colors to aid with memory when

our brains naturally interpret them as warnings? Pink is one of the highlighter colors

that is processed by the brain in a way that makes it considerably easier on the eye. Pink

is "nicer" to view which makes the memory come a lot easier to us. Because they are

neither "yelling" or "jumping" out at you, these colors cause the brain to give them

greater importance.

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Ugay (2023) pointed out the objective of a highlighter is to highlight important

lines in a text. Hence, you should use colors that would highlight the text rather than

cover them. Moreover, some highlighter pens come in sets, allowing you to organize

your notes using various colors. Furthermore, you have the option of gentle or vibrant

hues. Highlighters typically come in neon or fluorescent colors like orange and yellow,

which are brighter hues. Any text can stand out by using bright colors, which are quite

stunning. But nonetheless, sometimes they can be too bright and hurt your eyes. Use

soft highlighters if you're looking for something less blinding. They come in mild pastel

colors like light green, baby pink, or pastel blue. Despite being more subdued, these can

still be used to highlight texts.

Foreign

According to Thulaja and Rahma (2020), the dragon fruit is shaped like an oval,

oval, or a pear and has vivid red, purple, or yellow skin varieties as well as prominent

scales. The flesh is either white or red, with edible black seeds scattered all around. It

has a faintly flavoured sweet taste or occasionally a somewhat sourish taste.

According to Nichols (2020), when a compound is "extracted," it is transferred

from a solid or liquid into a separate solvent or phase. The elements that give tea its

flavor and color are drawn out of the grounds and into the water when a tea bag is

placed in boiling water. Extraction is used in chemical labs for a variety of reasons. It is

a key technique for extracting chemicals from plant-based materials. Compounds are

transferred from one liquid to another during extraction in order to facilitate

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manipulation or concentration. Also, it allows one to take out specific mixture

components.

Haque (2020) proposed maceration is an extraction method in which coarsely

powdered material, such as leaves, stem bark, or root bark, is placed inside a container.

Then, menstruum is poured on top, completely covering the material. After that, the

container is sealed and kept for at least three days. The contents are stirred on a regular

basis, and if placed inside the bottle, it should be shaken occasionally to ensure

complete extraction. The micelle is separated from the marc at the end of the extraction

process via filtration or decantation. Evaporation is then used to separate the micelle

from the menstruum. This method is simple and ideal for heat sensitive plant material.

Similar to Azwanida (2015), maceration is one of the processes used in wine

making that has been adopted and commonly used even in researches about medicinal

plants. This method involves soaking plant materials, either coarse or powdered, into a

stoppered container with a solvent, and leave to stand at room temperature for a

minimum of three days with frequent agitation. Maceration is performed to weaken and

break the cell wall of the plant, which will result in the release of the soluble

phytochemicals. After three days, the mixture is then pressed or filtered. Heat is

transferred through convection and conduction by traditional method, and the solvents

used indicate the kind of compound extracted from the samples.

According to New World Encyclopedia Contributors (2018), ink is a liquid made

up of different pigments or dyes that is used to color a surface in order to create an

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image or text. With a pen or brush, one can draw or write on it. Letterpress and

lithographic printing both make considerable use of paste-like thicker inks. Other

substances are present in pigmented inks to ensure the pigment's adherence to the

surface and guard against mechanical abrasion's ability to remove it. Typically, these

substances are referred to as resins or binding agents (in water-based inks) (in

solvent-based inks).

Intermedia Arts. (2023) investigated water-based and alcohol-based markers

have different solvents to blend dye on paper. Alcohol-based markers are better at

distributing dye particles evenly and have a wider range of colors. They dry quickly and

are less likely to smudge. Water-based markers dry slowly and may cause thin paper to

tear but are useful for those who take longer to blend colors.

James, A. (2021) pointed out that the primary ingredients in manufactured ink

are made from fossil fuels and other hazardous substances and can potentially turn back

into the environment. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are solvents that are used in

producing synthetic ink that release gasses that are dangerous to humans.

Kim, J. M., & Ehrlich, M. S. (2017) studied the drying periods of 13 markers.

As a result, the drying time for fine tip marker pens and standard tip marker pens is

between 5 and 70 seconds, with a mean of 20.8 seconds and a median of 5 seconds.

The width of ink spread for the markers were from 0.53 to 2.27 mm, with a median of

0.9 mm and a mean of 1.13 mm.

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Speedy Print (2016) said that pink ink can be used to enhance your designs as a

standard spot color. Overprinting with cyan for enhanced purples, magenta for enhanced

pinks, and yellow for enhanced oranges is possible. Because of the process used to

combine the four inks to create various colors, traditional CMYK digital printing has

always had a limited range of color that it could recreate. It replaces some of the

traditional magenta ink with fluorescent pink ink, resulting in a vibrant, beautiful print

that was previously only possible with an offset print run. The pink ink can be used to

enhance color vibrancy in pixmaps images or as a spot hue with microprinting to create

a variety of outcomes.

2.3 Related Studies

Local

As reported by Rodriguez et al. (2015), the unique color of the red dragon fruit's

flesh is caused by betalains, notably by betacyanins. In addition to their high value as

natural colorants, betalains are also being developed as alternatives to synthetic food

colors, which may have unpleasant effects on health. In addition to their high value as

natural colorants, betalains have also been reported to have disease-preventing and

healthpromoting properties.

Atienza et al. (2021) investigated In recent years, improved modern technology

has enabled more effective extraction and separation, as well as data for analysis and

identification of these phytochemicals. Still, traditional approaches are still useful. The

first step in a phytochemistry study is extraction. It is usually necessary for isolating

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effective elements. The purpose of extraction is to extract as much of the desired

chemical elements as feasible while avoiding or limiting the presence of undesired

substances in the solution. Purification of target ingredients into monomer compounds

can be accomplished using physical and chemical methods such as solvent extraction,

precipitation, crystallization, fractional distillation, salting-out, or dialysis. These

methods are well-known for phytochemical separation.

According to Silson (2022), maceration method involves mixing the properly

minced herbal materials with the menstruum (typically a hydroethanolic solvent with

varying water-to-ethanol ratios) and letting the mixture stand at a specific temperature,

typically room temperature, with agitation for a predetermined amount of time. In the

1500s, Paracelsus described how to prepare macerations. He used prolonged maceration

times with low concentrations of ethanol in hydroethanolic solutions.

Alguzar et al. (2016) conducted a research entitled "Plant Extract as an

Alternative Ink for Markers." In their study, they used mayana (Coleus Blumei) as an

alternative ingredient to petroleum, which has been known as one of the components in

the production of ink. Additionally, they also use another organic material, namely

Alugbati (Malabar Spinach), to test these plants' extracts as alternative marker inks. As

a result of their experiments, it was found that all formulations containing these plants

showed similar characteristics in terms of the odor of the extracted plants. According to

their results and discussion, the odor of the boiled mayana and alugbati plants smells

like how herbal plants are, so the plant extracts released a natural odor.

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Barrameda, et al.(2021) investigated a new type of ink made from a combination

of charcoal and 70% isopropyl alcohol was tested and found to have acceptable color

intensity, consistency, and smell according to student participants. The average color

intensity was rated as "acceptable" by the participants, and the most preferred

characteristic was the ink's ability to create a deep black color. These findings suggest

that the alternative ink could be a viable option to replace commercial ink products.

According to Singh et al. (2019), the disadvantages of using synthetic inks

include health problems and environmental issues. As a result, there has been an

increase in the number of research works focusing on natural inks. Moreover, the

downsides of synthetic inks led to the conception of the idea of formulating ink from

sources that would not be harmful to either human beings or the natural environment.

This would prevent any negative effects on either. Herbal inks have been proposed as a

potential solution, and research into this field is currently being conducted in many

countries. Natural or organic inks are regarded as being environmentally friendly due to

the fact that they are derived from natural resources such as the leaf, roots, and fruits of

plants. When conducting research on the properties of herbal ink, one of the most

important considerations is whether or not the ink will have any negative effects on

either humans or the environment. If herbal inks are able to give the same color,

consistency, and other properties as synthesized inks, then the use of synthetic inks will

decrease, which is good for both people and the environment.

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Foreign

According to Choo (2018), red dragon fruit also known as pitaya, is a tropical

fruit that is in high demand on the global market due to its exotic appearance and

beneficial qualities. On the other hand, ripe dragon fruits smell fresh, sweet, and

flavorful, like the majority of ripe tropical fruits. Although the aroma is not as

overpowering as that of other fragrant fruits.

Dehankar and Patil (2019) pointed out the dragon fruit or Hylocereus polyrhizus

is a species of the Stenocereus family of Cactaceae. In dry, tropical or subtropical areas

with annual rainfall ranging from 20 to 50 inches, the dragon fruit is cultivated. One

plant can produce up to 4–6 fruit cycles in a single year. Fruits are collected when they

are completely developed and have skin that is 85% red in color. The pitaya fruit is a

fleshy berry with scale-covered red or yellow peels. Depending on the species, the pulp

might be red, white, or magenta.

Similar to Roriz et al. (2022), the peels of Hylocereus Costaricensis have a lot of

betacyanins and can be used as a source of natural pigments. There are some intriguing

natural colorant matrices. Several different coloring compounds are possible. That is the

case with the pitaya (Hylocereus spp.), a peculiar and eye-catching fruit comprising

various Cactaceae species that are native to the southern and central regions of the

American continent. The presence of certain compounds known as betalains, which

include two subgroups: betaxanthins, which are in the yellow color range, and

betacyanins, which are in the purple color range, both present in various fruits of these

species, is what gives these fruits their color.

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According to Gengatharan et al. (2016), the dragon fruit is a prospective source

of natural colorant due to the high amounts of betalains, which give the fruit its vibrant

and appealing color, and essential fatty acids and phytosterols found in the seeds and

peel, respectively. Since red pitaya fruits are high in betacyanin, a pigment that gives

them a red-violet hue, they have become a source of natural dye.

Ni Komang (2020) said that the Dragon fruit skin is taken and dried using the

extraction method. The following steps are drying and flouring. The results showed that

the color generated from the skin of dragon fruit for food coloring is very bright, which

is very interesting in terms of the texture of the food served.

Susanti et al. (2020) suggested that the extracted betacyanin from red dragon

fruit has the capacity to be used as an industrial product, such as a suitable natural dye

that doubles as food coloring. Dried the fruit is one of the essential procedures in

producing dragon fruit betacyanin extract. The maximum betacyanin content was found

in spray dried whole dragon fruit extracts with a temperature of 140°C (411.80 mg/kg).

Choudhury and Bhansali (2022) directed that textbooks feature a variety of cues,

such as bold text, italicized words, capital letters, and underlined passages, as

employing highlighting is thought to affect a person's ability to remember information.

Some people find it boosts comprehension or helps them pay closer attention. Some of

them use vivid colors like yellow, blue, or red to highlight. According to studies, colors

cause learning by triggering working memory in humans. Highlighting is very efficient

since it promotes in-depth processing. As opposed to just reading a material, students

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who highlight certain passages do so in a more in-depth and critical manner. This aids in

effectively encoding a text and aids you even when you are reviewing it.

2.4 Justification of the Proposed Study

Students of all ages (elementary, middle, high school, and college) use

highlighter pens to emphasize key concepts and information in their textbooks and other

reading materials (Nishimura & Kuwahara, 2015). On the other hand, James (2021)

pointed out that the primary ingredients in manufactured ink are made from fossil fuels

and other hazardous substances and using these synthetic inks can include health

problems and environmental issues. As a result, there has been an increase in the

number of research works focusing on natural inks. Natural or organic inks are regarded

as being environmentally friendly due to the fact that they are derived from natural

resources such as the leaf, roots, and fruits of plants (Singh et al., 2019). Fruits are

plants rich in natural coloring resources and thousands of plants can be used as natural

dyes. Red dragon fruit is one of the possible plants that could be used as a natural food

colorant (Susanti et al., 2020). In the study of Abanto (2018), the dragon fruit extract

was successful to make an alternative ink for ballpoint pens. This is relevant to the other

studies about dragon fruit scientifically known as Hylocereus Costaricensis. The related

literature included in this study has a significant relationship with future study in the

sense of the academic performance of students through the help of highlighters. The

study of Nishimura and Kuwahara (2015) concluded that students make use of a wide

variety of writing tools, with a special focus on highlighter pens. Highlighter pens have

become a common learning tool, often used to draw attention to key passages or

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concepts in textbooks and study guides. Furthermore, the general intent of this study is

to conduct a research about the dragon fruit extract as an alternative pink ink for liquid

highlighter pen. This research also aimed to know the performance of Dragon Fruit

extract to be a substitute for liquid highlighter pen ink in terms of permanence, drying

time, opacity, and odor.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The research method is presented in this chapter. It focuses on the approach

taken in carrying out this research, including the research design, procedures, research

instrument, and apparatus and tools utilized in performing experiments and gathering

data throughout the study.

3.1 Research Design

A Complete Randomized Design method was utilized in this study, wherein the

extract of dragon fruit, specifically Hylocereus Costaricensis, was investigated for its

viability to produce a liquid highlighter pen. The probability of receiving any treatment

is also the same for each experimental unit because they are allotted treatments entirely

at random. According to North Dakota North University (2023), the Complete Random

Design is best suited for the experimental unit that is essentially homogeneous with a

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small number of treatments. Additionally, compared to other designs, it is a simpler

design to utilize, and the statistical analysis is simple and straightforward.

3.2 Research Instrument

Close-ended questions are questions that demand a specific set of predetermined

answers from responders, such as "yes/no" or fixed multiple-choice questions. In this

study, the self-made yes-or-no questionnaire by the researchers was used as the main

gathering instrument, and it consists of four statements. The instrument prepared

focused on answering the statement of the four tests, wherein there was one statement

per test answerable by yes or no. The researcher used the descriptive analysis technique

to summarize the data gathered from the four experiments. Haneem (2017) stated one of

the statistical data analysis methods is descriptive analysis, which is always carried out

to summarize data before running any statistical tests or more intricate modeling.

Measurements of data central tendency and frequency distribution are frequently made

using descriptive analysis.

The one-way ANOVA was utilized as the statistical test of the study. According

to PressBooks (2022), an analysis of variance test called a one-way ANOVA is used to

evaluate whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three

or more groups. In this study, the data summarized from the test was used to determine

the result of one-way ANOVA to identify any statistically significant differences that

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may exist in the physical properties of different treatments of dragon fruit highlighter

pink ink pen in terms of permanence, drying time, opacity, and odor.

3.3 Research Procedure

The first phase of the procedure was the collection, extraction, and maceration of

the dragon fruit, specifically Hylocereus Costaricensis. Second, the mixture of the ink

that contains the macerated dragon fruit, 95% ethanol alcohol, and distilled water.

Lastly, the white paper was used to test the liquid highlighter pen for its permanence,

opacity, timer for drying time, and odor test.

A. Plant Collection, Preparation, and Extraction

The dragon fruits (Hylocereus Costaricensis) were collected from the locality of

Rockville, Malpitic, San Fernando City, Pampanga. The dragon fruits were washed with

tap water to remove the unnecessary substances from the surface. An oven was used to

dehydrate the dragon fruit for 24-48 hours. The dragon fruits were pulverized using an

electric blender. A total of 62 milliliters of dragon fruit were soaked in 95% ethanol

alcohol, consistently agitated every 4 hours for 72 hours, and was filtered by using filter

paper.

B. Mixture of the Ink

A graduated cylinder was used to measure the macerated dragon fruit, while the

beaker served as the container for the three treatments. The first treatment contains 12

milliliters of macerated dragon fruit, the second one contains 24 milliliters, and the third

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treatment contains 36 milliliters of macerated dragon fruit. These treatments have an

equal amount of 60 milliliters of 95% ethanol alcohol and 12 milliliters of distilled

water. Lastly, the three mixtures were stored in an empty highlighter container.

C. Test of the Liquid Highlighter Pen

A piece of white paper was utilized to test the permanence and opacity of the

liquid highlighter pen. First, the researchers used clean white paper to test the

permanence of the ink by swatching it with a finger to check if the ink stayed on the

paper or not. Second, a white paper with written text was used to test the opacity of the

highlighter by examining if the text would still be visible after highlighting the text. To

test the drying time of the ink, a timer was used to test the duration of the liquid

highlighter pen getting dried on the white paper. Lastly, the researchers smelled the ink

of the highlighter pen to see if it had an unpleasant smell.

3.4 Data Gathering

The data gathered was based on three different mixtures of dragon fruit ink that

were further assessed to test its viability in four experiments: permanence, opacity,

drying time, and odor.

Weight of Fruits - All of the harvested fruits from San Fernando, Pampanga were

weighed with the use of a weighing scale, and weight was recorded per treatment.

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Milliliters of Dragon Fruit Extract per Treatment - The three treatments of the study

have different volumes of dragon fruit extract. The first treatment consists of 12

milliliters of dragon fruit extract, the second treatment consists of 24 milliliters of

dragon fruit extract, and the third treatment consists of the highest volume of dragon

fruit extract 36 milliliters of dragon fruit extract. These measurements were measured

by using a graduated cylinder.

Amount of Ethanol Alcohol - The 95% solution of ethanol alcohol was chosen by the

researcher. It was measured with the help of a graduated cylinder that has an equal

measurement of 60 milliliters per treatment.

Amount of Distilled Water - The researcher used distilled water as one of the

compounds of the treatments. A graduated cylinder was used to measure the exact

amount of 12 milliliters, equally distributed per treatment.

Permanence - The mixture of inks varied in the amount of each ingredient, such as the

amount of macerated dragon fruit, ethyl alcohol, and distilled water, each having

distinct properties. The researchers evaluated the ink's adhesion to the paper surface by

rubbing the inked area with a finger to check for smudging or removal.

Drying Time - A timer was set and stopped after a minute had passed, each researcher

evaluated if the ink dried within one minute. Moreover, the one-minute threshold

provided a concise and easily interpretable measure of the ink's drying performance,

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allowing for quick determination of which mixtures demonstrated faster drying

characteristics.

Opacity Test - The researchers applied each ink mixture to a suitable surface, such as

paper, and then deliberately smudged a portion of the inked area. This test aimed to

provide insights into the ink's ability to maintain its visibility and legibility even when

subjected to smudging or rubbing. The test's findings helped us obtain a thorough

knowledge of how well the ink combinations performed.

Odor Test - Researchers carefully examined the inks, noting any discernible smells

upon application. This test aimed to identify inks emitting undesirable odors that could

impact user experience and limit their suitability in odor-sensitive applications.

Evaluating ink odor complements comprehensive assessments, considering both

functional and sensory properties, aiding informed decisions for ink selection and

application.

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the gathered data, the results of the statistical analysis, and

the interpretation of the findings. These are presented in tables in the order of the study's

four different tests: permanence, opacity, drying time, and odor test to assess the

viability of dragon fruit extract as an alternative pink ink for liquid highlighter pens.

Table 1: Permanence Results of Each Treatments

Permanence
REMAINE DISAPPEARE
D D
Count Count
Mixture A 0 1
B 1 0
C 1 0
D 1 0

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Table 1 shows the results of the permanence of the four (4) treatments conducted

by the researchers. In this test, the researchers determined if the ink would remain on

the white paper after being rubbed off with their fingertips. The macerated dragon fruits

were not equally distributed, which affected the pigmentation of the three (3) treatments

of organic ink. The researchers employed 12 mL of macerated dragon fruit in the first

treatment, 24 mL and 36 mL in the second and third treatments, while the fourth

treatment is the positive control Stabilo. As a result, the researchers found that the

second, third, and fourth treatments remained on the white paper after being rubbed off

with fingertips. However, the too-light pigmentation of the first treatment caused the ink

on the white paper to disappear.

Table 2: Drying Time Results of Each Treatments

Drying_time
DRY DAMP
Count Count
Mixture A 1 0
B 1 0
C 1 0
D 1 0

Table 2 presents the findings from the drying test conducted on four (4)

different treatments, providing valuable insights into the impact of varying amounts of

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macerated dragon fruit on the consistency of each treatment. The first treatment utilized

12 mL of dragon fruit extract, whereas treatments two and three employed 24 mL and

36 mL of dragon fruit extract. Treatment 4, on the other hand, served as the positive

control, using a commercially available product called Stabilo. Remarkably, the

research findings indicated that all four treatments exhibited a distinctive ability to

completely dry within a timeframe of less than one minute, highlighting the efficient

drying properties of the tested treatments.

Table 3: Opacity Results of Each Treatments

Opacity
VISIBLE NOT VISIBLE
Count Count
Mixture A 1 0
B 1 0
C 1 0
D 1 0

Table 3 shows the opacity test results of the four treatments. The macerated

dragon fruits were not equally distributed, whereas the first, second, and third

treatments affected the opacity of the ink except for the fourth treatment that served as

the positive control Stabilo. The first treatment contains 12 mL of dragon fruit extract;

the second and third treatments contain 24 mL and 36 mL of the extracted substance,

respectively. Lastly, the fourth treatment is a positive control, which is the commercially

available Stabilo. As a result, the researchers concluded that the written texts were still

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visible on the white paper regardless of the different amounts of macerated dragon fruit

distributed per treatment

Table 4: Odor Results of Each Treatments

odor
PUNGENT NOT PUNGENT
Count Count
Mixture A 1 0
B 1 0
C 1 0
D 0 1

Table 4 shows the results of the odor test from the three treatments and the

positive control, Stabilo. The first, second, and third treatments had an equal

contribution of ethyl alcohol, except for the fourth treatment, since it was a

commercially available highlighter pen. However, the ethyl alcohol employed in the

first, second, and third treatments had a high concentration of 95% that affected the odor

of each treatment. The researchers smelled each of the four highlighter ink pens to see if

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they were pungent or not. The results of the test indicated that the first, second, and

third treatments were all classified as pungent except for the positive control, Stabilo.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations about the

study. The summary of findings contains the study's findings without going into great

depth. The conclusion will include generalizations and other interferences, and this

chapter will include the researchers' recommendations for future researchers.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The primary objective of this study is to determine the viability of a dragon fruit

specifically the Hylocereus Costaricensis to produce an alternative pink ink for liquid

highlighter pen. The main instrument used to gather data was a yes or no questionnaire

self-made by the researchers to determine the performance of the organic ink in terms of

permanence, opacity, drying time, and odor. This questionnaire contains four questions

used to shed light on the following objectives of the study:

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1. What are the physical properties of different treatments of dragon fruit highlighter

pink ink in terms of:

1.1 Permanence

1.2 Drying Time

1.3 Opacity

1.4 Odor

The researchers aimed to determine the performance of the produced liquid

highlighter pen produced from the extract of dragon fruit, specifically the Hylocereus

Costaricensis in terms of its permanence, drying time, opacity, and odor. The

researchers used a white paper with written text on it and a timer for the four tests.

1.1 Permanence

The second, third, and fourth treatments remained on the white paper after being rubbed

off with the fingertips, except for the first treatment with too-light pigmentation.

1.2 Drying Time

The findings of the test indicated that all four treatments were able to completely dry

within a given timeframe of less than a minute

1.3 Opacity

The written texts on the white paper were still visible after being swatched with the four

treatments.

1.4 Odor

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The first, second, and third treatments had a high concentration of 95% ethyl alcohol

resulting of having an unpleasant smell, except for the fourth treatment which is the

commercially available Stabilo.

2. Is there any significance difference in the physical properties of different treatments

of dragon fruit highlighter pink ink pen?

The findings of the four tests indicate that there is no significant difference in their

opacity, drying time, and odor since they had the same result, except for the permanence

since the first treatment had too-light pigmentation resulting in the disappearance of the

ink on the white paper.

3. Is there any significant difference in the physical properties of different treatments of

dragon fruit highlighter pink ink compared to the commercially available product?

The findings of the four tests indicate there is a significant difference in terms of

permanence since the first treatment had too-light pigmentation.

4. Can dragon fruit extract be an alternative pink ink pen for a liquid highlighter pen?

The researcher was able to produce a liquid highlighter pen with the use of the extract of

dragon fruit specifically Hylocerius Costarecensis.

5.2 Conclusion

Based on the summary of findings, the following conclusions and implications

were drawn:

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1.After performing all the experiments, the researchers have concluded that there are

differences in the physical properties of all treatments in terms of permanence. The

second and third mixtures, together with the positive control Stabilo, remained on the

white paper even after rubbing the highlighted text with fingers. Even so, the first

treatment's too-light pigmentation resulted in the disappearance of the ink on the white

paper, which made it fail the permanence test. As for the drying time test, the

researchers have recorded that all four treatments of highlighter pens were able to

completely dry in a given timeframe of less than a minute. All three organic inks and

commercially available Stabilo had also passed the opacity test, provided that the

written text was still visible regardless of the light pigmentations of the four treatments.

In terms of testing the odor of each treatment, the researchers concluded that all

treatments made out of the dragon fruit extract released an unpleasant smell. This is due

to the high amount of ethyl alcohol concentration, which is a 95% solution. Thus, the

positive control Stabilo issued no execrable smell. On a final note, the amount of

macerated dragon fruit and the high concentration of ethyl alcohol affect the physical

properties of the dragon fruit extract as an alternative pink ink for liquid highlighter

pens in terms of permanence, drying time, opacity, and odor.

2. The researchers concluded that there is a significant difference in the physical

properties of all treatments because each one received a different amount of dragon fruit

extract. The first mixture had 12 mL of the extracted dragon fruit, while the second and

third treatments obtained 24 mL and 26 mL of the extract, respectively. The

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commercialized product Stabilo was also utilized as the positive control. For the

permanence, only the first mixture possessed a pale ink color, whereas the remaining

two treatments and the positive control showed a vivid color of the highlighter ink. As a

result, the first treatment declined on the permanence test, given that the ink was almost

colorless. All treatments including the positive control have performed well in the

opacity test, since the written text was still visible even after swatching it using the

highlighter pens. As for the odor of the organic highlighter ink, the three treatments

emitted a pungent smell, except for the commercially available Stabilo. In spite of that,

all four highlighter inks had completely dried before a minute had passed.

3. The researchers therefore concluded that in determining the relationship between the

physical properties of different treatments of dragon fruit pink ink highlighter pen and

commercially available products, based on the study’s finding that they have no

significant difference in terms of the highlighters' performance in opacity and drying

time tests. Even so, there is a marginal difference in the permanence and odor of the

organic and commercialized highlighter pens. The researchers have observed that

among the three mixtures of dragon fruit ink and market-produced ink, only the first

treatment rendered a paler color, thus it failed the permanence test. As for the odor of

the inks, all dragon fruit pink ink released a pungent smell due to the 95% concentration

of ethanol that was incorporated in all mixtures. In connection to this, the positive

control did not emit any unpleasant smell.

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4. The researchers therefore concluded that the four experiments conducted demonstrate

the viability of the dragon fruit (Hylocereus Costarecensis) extract can be an alternative

pink ink for liquid highlighter pen.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following

recommendations are suggested to future researchers.

1. Increasing the amount of macerated dragon fruit per treatment is suggested to the

future researchers to increase the pigmentation of the liquid highlighter pen. If the

future researchers will have three mixtures of ink they can simply use the ratio of

24mL:48mL:96mL contribution of macerated dragon fruits per mixtures.

2. The researchers highly recommended that the future researcher to test the shelf-life of

the Dragon Fruit Extract as an alternative pink ink for liquid highlighter pens.

3. To utilize the Dragon Fruit Extract specifically Hylocereus Costarecensis as an

alternative ink for other stationary writing pens such as permanent markers, and white

board markers.

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4. It is recommended to utilize different ways of extracting the Dragon fruit aside from

maceration to get a more acceptable pigment of extract as an alternative ink for liquid

highlighter pen.

5. It Is recommended to utilize different species of dragon fruit as an alternative ink for

liquid highlighter pen.

References
Abanto, et al., (2018). The General Acceptability of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus

Undatus) Extract As An Alternative Ink For Ballpoint Pens. Retrieved from

https://pdfcoffee.com/thegeneral-acceptability-of-dragon-fruit-extract-as-an-alter

native-ink-for-ballpointpens-pdf-free.html

Alguzar et al. (2016) Plants Extract as an Alternative Ink for Markers. Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/22466483/Plants_Extract_as_an_Alternative_Ink_for

American Psychological Association (2023). Effectiveness of highlighting for

retention of text material Retrieved from

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1974-33185-001

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tiop27967

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n-medicinal-plants-principle-strength-and-limitation-29456.html

Barrameda, J. B. et al.(2021). The Use of Charcoal and Isopropyl Alcohol as

Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers: A Comparative Analysis

between the Innovation and Commercialized Ink. International Journal

of Engineering Research and Management, 8(3), 122-127. Retrieved

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Bureau of Agricultural Research (2022). Dragon Fruit Peel as Extra Income for Ilocos

Norte and Nueva Ecija Farmers? Retrieved from

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(Hylocereus polyrhizus) drink. Retrieved from

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Choudhury & Bhansali (2022). Highlighting and the Effects of The Color of The

Highlighter on Retention: A Review of Literature Retrieved from

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C.L. Roriz et al (2022). Red pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) peel as a source of

valuable molecules: Extraction optimization to recover natural colouring agents

.Retrieved from

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Commonwealth of Australia, (2022). Dragon fruit from the Philippines:

biosecurity import requirements draft report. Retrieved from

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uit-from-the-philippines-biosecurity-import-requirements.docx

Dehankar & Patil (2019). Extraction and Characterisation of Betacyanin as a Dye

Pigment from Dragon fruit: A review. Retrieved from

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sation_of_Betacyanin_as_a_Dye_Pigment_from_Dragon_fruit_A_review

Dragon Fruit Development Act, S.1254, 19th Cong. (2022). Retrieved

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FFTC Agricultural Policy Flatform (2023). Current Status of Dragon Fruit and

Its Prospects in the Philippines. Retrieved from

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Furley Bio (2015). A look into the colourful world of fruit extracts. Retrieved from

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Gengatharan et al., (2022). Extraction and stability of pigments obtained from

pitaya bark flour Retrieved from

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Haneem (2017). Descriptive analysis and text analysis in

Systematic Literature Review. Retrieved From

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text_analysis_in_Systematic_Literature_Review_A_review_of_Master_Data_M

anagement

Haque (2020). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation

Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Retrieved from

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ation.,completely%20covered%20the%20drug%20material.

Harvard, (2019). Vinegar The Nutrition Source. Retrieved

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Hiroki N. & Noriaki K., (2017). A Study on the Effect of Learning Strategy using a

Highlighter Pen on Gaze Movement. Retrieved from

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Intermedia Arts. (2023). Water-Based vs. Alcohol-Based Markers: What You

Need to Know. Retrieved from

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markers/#:~:text=Alcohol

James A. (2021). Natural Inks and Sustainability. Retrieved

from https://lineae.co/blogs/journal/natural-inks-and-sustainability

Kim, J. M., & Ehrlich, M. S. (2017). Blepharoplasty markers: comparison of ink drying

time and ink spread. Cutis, 99(4), E13–E16. Retrieved from

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28492607

Legare(2022). Brightening the school year:The history of the highlighter. Retrieved

from

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new%20nonpermanent%20marker%20for%20children

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (2015). Betanin - A food colorant with biological

activity. Retrieved

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New World Encyclopedia Contributors (2018). Ink. Retrieved

from

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Nichols (2020). Overview of Extraction. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_

Chemistry_I_(Bennett)/2%3ALab_Textbook_(Nichols)/04%3A_Extraction/4.02

%3A_Overview_of_Extraction

Ni Komang (2020) Environmental Management and Utilizing Dragon Fruit Peel Waste

as Natural Food Coloring. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and

Science, 4(9), 11-14. Retrieved From

https://dfnet.fftc.org.tw/Page/ArticleDetail.aspx

Nishimura & Kuwahara (2015). A Study on Learning Effects of Marking with

Highlighter Pen. Retrieved from

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PressBooks (2022). One-Way ANOVA and Hypothesis Tests for

Three or More Population Means. Retrieved from

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nd-hypothesis-tests-for-three-or-more-population-means/

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Pubrica Academy (2022). Experimental Study Design: Research, Types of Design,

Methods and Advantages. Retrieved from

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search-types-of-design-methods-and-advantages/

Quintela, et.al., (2021) Dragon fruit: A review of health benefits and nutrients and its

sustainable development under climate changes in Vietnam Retrieved from

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Rodriguez, et. al., (2015). Stabilization of Betalains from the Peel of Red

Dragon Fruit [Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton & Rose] through

Biopolymeric Encapsulation. Retrieved from

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Singh, et. al., (2019). FORMULATION OF ORGANIC INK USING Ipomoea

batatas L. (SWEET POTATO) LEAVES AND Basella alba L. (MALABAR

SPINACH) FRUITS. Retrieved from

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Singh & Sharma, (2017). Detail Study of Ink Formulation From Natural

Colourants. Retrieved from

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Smith, C. (2021). Pink Highlighters VS. Yellow Highlighters. Retrieved

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Speedy Print (2016). Extended Gamut of Pink Ink. Retrieved

from

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Spring (2022). Brightening school year: The history of the highlighter. Retrieved

from

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Thulaja & Rahman, (2018). Dragon fruit. Retrieved

from

https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_768_2005-0111.html#:~:text

=The%20dragon%20fruit%20has%20a,or%20sometimes%20slightly%20souris

h%20taste.&text=The%20flesh%20is%20either%20white,black% 20seeds%

Ugay (2023).10 Best Highlighter Pens in the Philippines 2023 | Kokuyo, Staedtler,

and More. Retrieved from

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University of North Carolina (2023). Highlighting. Retrieved from

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Vera Files (2022). VERA FILES FACT SHEET: Can dragon fruit serve as an

alternate crop for rice? Retrieved from

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ernate-crop-for-rice

Wilson (2022). Total cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations and yields from traditional

extraction methods: Percolation vs. maceration. Retrieved from

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Zoe (2022). The Best Highlighter Pens. Retrieved from

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the research paper with the following details was scanned
and reviewed by the Center for Research, Planning and Development and is
deemed essentially clear of plagiarism.

Research Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Costaricensis)

Title Extract as an Alternative Pink Ink for
Liquid Highlighter Pen

Author(s) Mesa, Christian D.*

Noot, Dane Gabriel B.
Pepito, Melvin S.
Radam, Theodore Carlo C.
Sampang, Tyron L.
Serios, James Kerby N.
Anacio, Alveah Keisha S.
Diaz, Rhania Althea S.
Diric, Sophia Nicole
Flores, China Mae V.
Liwanag, Paulene Nicole G.
Manaloto, Anne Jelaine O.
Mendez, Lady Alexa C.
Sundiang, Kyla Joy B.
Tolentino, Keine D.

Date Scanned June 8, 2023

Total Number 6626

of Words

Final Rate 14 percent

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Official 00015158
Receipt
Number

Scanned by:

John Pascual C. Magnawa

Research & Planning Associate

Certified by:

Dr. Irene Mae L. Manabat

Director, CPRD

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Appendix B

General Instructions: The general objective of this research is to produce pink ink for

a liquid highlighter pen using the extract of dragon fruit, specifically Hylocereus

Costaricensis. This questionnaire will test the permanence, drying time, opacity, and

odor of the ink extracted from the dragon fruit. Please check YES if you agree with the

statement and NO if not.

Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Costaricensis) Extract as an

Alternative Pink Ink
for Liquid Highlighter Pen
YES NO
Treatments 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
PERMANENCE TEST
The ink stayed on the paper
after rubbing it off with finger
DRYING TIME TEST

The highlighter pen completely

dried before a minute had passed after it was used.
OPACITY TEST
The text is still visible after
swatching the ink.
ODOR TEST
The ink of the highlighter pen
had an unpleasant smell

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Appendix C

CHRISTIAN D. MESA
Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0951-538-5472
Address: 469 Phase 3B, Bagong Silang Cutud,
Angeles City, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 20
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : January 10, 2003
Place of Birth : Angeles City, Pampanga
Height : 159 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Cutud Elementary School
SY 2009-2015
Cutud, Angeles City, Pampanga

Secondary : Northville 15 Integrated School

SY 2015-2019
Northville 15, Cutud, Angeles City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2019-2020, SY 2022-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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DANE GABRIEL B. NOOT

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0965-068-6522
Address: Purok 3ext. Blk.12 Lot. 8, Tabun,
Angeles City, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 17
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : December 01, 2005
Place of Birth : Angeles City, Pampanga
Height : 180 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Angeles Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Pulungbulu, Angeles City, Pampanga

Secondary : Claro M. Recto Information and Communication Technology Highschool

SY 2017-2021
Claro M. Recto, Angeles City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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MELVIN S. PEPITO
Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0966-774-4026
Address: Lot 48 Blk 9 Amsic, Purok 5 Angeles City,
Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : November 30, 2004
Place of Birth : Angeles City, Pampanga
Height : 172.72 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Sta. Teresita Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Sta. Teresita, Angeles City, Pampanga

Secondary : Angeles City National Highschool

SY 2017-2021
Pampang, Angeles City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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THEODORE CARLO C. RADAM

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0960-310-2769
Address: Metro Clark Executive Villas, Camachiles,
Mabalacat City, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : December 17, 2004
Place of Birth : Angeles City, Pampanga
Height : 170 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Children of Fatima School Incorporated
SY 2011-2017
Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Secondary : Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2017-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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TYRON L. SAMPANG
Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0938-816-4923
Address: 0545 Farmland St., Manibaug Paralaya,
Porac, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 17
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : June 21, 2005
Place of Birth : Angeles City, Pampanga
Height : 178 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Manibaug Paralaya Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Manibaug Paralaya, Porac, Pampanga

Secondary : Eastern Porac National Highschool

SY 2017-2021
Manibaug Libutad, Porac, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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JAMES KERBY N. SERIOS

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0955-052-9771
Address: 319 Masaresa St. Pandan, Angeles City,
Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : November 13, 2004
Place of Birth : Angeles City, Pampanga
Height : 170 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Jose P. Dizon Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Pandan Rd, Angeles City, Pampanga

Secondary : Francisco G. Nepomuceno Memorial Highschool

SY 2017-2021
Citicenter, Angeles City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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ALVEAH KEISHA S. ANACIO

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0930-278-2453
Address: Mabini St., Dolores, Mabalacat City,
Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:

Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : March 29, 2005
Place of Birth : Magalang, Pampanga
Height : 157 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : San Joaquin Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Karunungan St., San Joaquin, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Secondary : Mary Help of Christians School

SY 2017-2021
McArthur Highway, Mabiga, Balibago, Angles City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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RHANIA ALTHEA S. DIAZ

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0951-536-3793
Address: Purok 05 Telapayong, Arayat, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : October 05, 2004
Place of Birth : San Fernando City, Pampanga
Height : 170 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Bloomingfields Academy Foundation Incorporated
SY 2011-2017
Buensuceso, Arayat, Pampanga

Secondary : Arayat National Highscool

SY 2017-2021
Arenas, Arayat, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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SOPHIA NICOLE DIRIC

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0906-466-4690
Address: Blk 73 lot 10 17st. MRC, Mabalacat City,
Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : January 25, 2005
Place of Birth : Quezon City
Height : 160 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Mawaque Resettlement Elementary School
SY 2010-2017
MRC, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Secondary : Mawaque Resettlement High School

SY 2017-2021
MRC, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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CHINA MAE V. FLORES

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0985-933-5657
Address: 0884-B, Purok 3, Sapang Bato,
Angeles City Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : February 09, 2005
Place of Birth : San Jose Del Monte Bulacan
Height : 157.48 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Matatalaib Bato Elementary School
SY 2011-2013
Matatalaib, Tarlac City

Sapangbato Elementary School

SY 2013-2017
Purok 05, Angeles City, Pampanga

Secondary : Sapangbato Ntional High School

SY 2017-2021
Purok 05, Sapangbato, Angeles City, Pampanga

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Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2019-2020, SY 2022-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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PAULENE NICOLE G. LIWANAG

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0965-956-0959
Address: #172 Purok 3 Bical, Mabalacat City,
Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 17
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : July 02, 2005
Place of Birth : Dau Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Height : 165.1 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Bical Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Bical, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Secondary : Bical High School

SY 2017-2021
Bical, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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ANNE JELAINE O. MANALOTO

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0909-609-2272
Address: #05 Dapdap, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : March 11, 2005
Place of Birth : Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Height : 157.48 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : San Guillermo Archdiocesan School Incorporated
SY 2011-2017
Madapdap Resettlement Center, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Secondary : San Guillermo Archdiocesan School Incorporated

SY 2017-2021
Madapdap Resettlement Center, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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LADY ALEXA C. MENDEZ

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0909-061-7459
Address: #625 Road 3, Rurok 7, Tabun, Citi Center,
Angeles City, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : September 26, 2004
Place of Birth : Novaliches, Quezon City
Height : 150 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Jose P. Dizon Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Pandan Rd, Angeles City, Pampanga

Secondary : Francisco G. Nepomuceno Memorial High School

SY 2017-2021
Pandan Rd Pandan, Tabun Road, Angeles City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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KYLA JOY B. SUNDIANG

Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0905-048-2322
Address: Dist. 3 Blk. 98 Lot 6, Pandacaqui Resettlement,
Mexico, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 18
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : April 10, 2005
Place of Birth : San Fernando City, Pampanga
Height : 160 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : Pandacaqui Resettlement Elementary School
SY 2011-2017
Pandacaqui, Resettlement, Mexico Pampanga

Secondary : Don Jesus Gonzales High School

SY 2017-2021
Pandacaqui, Resettlement, Mexico Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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KEINE D. TOLENTINO
Email: [email protected]
Phone no.: 0912-226-3015
Address: Blk 182 Lot 78 21B Phase 3 Madapdap,
Mabalacat City, Pampanga

PERSONAL DATA:
Age : 17
Sex : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Date of Birth : December 17, 2005
Place of Birth : Tiglao Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Height : 170.18 cm

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary : The Risen Lord Ecumenical School Incorporated
SY 2011-2017
Main Park, Madapdap Resettlement, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Secondary : San Guillermo Archdiocesan School Incorporated

SY 2017-2021
Madapdap Resettlement Center, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Systems Plus College Foundation

SY 2021-2023
Mc Arthur Highway, Balibago, Angeles City, Pampanga

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DOCUMENTATION

Group 3

Pr

Preparation for Maceration

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Maceration

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Filtering of Macerated Dragon Fruit

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Mixture of the Three Treatments

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Final Product

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