MARMARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EE3012 Electronics 2
Laboratory Report
Pre-Lab Work
1. For the circuits given in Fig. 1, calculate the low ( f L) and high ( f H ) cut-off
frequencies. Assume β=200, Cµ=3pF, Cπ=15pF. (Vcc=15V and Vee=-
15V)
Q1)
According to our calculations, we calculated fL = 13.58Hz and fH = 588.235kHz for circuit 1.
Given that β (beta) = 100, Cµ = 3 pF, and Cpi = 15 pF, we need to find the low-frequency cutoff (fL) and
high-frequency cutoff (fH) with these provided values. Let's solve this step by step.
The provided circuit is initially identified as a CE (Common Emitter) amplifier, which also incorporates
a coupling capacitor, CL.
Next, we analyze the equivalent circuit and label all the components and values in a more explicit
manner.
Subsequently, by setting Vsig to 0V, we individually considered each capacitor while short-circuiting
the other two, resulting in three distinct circuits. Using these circuits, we determined the resistance
seen by each capacitor and consequently calculated its time constant (T).
Once the calculations for all circuits and their respective time constants are completed, we can
determine the low-frequency cutoff (fL) by utilizing the provided formula.
After the calculations, we found fL as 13.58Hz.
Q2) Simulate the circuit in Fig. 1 with SPICE. Let Vcc=15V and Vee=-15V.
Conduct an AC analysis using the following spice command and plot the
amplitude of the frequency response. Indicate the low ( f L) and high ( f H ) cut-
off frequencies. .ac dec 10 1 10e6
( f L) is 629.5041 Hz and ( f H ) is 32.1266 kHz.
Q3)
For circuits 2, we found that fL = 1787Hz and fH = 590.3kHz.
Q4) Simulate the circuit in Fig. 2 with SPICE. Let Vcc=15V and Vee=-15V.
Conduct an AC analysis and plot the amplitude of the frequency response.
Indicate the low ¿) and high ( f H ) cut-off frequencies.
¿) is 464.1589 Hz and ( f H ) is 68.4304 kHz
Q9) Find the 3-dB cut-off frequencies.
( f L) is 839.51 Hz and ( f H ) is 18.4kHz
Q10) Plot the gain in dB as a function of the frequency. Indicate the low (fL) and high (fH) cut-off
frequencies.
PLOT
Q15) Find the 3-dB cut-off frequencies.
( f L) is 945 Hz and ( f H ) is 45.77kHz
Q16) Plot the gain in dB as a function of the frequency. Indicate the low (fL) and high (fH) cut-off
frequencies.
PLOT
17) Simulation and calculation results are close for the first circuit but
calculation with our measurements gives a little different gain and cutoff
frquency values. For the second circuit low cutoff frequencies are close but high
cutoff frequencies are little different between measured, calculated and
simulated results.
Differences between simulated, calculated, and measured cutoff frequencies and
gain in a real-world circuit can arise due to various reasons. Temperature
changes can influence the characteristics of electronic components, leading to
variations in circuit performance. Simulations may not always account for these
temperature-dependent effects. Simulations often assume ideal behavior for
components, neglecting non-idealities like limited bandwidth, non-linearities,
and other real-world effects. In reality, components may deviate from ideal
behavior. Fluctuations in power supply voltage can impact the behavior of
certain components, affecting the overall performance of the circuit. Simulations
may involve simplifications or approximations in component models that do not
fully capture real-world behavior.
Compared step2 and step4
1)
3)
To improve the alignment between simulated, calculated, and measured results,
consider performing a sensitivity analysis, optimizing component values based
on actual measurements, and accounting for parasitic elements and non-
idealities in your simulations. Additionally, calibration of measurement
equipment and careful consideration of experimental conditions can help
minimize discrepancies.
