| 11.1 sounp waves Sound waves are mechanical in nature, It means that these Wa to propagate from one point to another point. Without medium these wave: from “Source” ofsoundto"Listener”. region) and rarefe These waves are basically combination of compressions (high Pressure - nature means energy transmj ter, Air etc. For production OF soung yes must require material meg, sare notable to tra (low pressure region) alternatively. In other words, sound waves are basical vibrationally through any transmitting medium Ii waves vibrational objectand for propagation medit lly acoustic in ke Steel, Wa umare compulsory. | | | 11.4: SOUND WAVES 11.1.1 SOURCE OF SOUND That object which is basically the cause of vibration is called Source of Sound. For Example; _ our vocal chords, metal plate of school bell, bus hornetc. 11.1.2. SPEED OF SOUND | : is | The distance covered by sound wave per unit time iscalled speed of sound. | Speed of sound = Distance covered by sound wave, Time taken™eter Natur, Pers e whi eco) * Inter (ensity level) ich speeq cise (m/s). ™oleculardistangy nd Wave depends; + ‘ound wave; e i S th intermolec vel much ular dj fa vacuum the; ‘istance j, through g, Te is ni ry ‘Olid a transformation o fsonastence iE small land densigeoreare to liquids and gases because in solids energy eos OF molecules (eon ds & greater than liquids and gases. in mone p les that Sy 1.14 THUNDER SouND =X” t apotent new Arete then heard sound of thunder with a gap of about 3.0 seconds. e lightning, taking speed ofsoundas 343 m/s? Given: Speed of sound v=343 m/s Time taken by sound to travel this distancet=3.0s Distance oflightningS=? Speed of soundis given by: s => S=vt t $= 343 m/s x 3.0s $= 1029 m= 1.029 km = 1km Required: Solution: Putting values: > INFO: Ifyou heard the sound of thunder, you are safe now, has occurred/felled a bit earlier and you heard the sound la! much lower speed than light. _ —— ee hUDh how? It is because the thunder ter because sound travels atUnit 11 i — | yet Mell af , 11.1.3 HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED? Gy vibralorg 6 t. vibratingsource transforms ect. rate through Which soung vy sound wavesare uch, ction of Pressure wa Production of sound totally depends upon vibration of obj due to vibration and it compels the surrounding medium to ViP¥ travels. The surrounding medium particles perform toand fro motio} i‘ which produce sensation oflistening when strike with ear drum Pro‘ tem ‘ “prati ‘densi itory s¥ : the main cause of vibration, later on itcollides with our auditory er ines, ; ; nd 6 listen sound, There are so many sounds around ws IE 0 riments cal be erormeg sory. For example; 5, radios, birds, our voices during common conversations a ¢ y . i i ' justification of that for sound production vibrational bo ly plucking of both ends clay 7 jects, waves can be produced by blowing or shaking different obje rubber, wings flapping of birdsandso on. Let's perform a very simple and short duration experiment to show that vibration aha ‘ z Vibrating is necessary for production of sound. Few vibrating tunning fork tunnin, things are required in this experiment like fork 4 Tuning fork, rubber- pad, glass and water First of all take glass which is full of water: Secondly hit tuning fork on rubber pad and touch one prong of vibrating tuning fork Glass Glass very gently with surface of water as shown a wal in figure; 11.4 (a). In third step, vibrating tuning fork will be dipped vertically into glass of wateras shownin figure; 11.4 (b). (a) ) | In above both positions of vibrating tuning fork, sound can be heard due to vibration of tuningfoi with particles of medium (water molecules). This experiment can be performed with empty gla f tuning fork can also be heard, but in both cases sound impact willl and sound of vibration of different because in empty glass air exists so sound impact is smaller as compared to presence| water. 11.1.4 MEDIUM FOR PROPAGATION OF SOUND As wenn eee Waves are mechanical longitudinal in nature, so for propagation of soul paves may be edieer ei medium is required. Without the existence of medium thé y vibrating objects but cannot travel from one place to another. ft example, in classroom, ifair does delivered by teacher, not exist the students will not be able to listen all lecture poi-g: SOUND IN MATER” | Let's take an electric bell and an airtight glass | Figure 11.5: | bell jar. The electric bell is suspended inside | ‘To electric conne’ | the airtight bell jar. The bell jar is connected to | switch | a vacuum pump, as shown in figure; 11.5. \ Cork Bell jar \ Electronic bell | Ifyou press the switch you will be able to hear the bell. Now switch on the vacuum pump. When theair in the jaris pumped out gradually, the sound becomes fainter, although the same current is passing through the bell. After some time when less air is left inside the bell jar you will hear a very feeble sound. When complete air is pumped out, you will not be able to listen tO ave. any soundofelectricbell. , und Wi sythisexperiment;itisclear thatmediumis necessary for propagation ofS? at ) \o7, out of 100‘ a / 11.2 NATURE OF SOUND WAVES ( oy (action oe also called pressure waves. WI : £ medium (air, Sound waves are longitudinal in nature. These waves are object (source of sound) vibrates, this vibration causes the vibration of molecules 0 : fluid etc). Ultimately, this initiated vibration is converted into chain of vibrations afer transferring its energy into molecules of medium tll sound wave travels when any object vibrates, its vibration shows existence of kinetic ener hrough medium. A y. This kinetic energy is transmitted to the medium's molecules. inetic energy to next molecules of medium. Due to kinetic d direction. By this way These molecules transfer acquired ki t to another point. energy, these molecules start their vibrational movement in forwar vibrational energy produced by sound source is transferred from one Poin avesare the combination of compressions &rarefactions. Sound w: Compression is that high pressure portion Figure 11.6: NATURE OF SOUND W within sound wave, where molecules of Rarefaction High pressure medium acquire low velocity, which is produced due to vibrational kinetic energy of ' sound source. Here molecules of medium | have very short distance between them. (| Rarefaction is that low pressure portion within sound wave, where molecules of medium acquire high velocity within a sound | wave which is produced due to vibrational Compression High pressure kineticenergy ofsoundsource.as shown in fj ee Hi ; ere molecules of medium have comparatively large distance between them, 11.6 and 11.7, Figure 11.7: COMPRESSIO! Direction of travel Rarefaction Compression e F Low pressur' High pressure oN | Low velocity High velocity | { 11.3 TYPES OF SOUND WAVES .y-.n8 Sound waves have different names which are taken as its types. All types of sound waves; basically referenced dependent. For example; Unpleasant or pleasant effect of sound, Soft: orks sound, Musical sound or noise etc. In general sound waves can be categorized as rhythmicandn rhythmicsound wavesas shown in figure 11.8. Figure 11.8: MUSIC AND =| | MY my | | | Rhythmic Sound wave (Musical sound) —_NYon-Rhythmic Sound wave (Noise) fuman ears have limitation of detection of sound waves. The audible frequency range! etween 20 Hi nee we cled “obinne has frequency less than 20 Hertz, it is not audible to oure are called “Infrasonic waves” These : . are petroleum formation, earthquakes etc. © twad'to detect map-rock, uni Such waves which have fre: ‘quency greater than 20,000 Sevinne ne , : 000 Hz are called “UI ic waves: wavesarealso vsedtor a medical field for examination of internal orga safpats me others hear as higher navigation purposes and so on. Some whales h eeiaomt HK / *25200,000 Hz. Forbatsitis 60,000 Hzto70, an fest a fs “ , 'z.as indicated in fig"A. WAVELENGTH; B.AMPLITUDE; C. FREQUENCY: D. TIME PERIOD: The distance betw region or rarefac Tepresented by y the Greek letter lambda (A). Its SI-unitismeter- Itis the ma: : ximum displacement covered by particle disturbed e ‘ rect, consecutive crests or troughs (within compressional ion region) is called wavelength of sound wave- itis when sound about the enersy level, wave tr: avels through medium. Amplitude tells de indicates high carrie d by sound wave. In other words high amplitu' and) low amplitude tells aboutlow energy of sound wave- Figure 11.10; RELATED TERMS OF SOUND ‘WAVES Speaker direction of sound yee compression rarefaction wavelength. crest trough compression Number of sound waves produced in one second is called frequency: 1 symbolically represented by “f”. Its Sl-unit is hertz (Hz). One hertz me \ a ee \ \ Time required to create one sound wave is called time period. “symbolically: represented by “T”.It SlI-unitis “second (s)”. —_—_—_—_—_—— eeeistics OF SOUNP WAVE TP Joudnessand quality. _ cHARACT E — istics ofsound wave pitch, ree main characte ‘Therearebasically rentiate between grave and g nnot be measured directly. Basically, it jg depends upon wavelength and speg, n the basis of frequency of soy ord in unit interval of time g 11.5.1 PITCH; t the characteristic of sound wave by which we can diffe! nysical quantity, that's why it cal characteristic regarding perception of frequency and it sound. It cannot pe detected directly and only can be analyzed 0 pitch describes number of vibrations produced by vocal ¢ hhas directrelation with frequency ofsound wave. « Freq d while high pitch tells about high frequey oduces high-pitched sound whereas roar ‘han that ofa man and soq this is sound. It is nota P wave: second). That's why pitcl Pitch of sound wave uency of sound wave Lowpitch of sound waves mean less frequency soum ; abird pr soundas shown in figure 11.11. For example; ofalionisalow-pitched sound, the voice ofawoman has ahigher pitch t 1.1 t: PITCH OF SOUND WA¥y Frequency Low pitch ANE | ME = vie 11.5.2 LOUDNESS UMsthat characteristic ofsound wave by en ieee differentiate between aon pee cearies It is also not a i eee antty that's why it cannot irectly. Loudness can be measured on the basis of “ soundwaver Amplitude of Ness OF SOUN Amplitude of Sound Waves High Amplitude | Cod Sound | Low Amp Quiet Sound | orBasical} endness of sound ae ro Amplitude naness of mpttude ton to test ‘st th check the stronges DECIBEL, COMPai . RATIVE SKETCH OF LOUDNESS & piTcH OF SOUND wave ofsound wave)? Strongest | rongest nest level of sound wave, level ofsound wave, Loudness isthe Property ofsound which. is used for differentiating between the loud and faint sound. Pitch is the characteristic of sound which is used for differentiating between the shrilland flat sound. Loudness is dependent upon the energy Pitch is independent of the energy received by the ears in unit time interval, received by the earsinunittime interval. Loudness is independent of the change Pitch is dependent on the change in the in frequency. frequency. As the frequency increases, the shrillness of the sound increases. [fee a comrarne see | LOUDNESS LOUDNESS INCREASES DECREASES rive \ \ PITCH PITCH DECREASES INCREASESrs which directly affectthe nd: Vibration’ al amp! loudness ofsound; al amplitude litude of vibr There are four facto ids direct relate ‘A. Vibrational amplitude of source of SOW sate oblest (So i Wit loudness of sound. It means that greater vibration: Ce sound) will cause production ofhigh Joudness sound. 1 d: Surface areais dire’ face area of source oO! nal to the with loudness ‘ ctly proportio produce a sound of higy B. Surface area of source of soun peoandl will sound, It means that a greater sur! loudness. C. Distance from the Source of sound: relation with loudness ofsound wave. Itmeans loudnessas compared to long distance listener can feel more effect of loudness, j D. The sensitivity of ears of listener: More sensitive ears other words sensitivity level ofears hasdirectrelation with loudness of: sound wave. 11.5.3 QUALITY OF SOUND OR TIMBRE which helps our ears to disting eae nsthich have same loudnessand pitch. Quality isalso called timber. characteristics as well as harmonic contacts of sound w y a harmonic contact means that during the motion of sound the way followed saa” medium ie a energy. The quality of sound depends upon relative int we ertones. The word over tone means any harmonic with frequency greater than the para lament er from source of sound has invers Distance of listen er will feel more impact sthat short distance listen’ It is that characteristic of sound uish between such two soy mn Ithelpsus to study dynamic frequency ofa sound. | UALITY OF SOUM -_—_——, ; Depends on Loudness| | amplitude of sore loud vibration depends on lo . Quality dl ee \ or Timbre peony on arer mixed | | | { | {Energy transmi F SOUND itted by Wi sound wave. Itis Smbsene way /AVE i per ically anit per uy Tepresentedby a endleutar area per unit time is called inte Intensity ofsound= Energy tran: smi 7 itted by sound wave Cane In other words intensity o| rea x time cle ag? ruiz] area. Its unitis w: f sound wave i at eis t/metre® (W/m’) Power delivered by sound wave per unit perpendicular The relation b etween intensi ensity and amplitude of sound wave can be studied as; Tneensi (change i nsity of sound = eres oY OE GS = : el= — (density of medium) (speed of sound) ae uy CRS BES elon ae NPN E Na ciEnE Al tiseicee tis subjective in nature, Itis objective in nature. 2 i : It is not completely a physical quantity. _| It isa physical quantity. Tedoes not depends upon the sensitivity 3 | It depends upon the sensitivity of ears. of ears. 4 Unit of measure: it Unit of measurement : watt per square ment: decibel (4B) aa wn) | 11.6.1 SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL Itis quantity which describes about sound level produced by any sound source and compares with tensities of such two sound waves which standard fixed value. It has no unit. When we compare in have same frequencies, wetake the ratio of powers ofsound waves. Let's consider there are two intensities of sound waves “1” "1," and their loudness as “L' and “Ly” respectively. Loudness of sound is directly proportional to the logarithm of intensity of sound, given by: Lo log! or L=klog! > ss the constant of proportionality, similarly, for faintest sound: L,=klogl, > ee Where 42 from equation 1: L-Lo= klog!-klog Ie 1, Subtracting equation or L-by= or L-Ly=klog lo ed sound intensity level and is rep, > k (log I - 108 1,) ness oftwo sounds (1.~ Le) is call nalsobewritten as: The difference in lou ; I Intensity Level = k log | 0 by B.So,equation 3 ca L-Ly= dintensity = 1W/m?andI, =Faintestsound intensity = 10° W/m?, s greater than the intensity of 10 the faintest aug led bel, the value High soun Where; Ifintensity lofany sound ie. 1 =101 an becomes 1. Therefore, unknown sound is 10 time: ha sound is taken as unit, call d the intensity level of suc usingk=1,Eq.(4) becomes > Intensity level(B) = 108 (bets ‘Asbel is a large unit, we usually express intensity eve in decibel (1 bel = 10 dB). So, equation given by: Intensity level (B) = 10g 2) > Using Eq. (11.4), we can | construct a scale for measuring — a ie . the intensity level of sound. Such | € 7 i | 2 talent scaleisknownas“decibelscale’ pe one ee | 40 d8 in 3008 50. dB y | nd sows “ovenn om The intensity level of different 70 dB owestie sounds in decibel is given in figure 11.16. DECIBEL SCALE (DP) 0dB Aneesh Ah 140 dB ies Fireworks: 130 dB 1208 11048 a © wacootetunit 11 L EXAMPLE a) SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL How high |. ; igh level a sound will be if it is four times as intense as the first sound? ty of second sour a1,=41 Given: ‘iven: Intensity of first sound I, = 1 Intensit Required: _ Intensity level Solution: _ Intensity level in dBis given by B=10log B a A Putting values: B=10 tog 4t = 10 108-4 => 60248 : : 7 It shows that the two sound intensity levels differ by about 6 4P- This resultis true FO any intensity that differs by a factor of four. : /SPEED OF SOUND PROPAGATION OF SOUND [11.7 FACTORS OF PROPAGATION There are main three factors which affect the propagation of sound wave; Figure 11.17 (a) Temperature of Medium: baad Speed of sound increases with increase in temperature. For example; by increasing 12°C in temperature speed of sound will be increased by 0.61m/s. Mathematically veysoat > Where v,=332m/s (b) Dynamiccondition of Medium: er supported by dynamic state of medium, for example if wind is Speed of sound can be furth ffectively as compared to slow plowing with high speed itwill help to transportsound waves more e| speed wind. (c) Viscosity: ofthe Medium: 4 does not depend upon viscosity of medium, the term vi 7 ates iscosity tells about the dium (solid, Liquid & gas) to change the movement of nearest molecules of Speed of soun resistance of me medium. otexperienced tyson In the term noise means unpleasa ; hys! eal rebias lowing characteristics; sic eat i Howing ch: Pl iythmic behavior. fe i.Noisehasnon-rhythmi 7 nergy states. | i Noise hi ows variable energ} ultiple frequencies range, m es unpleasant sound wave : sh ii. Graphical waveform of noise: indie: atit possess 7 fnoise indicates thatit p ibution for noise. ii. Wavefarmingrapho regular intensity distr tion shows it ical represental ' hi E USICAL sou) meee GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF NOISE AND M' ND Figure 11.18: MUSICAL SOUND (Constant energy states) NOISE (Wariable energy states) Sound waves can be studied in two manners as “PERIODIC SOUND WAVES” and “NON-PERIOD| SOUND WAVES” Human ears structures are designed for Periodic sound waves, It Means that o1 ears feel pleasant effect for those sound waves which have regular periodic vibrations, energies frequencies and even intensity levels, The range of periodic sound Waves is about 15 hertz to 4000 hertz. While beyond this rang ced by use of earp) S, turning off Pliances when not in use, pl 1 4 gs, 6 Offap, ! ng Ore trees, lowe 8 the volume, regular mai ntenance of veh; icles ‘achines ete, and mach; By conti “Sthatnoise pollution hasoy everyone,DAI z Ly LIFE EXAMP! factories and machineries, air-conditioning systems road work, demolition, excavation), piling, Industrial buildings; Construction sites; site formation (¢.9. renovation Transportation; aircrafts, trains, road vehicles, vessels open markets, streets, parks Public places; / 11.9 ECHO ‘The term ECHO is a behavior of sound with any obstacles due to Wave-reflection phenomenon. bounce back from any nature of hard surface (obstacle) like a bouncing o' wave by which it comes back to the listener after striking Like other waves, Sound waves also fa rubber ball from the surface of Earth or wall.Faure Thain Reflected Sound Waves (echo) sound heard pon reflection. When Sound way e (obstacle) produces another wave whi 4 by source of sound The hardness le jjsound and even it prolongs the sensat So, in general we can say that ECHO is distinct generated then upon its reflection from any surfac separately heard from the original sound produce: reflecting sound is not very high as compared to origin’ » calculated; let us considerg oflistening of original sound. By the help of echo, the distance of any ePI°t under water can If veterand wearenocsure about position under water, Aman onbg eee Min water is taken as 1500m/sth s ifthe speedo! object is placed inside the ance of object und oops sonar device and detects echoin 0.05 by using simplelinear motion formula dist jerwater can be calculated; Distance = d ? speed ofsound = ove = 1500m/s Echo timing = ot = 005s pistance formula: distances speedofsound time taken by echo ado = vet = 1500m/s*0.05s = 75m ter The result is divided by 2ast at the object is 75/2 metre or 37. 5 metre under it means th e travels backas’ well. sound wav! 1.9.1. NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR ECHO can percei - n ears can perceive sound waves within 0.1 second. Th 5 that two sound wave 1 Huma can be perceived iftime interval between them is 0.1 second. Soitis en echo ai petwe ‘i ind original sound wave is 0.1 second. Due to above me! jstance between source : : tii of sound and reflecting surface can be calculated as; is value show: clear that the time interval tioned information tpo 2d Distance travelled by sound Speed of sound Time taken by echo = 018 ga=0.1%¥ =n = speed x time taken = vi20 0 x value of Distance is 1/20th 0 is Tucing echo the So d ction of ech’ for product Hos then for Produc’ This result tells that minimum required distance speed of sound. For examp! distance should be 16.6 m. le; if speed of sound in air Is Distance A rming echo experiment. hill for perfo jents heard her echo aft sonal thermome! ECHO A physics teacl Kainaat shoute! a stop watch, She rec Howfaris the clifffrom her? er 1.25,using her took students to a nearby ter as 25 °C. dandthe teacher andall other stud orded the temperature on her pe! taken for echo At = 1.2 s Given: ‘Temperature T = 25°C Time Required: _ Distance of cliffS=? Solution: Speed of sound at any temperature “T" is given by: v= 331+ 0.6T Putting value of T: v=331+0.6x25 = v=346 m/s Now using the equation for echo: S= o Putting values: S= 346x125 5076 m So, the cliff is 207.6 m away from her.11.9.2 APPLICATIONS OF ECHO Echo has many applications in daily life Speed of sound can be determined Usage in obstetric ultrasonography h their they can reacl Bats cannot see from their eyes so by the help Ciaicean ot ae destinations and even can identify things which come on ho technique. Depth of sea or Presence of submarines can be located by ec! : / 11.10 IMPORTANCE OF ACOUSTIC PROTECTION iysics wi s witl ly of sound; its isti duction, A tic is that branch of physics which deals with study of sound; its characteristics, pro: cous! soe . ission, effects and so on. There are so many types of acoustic like; environmental noise, ransmi: , ‘sical acoustics, ultra-sounds, infra-sounds, vibration and dynamics. nu: ,Beis) human . i created bY Environmental noise is defined as undesirable or destructive open alr sou eivity. rail traffic, activities, such as noise emitted by means of road traffic transport, industria andairtraffic. ACOUSTIC PROTECTION The technique or method used to absorb undesirable sounds acoustic protection. Reflection of sound is more prominent if U ae less if the surface is soft and irregular: Soft porous materials, such as draper! ‘Thus, by using such large amount of sound energy and thus quiet echoes and softening noises: N' rtace of materials in noisy places, we can reduce the level of noise pollution. Howevel "classrooms or publichallsare too absorbent, the sound level may fortheau by soft and porous surface is called he surface is Tigi ‘below i ' which E Sounds disturbance of matter thatis transmitted from its source to outwards and produces sensation ofhearingin ears. Loudness is the perception of sound intensity; greater the intensity, louder the sound will be. Pitch is the perception of frequency of sound; the greater the frequency, the greater will be the pitch and the shriller will be the sound. Quality is number and relative intensity ofmultiple sound frequencies. Musical sound isa sound thatis pleasant and harmonious. Noise is any loud, discordant or dis-agreeable sound. Intensity is the power per unit perpendicular area (or energy per unit area per unit time) carried by a wave. _ Sound intensity level is a unitless quantity that tells about the level of sound relative to a fixed standard. Reverberation is the reflected sound that cannot be distinguished from original sound (is _ heard before 0.1 s ofthe originalsound). + j Echois the reflected sound that can be distin, guished from original i . | Sormore ofthe original sound). a \udible Frequency Range isthe range of frequency from 20 H: ‘ i ties a Rises i.