Terahertz generation by nonlinear mixing of

laser pulses in a clustered gas

Cite as: Phys. Plasmas 18, 053105 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3587066
Submitted: 24 December 2010 . Accepted: 04 April 2011 . Published Online: 23 May 2011

Manoj Kumar, and V. K. Tripathi

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© 2011 American Institute of Physics.

 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 18, 053105 (2011)

Terahertz generation by nonlinear mixing of laser pulses in a clustered gas

Manoj Kumara) and V. K. Tripathi
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
(Received 24 December 2010; accepted 4 April 2011; published online 23 May 2011)
A scheme of terahertz (THz) generation by two collinear laser pulses of finite spot size in a
clustered gas is investigated theoretically. The lasers quickly ionize the atoms of the clusters,
converting them into plasma balls, and exert a ponderomotive force on the cluster electrons,
producing a beat frequency longitudinal current of limited transverse extent. The current acts as an
antenna to produce beat frequency terahertz radiation. As the cluster expands under p theffiffiffi
hydrodynamic pressure, plasma frequency of cluster electrons xpe decreases and approaches 3
times the frequency of laser, resonant p heating
ffiffiffi and expansion of clusters occurs. On further
expansion of clusters as xpe approaches 3 times the terahertz frequency, resonant enhancement
in THz radiated power occurs. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3587066]

I. INTRODUCTION sion of gas can cause the gas to supersaturate and the atoms
nucleate to form nanosize clusters. The size of the clusters is
The generation of terahertz (THz) radiation is attracting
smaller than the laser wavelength and the distance between
wide attention due to its applications in medical imaging,
neighboring clusters is larger than the laser wavelength. Dit-
remote sensing, spectroscopy of solids and liquids, and chem-
mire et al.22 have reported strong ion heating and efficient
ical and security identifications.1–6 One of the routes for THz
neutron production via ion coulomb explosion of laser irradi-
radiation is laser plasma interaction.7–10 Hamster et al.7 have
ated clusters. It is also reported that the laser absorption that
observed terahertz radiation in a laser induced plasma
was only 5% in the absence of cluster formation became
channel where ponderomotive force drives the radiation. Gil-
95% when the clusters were formed. Kostyukov et al.26 have
denburg and Vvedenskii11 considered a scheme where a fem-
observed that collisionless absorption of laser energy in the
tosecond laser pulse, line focused on a low density gas jet
cluster plasma is more efficient than the collisional one for
target through an axicon assembly, tunnel ionizes the gas,
the late stage of interaction and estimated the threshold of
forming a thin plasma cylinder. The electrons produced dur-
transition from collisional to collisionless regime of cluster
ing the laser pulse retain finite transverse momentum after
heating. Kumar and Tripathi29 have seen sharp enhancement
the pulse is gone and set in the transverse oscillations
pffiffiffi of the
in Rayleigh scattering of an intense short pulse laser when
electron plasma cylinder at frequency x ¼ xp = 2 (where xp
the clusters expand under laser heating and the electron den-
is the plasma frequency), producing THz radiation. Liu and
sity inside a cluster equal to three times of critical density.
Tripathi12 proposed the application of a static magnetic field
Nagashima et al.30 have experimentally studied THz radia-
to provide frequency tunability and a density ripple to control
tion via laser cluster interaction, using a mildly relativistic
the angular orientation of the emitted radiations in this
laser pulse ( IL ¼ 1017 W=cm2 , kL ¼ 800 nm, sL ¼ 130 fs,
scheme. The terahertz pulse generations from biased
pulse energy  50 mJ, and r0 ¼ 17 lm ), focused onto argon
plasma,13 air plasma filaments,14 and plasma excited by two
clusters (of diameter  10 nm ). The THz power seems to be
color optical pulse15 have also been reported. Cook et al.16
significantly enhanced by the presence of the clusters.
found that THz pulse can be generated efficiently when fun-
In this paper, we study the terahertz generation by beat-
damental and second harmonic laser pulses co-propagate in
ing two collinear lasers of small spot size. The lasers quickly
air. Sheng et al.17 have proposed THz generation via linear
ionize the atoms of clusters, convert them into plasma balls,
mode conversion of laser wake field driven plasma wave in
and heat them. They also exert a beat frequency ponderomo-
inhomogeneous plasma. Antonsen et al.18 presented a scheme
tive force on the cluster electrons and produce a nonlinear
for THz generation that involves the creation of a miniature
current of limited transverses extent, driving the terahertz
corrugated plasma channel. This channel supports a laser
radiation at the beat frequency. The hydrodynamic pressure
eigenmode with subluminal phase velocity while radial pon-
causes cluster expansion. We expect that at an instant when pffiffiffi
deromotive force due to mode causes THz radiation genera-
plasma frequency of cluster electrons xpe approaches 3
tion. Bhasin and Tripathi19 have recently examined a scheme
times the laser frequency resonant heating of clusters would
of THz radiation generation via optical rectification of a laser
occur.
p ffiffiffi On further expansion of clusters as xpe approaches
pulse in rippled density magnetized plasma.
3 times the terahertz frequency one may get enhancement
The gases embedded with clusters offer the possibilities
in THz radiated power. In Sec. II we study laser induced
of stronger coupling with intense short pulse laser.20–28 In a
cluster heating and expansion. In Sec. III we obtain the radi-
gas jet targets, the cooling associated with adiabatic expan-
ated terahertz power due to the ponderomotive force driven
longitudinal current of the thin plasma cylinder. A discussion
a)
Electronic mail: [email protected]. of results is given in Sec. IV.

1070-664X/2011/18(5)/053105/5/$30.00 18, 053105-1 C 2011 American Institute of Physics

V
053105-2 M. Kumar and V. K. Tripathi Phys. Plasmas 18, 053105 (2011)

II. LASER INDUCED HEATING AND CLUSTER where cs0 ¼ ðT0 =mi Þ1=2 and where mi is the ion mass. As the
EXPANSION cluster expands its radius increases and the plasma frequency
Consider a gas jet target embedded with atomic clusters decreases, keeping x2pe rc3 ¼constant, i.e., x2pe rc3 ¼ x2pe0 rco
3
,
of radius rc0 and density nc . Two collinear laser beams prop- where xp0 is the value of xpe at t ¼ 0. Thus
agate through it with electric fields
x2pe ¼ x2pe0 ðrc =rc0 Þ3 : (6)
~j ¼ x^Aj eiðxj tkj zÞ ;
E (1)
2 2
If one takes the expansion of clusters to be adiabatic, one
where A2j ¼ A2j0 eðtz=vg Þ =sLj er =r0 , where j ¼ 1; 2, vg is the
2 2
must add a cooling term to Eq. (4). The rate of temperature
group velocity of lasers, sL is the pulse duration of laser, and decreases due to the cluster expansion is dTe =dt ¼ ð2Te =
x ¼ x1  x2 is in the terahertz range ðx  x1 ; x2 Þ. The rc Þdrc =dt. Equation (4) can be written in the dimension less
lasers quickly ionize the atoms of clusters, converting them form as,
into plasma balls. We assume that these balls to be spherical,   2 2 2 2 2 2
with uniform interior electron density ne . When an electron d Te a21 es =v0 sL1 þ a22 es =v0 sL2
¼ h i
sphere is displaced with respect to the ion sphere by a dis- ds T0 2
3 ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 ð1  x2 =3x2 Þ þ ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 v2 =x2
pe
tance ~ D, each electron experiences a restoring force 1 0 1

~T ¼ ð4p=3Þne e2~
F D, where ~ D is the electron excursion and
2 2 2 2 2 2
2xa1 a2 es =v0 sL1 es =v0 sL2 cos½xs=v0 
þ h i
e is the electron charge. The equation of motion for cluster 2
3x1 ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 ð1  x2pe =3x21 Þ þ ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 v20 =x21
electrons under the electric fields of lasers, is
2 2 2 2 2 2
xa1 a2 es =v0 sL1 es =v0 sL2 sin½xs=v0 ð3  x2pe =3x21 Þ
d2~
Dj ~j 4pne e2~
eE Dj d~
Dj þ h i
¼   ; (2) 2
3v0 ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 ð1  x2pe =3x21 Þ þ ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 v20 =x21
dt2 m 3m dt
 
where m is the mass of electron and  is the electron-ion col- Te rc0 d rc
2 ; (7)
lision frequency. In the quasi-steady state Eq. (2) gives the T0 rc ds rco
electron excursions and quiver velocities, 2
=r02 2
=r02 2
=r02
where a1 ¼ a10 er , a2 ¼ a20 er , a1 ¼ a10 er ,
eEj 2 2 eA10 eA20 eA
Dj ¼ ; a2 ¼ a20 er =r0 , a10 ¼ mx1 vth , a20 ¼ mx2 vth , a10 ¼ mx110vth ,
2
mðxj  x2pe =3 þ ixj Þ eA 1=2 0
(3) a20 ¼ mx220vth , vth
¼ ðT0 =mÞ , t ¼ t  z=vp , z0 ¼ z, s ¼ v0 t 0 ,
~j
exj E
vj ¼
~ 2 2
; x ¼ x1  x2 , k~ ¼ k~1  k~2 . We have solved Eqs. (5)–(7)
miðxj  xpe =3 þ ixj Þ numerically for the following parameters: xpe0
1=2 ¼ 5  1015 rad= sec , x1 ¼ 2  1015 rad= sec, x2 ¼ 1:99  1015
where xpe ¼ ð4pne e2 =mÞ is the cluster electron plasma
frequency. rad= sec , x ¼ 1  1013 rad= sec, a1  a2 ’ 0:2, v0 ¼ 1013 = sec,
The lasers heat the cluster electrons at a time average v20 =x2 ¼ 1, cs0 =v0 rc0 ¼ 0:4, and x2pe0 =x21 ¼ 3:5. In Figs. 1
rate (averaged over the laser periods) as and 2 we have plotted the variation of electron temperature
  and cluster radius with time for different values of laser ampli-
d 3 e h~  ~ :~ ~ v  þ~ 
i
tude. One may note that cluster heating rises sharply when the
Te ¼  Re E 1 :~ v1 þ E 2 v2 þ E1 :~2 E2 :~
v1
dt 2 2 electron density in the cluster approaches three times of the
pffiffiffi
e2 vx21 ðA21 þ A21 Þ critical density, i.e., xpe ¼ 3 x1 . As further expansion of the
¼ 2 cluster detunes this resonance, the temperature decreases
2m½ðx21  x2pe =3Þ þ v2 x21 
slowly with time due to adiabatic cooling. Initially, the cluster
e2 A1 A2 radius expands slowly with time and when the plasma reso-
þ 2
2m½ðx21  x2pe =3Þ þ v2 x21  nance is reached, it rises rapidly.
 ½2vxx1 cosðxt  kzÞ
i
þ ð3x21  x2pe =3Þx sinðxt  kzÞ ; (4)

where k ¼ k1  k2  x=c,  ¼ 0 ðTe =T0 Þ3=2 (with T0 is the

initial cluster electron temperature and 0 as the initial colli-
sion frequency). The clusters undergo expansion due to the
pressure associated with heated electrons. For electron
excursion less than a Debye length and cluster radius, i.e.,
Dj < vth =xpe ; rc , one may take the expansion to be hydrody-
namic and expansion velocity equal to the sound velocity
cs ¼ ðTe =mi Þ1=2 ,
   
d rc cs0 Te 1=2
¼ ; (5) FIG. 1. (Color online) Normalized cluster electrons temperature (Te =T0 ) as
ds rc0 v0 rc0 T0 a function of normalized time (s ¼ 0 t0 ) for a1  a2 ¼ 0:2; 0:4.
053105-3 Terahertz generation by nonlinear mixing of laser pulses Phys. Plasmas 18, 053105 (2011)

ð 3  iðxðtR=cÞkzi Þ x2pe =x21

~ r;tÞ ¼ ^z nc rc0 eA1 A2 e
Að~ d 3 ri ;
6mc2 R ðx2  x2pe =3 þ ivxÞ
(12)
3  ð r0 ð 2p ð L
~ r; tÞ ¼ ^z nc rc0 eA1 A2
Að~
6mc2 0 0 0
eiðxðtr=cÞ eixð1cos hÞzi =c eixqi sin h cosð//i Þ=c

ðr  zi cos h  qi sin h cosð/  /i ÞÞ
ðxpe =x21 Þqi dqi d/i dzi
2
 2 : (13)
ðx  x2pe =3 þ ivxÞ
P
FIG. 2. (Color online) Normalized cluster radius (rc =rc0 ) as a function of Using the identity, exp½i xc qi sin h cosð/  /i Þ ¼ Jn
normalized time (s ¼ 0 t0 ) for a1  a2 ¼ 0:2; 0:4. x
ð c qi sin hÞ exp½inð/i  /  p=2Þ, on /i integration only
n ¼ 0 term survives, and at the larger distance the vector
potential is
III. TERAHERTZ GENERATION
3  iðxðtr=cÞ ixð1cos hÞL=c
The lasers exert a ponderomotive force on the cluster ~ r; tÞ ¼ ^z pnc rc0 eA1 A2 e ðe  1Þ
Að~
electrons at the beat frequency x ¼ x1  x2 , ~
k ¼ k~1  k~2 , 3mrc2 ixð1  cos hÞ=c
ð r0 xq 
e x2pe =x21 i
~cp
F er/cp ¼  ð~ ~2 þ ~
v1  B v2  B
~1 Þ  2 2
J 0 sin h qi dqi : (14)
2c 0 ðx  xpe =3 þ ivxÞ c
" #
~1 :E
eE ~ x1 x2 For far field, the electric field of the THz is E ~
~ ¼ 1=c @ A=@t,
/cp ¼ 2

2mck ðx21  x2pe =3Þ þ ivx1 ðx22  x2pe =3Þ þ ivx2
 iðxðtr=cÞ
~r ð~
3
pnc rc0 eA1 A2 e ðeixð1cos hÞL=c  1Þ
~1 :E
eE ~ x E r; tÞ ¼ ^z I;
’ 2
; (8) 3mrc2 ð1  cos hÞ
2mck x21
(15)
where  denotes the complex conjugate of the quantity. The Ð r0
where I ¼ x2pe =x21 =ðx2 x2pe =3þivxÞJ0 ðxqi =csinhÞqi dqi ,
0
velocity of cluster electrons under the ponderomotive force
~
and the magnetic field of the THz is B¼r ~
A’ðix=cÞ^ ~
r  A,
is

ixF~cp pnc rc0 eA1 A2 e 3  iðxðtr=cÞ

ðeixð1cos hÞL=c  1Þ
v0 ¼
~ : (9) ~r ð~
B r; tÞ ¼ ð^
r  ^zÞ I:
mðx2  x2pe =3 þ ivxÞ 3mrc2 ð1  cos hÞ
(16)
The nonlinear current density at x, ~
k is,
The time average Poynting’s vector is
4prc3 ne nc e2 xk/cp
J~x;NLk~ ¼ na e~v0 ’ 2
3m ðx2  x2pe =3 þ ivxÞ c c p2 ðnc rc0
3
Þ e2 j A 1 j 2 j A 2 j 2
x2pe =x21 S~av ¼ r^ j Bj2 ¼ r^
nc r3 eA1 A2 eiðxtkzÞ 8p 8p 9m2 r 2 c4
¼^z c0 : (10)
6mc ðx2  x2pe =3 þ ivxÞ sin ½ð1  cos hÞxL=2csin2 h 2
2
 I : (17)
ð1  cos hÞ2
If the plasma cylinder was of large (infinite) radius the axial
current density would cause only the electrostatic fields. We may normalize it by the peak power of one of the lasers
However, when the plasma radius is finite, there is disconti- P0 ¼ pr02 cjA10 j2 =8p, the normalized radiated terahertz power is
nuity in the dielectric constant that produces the magnetic
field. For cylinder radius less than the THz wavelength, pon- 3 2 2 2 2 x4 2
S~av r 2 pðnc rc0 Þ vth r0 x2 pe0 eA20
deromotive force driven current can be taken to be unmodi- ¼ r^
fied by the self field and the nonlinear current source can be P0 9 c2 c2 x41 mx2 vth
2
=v20 s2L1
treated like a wire antenna as far as the radiation field is con- e2s sin2 ½sin2 ½h=2xL=ccos2 ½h=2 2
 I1 ; (18)
cerned. The vector potential31,32 at a far point ~r ðr; h; /Þ due sin2 ½h=2
to all the clusters in cylinder of length L and radius r0 , where
r0 is the spot size of laser, where
ð~ ð1 02
~ r; tÞ ¼ 1 Jð~r i ; t  R=cÞ 3 qi 0 e2qi ð1  x2pe0 =3x2 ðrc =rc0 Þ3 Þðrc =rc0 Þ3
Að~ d ri ; (11) I1 ¼ J0
c R 2
0ð1  x2pe0 =3x2 ðrc =rc0 Þ3 Þ þ v20 =x2 ðTe =Te0 Þ3
xr 
where R ¼ j~ r ~ri j  r  qi sin h cosð/  /i Þ  zi cos h and 
0 0
qi sin h dqi 0 ;
ri is expressed in terms of cylindrical coordinates (qi ; /i ; zi ).
~ c
053105-4 M. Kumar and V. K. Tripathi Phys. Plasmas 18, 053105 (2011)

where qi 0 ¼ qi =r0 . The normalized radiated total terahertz

power is
ð 2p ð p
PTHz
¼ ðS~av r2 =P0 Þ sin hdhdU:
P0 0 0
2 2
Þ e2s =v0 sL1 v2th r02 x22 x4pe0 eA20
2 2 2
PTHz 2p2 ðnc rc0
3
¼
P0 9 c2 c2 x41 mx2 vth
ðp 2 2
sin ½sin ½h=2xL=ccos3 ½h=2 2
 I1 dh: (19)
0 sin½h=2

We have solved the Eq. (18) and Eq. (19) for the following
parameters: xpe0 ¼ 5  1015 rad= sec, x1 ¼ 2  1015 rad= sec,
x2 ¼ 1:99  1015 rad= sec, rc0 ¼ 106 cm, nc ¼ 5  1014 =cm3 ,
L ¼ 0:1 cm, x ¼ 11013 rad=sec, v0 ¼ 1013 =sec, r0
3 FIG. 4. Normalized total THz power (PTHz =P0 ) as a function of normalized
¼ 210 cm, and eA20 =mx2 vth ¼ 0:2, and the results are time (s ¼ 0 t0 ) with normalized amplitude a2 ¼ 0:2.
shown in the figures. In Fig. 3 we have plotted the normal-
ized THz power as a function of h for different values of
plitude, fourth power of cluster electron plasma frequency,
xL=c ¼ 10; 20; and 30 with normalized amplitude a2 ¼ 0:2.
and the inverse square of laser frequency. The plasma region
The oscillation of electron cloud with respect to the ion
on the scale of Rayleigh length produced by the lasers work
cloud is predominantly in the x^ direction, but the lasers exert
as a dipole antennae of THz radiation. The angular distribu-
a ponderomotive force on cluster electrons in the ^z direction.
tion of emitted radiation depends on the length of cluster
The angular distribution of the emitted radiation depends
plasma. For larger L, peak is located at an angle 20 , if we
upon the length of the cluster plasma. For the larger L, peak
decrease the length of plasma, peak is shifted toward the
is located at an angle 20 , if we decrease the length of
higher angles. The energy conversion efficiency for our pa-
plasma the peak is shifted from 20 to 30 . In Fig. 4 we have
rameters is 104 . Our theory is valid when the pulse dura-
plotted the normalized total THz power as a function of nor-
tion of lasers is much greater than inverse of THz frequency,
malized time for normalized amplitude a2 ’ 0:2. The THz
i.e., the FWHM of the pulse should be much larger than 100
power rises slowly with time, acquiring pffiffiffia maximum at the fs. The treatment ignores the refraction of the laser, which is
resonance condition, where xpe x 3. This resonance
justified in plasma of low cluster density. The neglect of dif-
enhancement in the THz radiation occurs for a limited dura-
fraction effects is also justified when the length of nonlinear
tion then falls off with time.
interaction between the lasers and the cluster jet target is
small as (compared to) the Rayleigh length. The hydrody-
IV. DISCUSSION namic model is valid when the electron excursion in laser
field is less than a Debye length and cluster radius, i.e.,
The laser excitation of terahertz radiation requires laser
Dj < vth =xpe ; rc . For Dj > rc , the Coulomb explosion occurs
intensity 1015 W=cm2 . The THz power shows a resonant pffiffiffi on the time scale of xpi 1 , where xpi ¼ ð4pni e2 =mi Þ is the
enhancement as the THz frequency x approaches xpe = 3.
cluster ion plasma frequency. Taguchi et al.25 have discussed
The enhancement occurs for a limited duration and than falls
the intensity threshold condition at which laser heated cluster
off. The THz power goes as square of laser spot size (as long
could not be treated hydrodynamically. The intensity thresh-
as the THz wavelength is bigger than the spot size of laser).
old is around ðI=D20 Þ ’ 3:1  1012 W=cm2  nm2 , where D0
It scales linearly with square of ðnc rc3 Þ, square of laser am-
is the diameter of the cluster and I is the laser intensity, for
I ¼ ð1015  1016 W=cm2 Þ and D0 ¼ ð20  53 nmÞ, which
demarcates the boundary separating the hydrodynamic and
kinetic expansion regimes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
M. Kumar is thankful to the University Grant Commis-
sion for financial support.
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