INDUSTRIAL WASTE ENGINEERING

AND MANAGEMENT

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Insights

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Insights contd…

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Water, which has been coloured by textile dye and will eventually flow through the
Labandha, Turag and Buriganga rivers, is released near a paddy field in the Mawna
Union area, north of Gazipur.

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 Waste Water Disposal Methods
■ Introduction
■ The disposal of sewage effluent is the last stage of getting rid of sewage
■ After subjecting it to various steps of processes
■ Treatment of transforming the sewage into a harmless liquid which fulfils the
minimum standard of health and sanitation.
■ The main objects of controlling the disposal of sewage are
– • To render the sewage inoffensive
– • To save the aquatic life in streams
– • To eliminate the danger of contamination of water supplies.
■ Amount or degree of treatment – the source of its disposal, capacity to assimilate the
impurities present in the sewage without itself getting polluted or less useful
■ Before designing the treatment plant, the source of disposal has to be selected first.
Methods of Wastewater Disposal

■ 1. Natural Methods 2. Artificial Methods 3. Combined Methods

■ Natural Methods
– (i) Dilution or disposal into water i.e. into sea, lakes or rivers
– (ii) Disposal on land or land treatment i.e. sewage farming and irrigation
■ Artificial Methods
■ By which the sewage is disposed off only after subjecting it to various treatments (primary and
secondary) such as:
– (i) Screening and detritus removal
– (ii) Sedimentation with or without chemicals
– (iii) Biological treatment (trickling filter, oxidation pond or activated sludge process)
■ The actual practice is to use both the methods, the sewage is first given the treatment and then
it is disposed off by any of the natural method. If full treatment is not given at least the primary
treatment is given before disposal.
Methods of Wastewater Disposal contd…

 Combined Methods
● If the strength of sewage exceeds selfpurification
capacity of river, then the river can't regain its
original quality.

● To avoid this natural methods of disposal are

combined with artificial methods of disposal.

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Natural Method
■ Dilution:
Disposal of treated waste into river, lakes, sea
etc

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Natural Method contd…
■ Dilution:
– When sufficient dilution water is available in the
receiving water body, where the wastewater is
discharged, the DO level in the receiving stream
may not reach to zero or critical DO due to
availability of sufficient DO initially in the river
water before receiving discharge of wastewater
– Receiving body - river, sea, lake

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Natural Method contd…
■ Dilution:
– the depletion of oxygen would kill the aquatic life,
and if this dilution water is used at the downstream
side for drinking purposes, it will cause danger to
the public health.
– If diluting water is not sufficient to supply the
biochemical oxygen demand to oxidize the entire
matter present, there will be nuisance of foul odour
and unsightly islands of half digested floating,
putrefying matter at the surface
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 Conditions Favouring Disposal
■ The Dilution method for disposing of the sewage can favourable
by adopted under the following conditions:

– • When the sewage is comparatively fresh i.e. it is

discharged within 3-4 hours of its collection.

– • When the floating matter and settable solids have been

removed by primary treatment.

– • When the diluting water has high DO content, so that not

only the BOD is satisfied, but sufficient DO remains available
for the aquatic life.
 Conditions Favouring Disposal Contd…
– • Where current of the diluting waters flow are favourable, causing no deposition
or destruction to aquatic life. Its means that swift forward currents are helpful, as
they easily carry away the sewage to the point of unlimited dilution. On the other
hand, slow back currents tend to cause sedimentation, resulting in large sludge
deposits.
– • Where the wastewater does not contain industrial wastewater having toxic
substances.
– • When the outfall sewer of the city or the treatment plant is situated near some
natural waters.
■ The bureau of Indian standards has therefore laid down standards for sewage
effluents (IS 4764-1973) and for industrial effluents (IS 2490 – 1974).
■ When the industrial waste water are disposed of in to public sewers, their quality
should be control by using the standards IS 3306-1974.
 Types of Receiving Waters for Dilution

■ The following are the types of receiving waters into which wastewater
or effluent can be discharged for dilution:

– Perennial rivers and streams

– Lakes
– Oceans or Sea
– Estuaries
– Creeks
 Perennial rivers and streams

■ Best type of receiving waters, since the water is in continuous motion.

■ Also in the natural streams there is a balance between plant and animal life, with considerable
interaction among the various life forms.
■ The discharge flowing during summer and during winter varies.
■ During summer, minimum flow in the stream low dilution factor and high temperature of water may
result in low solubility of oxygen, necessitating proper treatment before dilution.
Lakes

■ Used for dilution when the perennial streams are not available
■ Depends on characteristics of lakes, such as its size, shape, volume of fresh water
flowing into it etc.

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Ocean

■ Ocean has abundant water --- dilution factor is unlimited.

■ Sea water has 20 % less DO than rivers or streams.
■ The water is turbid due to dissolved impurities and penetration of sun rays is less.
■ Proper care has to be taken in dilution by sea otherwise anaerobic conditions would
occur resulting in the forming of sludge banks and emission of foul odour.

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Estuary and Creek

■ Creek
■ A creek is in the form of an inlet on sea coast, may not have dry weather flow during
some part of the year.
■ Due to this, great care should be taken in disposal of effluent in to it.
■ Estuary
■ Estuary is wide lower tidal part of the river.
■ Hence dilution in an estuary is affected both by ocean water as well as river water.
■ Process of dilution is generally satisfactory in estuaries.

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 Self-purification of water bodies

■ Wastewater or the effluent is discharged into a natural stream, the

organic matter is broken down by bacteria to ammonia, nitrates,
sulphates, carbon dioxide etc.
■ In this process of oxidation, DO content of natural water is utilized.
■ Creating a deficiency of DO
■ As the excess organic matter is stabilized, the normal cycle will be re-
established in a process known as self-purification where in the oxygen
is replenished by its aeration by wind.
Self-purification of water bodies

– Complex process involves physical, chemical and

biological processes
– Indicator of river health– Dissolved Oxygen content-
4ppm
– DO available in water depends on no of factors

■ Oxygen demanding waste reduce DO

■ Plants add DO during day time but removes during night
■ Respiration of organism removes oxygen
■ Summer, temp rise reduces DO in river
■ Slow movement of water reduces DO
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 1. Zone of degradation/decomposition
■ This zone is situated just below the outfall sewer when discharging its
contents into the stream.
■ The DO is reduced to 40% of the saturation values.
■ There is an increase in carbon dioxide content, and reaeration is much
slower than deoxygenation.
■ Though conditions are unfavorable for aquatic life, fungi at higher
points and bacteria at lower points breed small worms which work over
and stabilize sewage sludge.
■ The decomposition of solid matter takes place in this and anaerobic
decomposition prevails.
 2. Zone of active decomposition/Septic zone
■ This zone is just after the degradation zone and is marked by heavy pollution.
■ Water in this zone becomes greyish and darker than the previous zone.
■ The DO concentration in this zone falls down to zero.
■ Active anaerobic decomposition take place with the evolution of methane,
hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
■ Protozoa and fungi first disappear and then reappear, while algae will mostly be
absent.
■ Near the end of this zone, as the decomposition slackens, reaeration sets in and
DO again rises to its original level of 40%.
 3. Zone of recovery
■ In this zone the process of recovery starts, from its degraded condition to its
former condition.
■ The stabilization of organic matter takes place in this zone.
■ Due to this most of the stabilized organic matter settles as sludge, BOD falls and
DO content rises above the 40% value.
■ Mineralization is active, with the resulting formation of products like nitrates,
sulphates and carbonates.
■ Near the end of this zone, microscopic aquatic life reappears, fungi decrease and
algae reappears.
 4. Zone of clear water
■ In this zone the natural condition of the stream is restored with the result that
■ Water becomes clear and attractive in appearance.
■ DO rises to the saturation level and is much higher than the BOD and
■ Oxygen balance is attained.
■ The recovery is said to be complete in this zone, though some pathogenic organisms present in this
zone.
■ Disposal of Wastewaters in Lake Water quality management is entirely different from that in rivers.
■ River is a flowing water body while lake has stagnant waters, so in lakes only top surface would
become saturated with DO, but the bottom layers would not have enough oxygen.
■ Overturning of layers would not occur frequently, so that DO content would not be uniform
throughout the depth of lake. Overturning takes place only when there is change in the season due
to which there will be temperature difference between water in different layers which cause change
in the densities of different layers and overturning occurs.
 Factors Affecting Self Purification
■ Dilution- discussed earlier
■ Current - When strong water current is available, the discharged wastewater will be thoroughly
mixed with stream water preventing the deposition of solids.
In a small current, the solid matter from the wastewater will get deposited at the bed
following decomposition and reduction in DO.
■ Temperature - The quantity of DO available in stream water is more in cold temperature than
in hot temperature.
Activity of microorganisms is more at the higher temperature, hence, the self-purification
will take less time at hot temperature than in winter.
■ Sunlight - Algae produces oxygen in the presence of sunlight due to photosynthesis. Sunlight
helps in the purification of streams by adding oxygen through photosynthesis.
■ Rate of oxidation - Due to oxidation of organic matter discharged in the river DO depletion
occurs. This rate is faster at higher temperature and low at lower temperature. The rate of
oxidation of organic matter depends on the chemical composition of organic matter. 35
 Actions involved in Self-purification
■ • Dilution – discussed earlier
■ • Dispersion due to currents
■ • Sedimentation
■ • Oxidation
■ • Reduction
■ • Temperature
■ • Sun light
Disposal by Dilution
■ Process in which treated wastewater from ETP is discharged into
a large static body of water or in moving water bodies such as
rivers or streams

■ The discharged wastewater is purified in due course of time, by

the self purification of natural water

■ The effluent discharge and degree of treatment of waste water

depends upon self purification capacity of the stream and its
intended water
Standards of dilution
 2. Dispersion due to currents

■ Self purification largely depends upon currents

■ Currents readily disperse the wastewater in the stream, preventing
locally high concentrations of pollutants.
■ High velocity improves reaeration which reduces the time of recovery
(length of stream affected by the wastewater is increased)
 3. Sedimentation

■ If the stream velocity is lesser than the scour velocity of particles,

sedimentation will takes place, which will have two effects:

– The suspended solids, which contribute largely to oxygen demand, will

be removed by settling and hence water quality to downstream will
be increased.

– Due to settled solids anaerobic decomposition may takes place.

 4. Oxidation

■ The organic matter is oxidized by aerobic bacteria by utilizing the

dissolved oxygen of the natural water.
■ The process prevails till complete oxidation of organic matter takes
place.
■ The stream which is capable of absorbing more oxygen rapidly through
reaeration etc. can purify heavily polluted water in a short time.
 5. Reduction

■ The reduction occurs in the streams due to hydrolysis of the organic

matter biologically or chemically.

■ Anaerobic bacteria will split the organic matter into liquids and gases,
thus paving way for their ultimate stabilization by oxidation.
 6. Temperature

■ At low temperatures, the activities of bacteria is low and hence rate of

decomposition will also be slow, though DO will be more because of
increased solubility of oxygen in water.

■ At higher temperatures, however, the self-purification takes lesser time,

though the quantity of DO will be less.
 7. Sun Light

■ Sun light helps certain microorganisms to absorb carbon dioxide and

give out oxygen, thus assisting in self purification.

■ Sun light acts as a disinfectant and stimulates the growth of algae

which produce oxygen during day light but utilize oxygen at night.

■ Whenever there is algal growth, the water may be supersaturated with

DO during daylight hours, though anaerobic conditions exist in night.
Development of Oxygen Sag Curve
De- Oxygenation & Re- Oxygenation in River &
Streams
■ De- oxygenation
■ When pollution load is discharged in to the Stream/Rivers, DO goes on reducing.
■ It depends upon Organic matter present and temperature.
■ Variation or depletion of DO is represented graphically by De-Oxygenation Curve.
■ Re-oxygenation or Re-aeration Curve
■ At the time of de-oxygenation, oxygen gets added into the stream through various
proceses such as photosynthesis, rains etc.
■ The curve representing oxygen gaining process Re-oxygenation or Re-aeration Curve

In a running polluted stream de-oxygenation and reoxygenation/reaeration

goes hand in hand, If de-oxygenation is more deficit results.
Deoxygenation, reoxygenation and oxygen sag curve

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DO deficit
■ The oxygen sag or oxygen deficit in the stream at any point of time during self
purification process is the difference between the saturation DO content and
actual DO content at that time.
■ The amount of DO deficit can be obtained by graphically adding both curves.
■ The resultant curve is known as the DO Sag Curve.
■ DO deficit is given by
DO deficit = Saturation DO – Actual DO
= DO sat – DO act
■ The saturation DO value for fresh water depends upon the temperature and total dissolved
■ salts present in it; and its value varies from 14.62 mg/L at 0oC to 7.63 mg/L at 30oC, and
■ lower DO at higher temperatures.

■ Streeter Phelp’s equation can be used for analysis of DO Sag Curve.

DO deficit contd….
■ The saturation DO value for freshwater depends upon the temperature
and total dissolved salts present in it; and its value varies from 14.62
mg/L at 0 C to 7.63 mg/L at 30 C, and lower DO at higher temperatures.

■ Streeter Phelp’s equation can be used for analysis of DO Sag Curve.

■ The oxygen sag curve can be easily done by superimposing the rates of
deoxygenation and reoxygenation as suggested by the Streeter – Phelp’s
analysis
Application of Streeter Phelp’s equation

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Application of Streeter Phelp’s equation
Contd….

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 The rate of reoxygenation depends upon:
i) Depth of water in the stream: more for shallow depth.
ii) Velocity of flow in the stream: less for stagnant water.
iii) Oxygen deficit below saturation DO: since solubility rate depends on
difference between saturation concentration and existing concentration of DO.
iv) Temperature of water: solubility of oxygen is lower at higher temperature
and also saturation concentration is less at higher temperature.

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 Disposal to Lakes

■ Lake Pollutants
■ In Lake the phosphorous a nutrient largely contained in industrial
domestic wastewater is seriously affecting the quality of lakes and
hence it is considered as the prime lake pollutant.

■ Oxygen demanding wastes may be the other important lake pollutant.

The toxic chemicals from industrial wastewater can be present.
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 Eutrophication
■ Phosphorous acts as the nutrients for the algal growth.
■ Increase in the phosphorous content would increase the algal
growth.
■ Excessive in the phosphorous content would increase the
algal growth.
■ Excessive algal growth (Algal Bloom) ------lot of the problems
like taste, odour, problems in oxygen diffusion in lower layer.
■ Ultimately the entire lake can get covered with algae and it
may become useless for other organisms
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 Disposal to Sea or Ocean
■ The saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in water decreases
with increasing salt concentration.
■ DO in sea water is approximately 80 % less than that in water.
■ In addition to this deficiency, the temperature of sea water is lower
than the sewage temperature, whereas the specific gravity is higher.
■ Due to this reasons, when the sewage is discharged into the sea water,
the lighter and warmer sewage will rise up to the surface, resulting in
spreading of the sewage at the top surface of sea in a thin film or
‘sleek’
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■ Moreover seawater contains a large amount of dissolved matter which
chemically reacts with the sewage solids, resulting in the precipitation of
some of the sewage solids, giving a milky appearance to the seawater
■ Resulting in the formation of sludge banks and a thin milky layer formed
at the top of seawater producing offensive hydrogen sulphide gas by
reacting with sulphate rich seawater
■ As such the capacity of seawater to absorb sewage solids is not as high
as that of fresh water of a river.
■ DO content is less.
■ However, since the sea contains a large volume of water, most of these
deficiencies can be overcome if the sewage is discharged deep into the
sea, much away from the coastline, with extreme care.
 Points be kept in mind while discharging
sewage into the sea
■ The sewage should be discharged in deep sea water.

■ In order to mix sewage properly with the seawater, the sewage should be released
at a minimum depth of 3 to 5 m below the water level and taken sufficiently inside
the shore, thus preventing nuisance to baths and recreation centres on the shore.

■ To prevent the backing up and spreading of sewage on the sea shore, the sewage
should be disposed of only during low tides, large sized tanks may, therefore be
constructed to hold the sewage during high tides. The provision of a large-sized
sewer, grated with a non-return valve at the end, is also an alternative to hold the
sewage during high tides.
 Points be kept in mind while discharging
sewage into the sea contd…
■ Before deciding the position of the outfall point, the sea current, wind directions,
velocity, etc.,should be properly studied. The sea currents, wind direction, velocity, etc..
should be properly studied. The point of disposal should be such that the sewage is
taken away from the shore by the winds, and not brought back near the shore by the
winds, and not brought back near the shore.

■ The outfall sewer should be placed on a firm rocky foundation, and encased in thick
stone masonry, so as to properly protect it from wave action, floating debris, etc..

■ The discharge of Industrial waste waters into sea should however, be controlled in
respect of the quality of the effluents, by adhering to the following Indian standards.,
prescribed by IS 1968-1976.
 Comparison of Disposal Methods
■ For most of Indian towns and cities land disposal is a better choice for the following reasons:

■ India is a tropical country and temperature remains high most of the year. Due to the hot

climate, the DO content of the river water reduces, while the fish and aquatic life require higher

DO for their survival, thus making the dilution method more difficult and prohibitive.

■ Most of the rivers have a very small amount of dry weather flow (in summer) so the amount of

dilution available would be less. Also in most of the cities these rivers are the only source of

drinking water. So disposal by dilution method cannot be used, and if used, a very high degree

of treatment is required which would increase the cost of disposal.

 Comparison of Disposal Methods contd…
■ Except for a few major cities, the water supplies in India are very low, thus resulting in the

production of highly concentrated sewage, which on travelling in hot climate becomes stale and

septic by the time it reaches the disposal point, thus prohibiting the use of dilution method for

disposal.

■ There are only a few coastal towns in India, which have strong tidal currents moving in the

forward directions, and the necessary depth of water at the point of disposal, thus prohibiting

the disposal of sewage in the sea on large scale.

 Water Reclamation and Reuse
■ Recirculation of Industrial Wastewater
■ Recirculation is circulating something again for reuse, or recycling to
minimize process cost and increase efficiency.
■ Eg: recirculating water is a way of reducing the load of organic waste in
the water and of increasing the amount of oxygen in the water.
■ Effluent is treated in a wastewater treatment plant through recirculation,
where it is piped back to the beginning of the treatment process and
added to the raw wastewater.
■ A recirculation pump can be used in a system to ensure that hot water is
always available as close to the consumption point as possible, in order to
reduce water wastage and to increase comfort.
 Water Reclamation and Reuse contd…
■ Recirculation of Industrial Wastewater
■ A recirculation system can save thousands of gallons of fresh water
annually.
■ All cooling towers offer the potential for recirculation, the extent of
which depends primarily upon the entering and exiting air velocities, and
their relationship to each other.
■ Higher entering velocities increase the potential for recirculation, while
higher exit velocities decrease its opportunity.
 Water Reclamation and Reuse contd…
■ Recirculation of Industrial Wastewater
■ Recirculation is very important in many systems where water recirculates
through the cooling pipes for absorbing heat so that system can run
uninterrupted, like:
■ Air conditioners
■ Refrigerators
■ Heat exchangers
■ Recirculation is very common in industrial and mining applications. In
mining industries, almost all of the recalculated water (98%) is used
for process activities. In thermal-electric power, the recirculation rate
is 16%.
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Industrial Water Recycle & Reuse
■ Industrial water reuse and recycling is the process by
which wastewater produced from one source is treated to
be reused in the same process or recycled for another.
■ Various methods for recycling or reusing industrial water
are available, depending on water quality requirements,
space constraints, and budgetary considerations.
■ Benefits can include the reduction of freshwater costs,
wastewater flows, and the size of your water footprint.
■ Operational efficiency and sustainability can also be
increased along with improved production capacity due
to the increase in available clean water.
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 Industrial Water Recycle & Reuse
Contd…
■ Reducing the amount of water use by industries can lower water withdrawals from
local water sources thus increasing water availability and improving community
relations, increasing productivity per water input, lowering waste water discharges
and their pollutant load, reducing thermal energy consumption and potentially
processing cost.
■ Wastewater reuse in industry can take place within a business or between businesses
and has the potential to reduce costs for businesses both on water bills as well as
wastewater treatment.

■ Depending on the contaminants present in wastewater and its future reuse, it can
either be directly reused, or treated and reused (recycled).

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 Advantages Disadvantages

■ Reduces the amount of water used. ■ Requires high knowledge about quality
of water for reuse.
■ Reduces water bills.
■ Requires financial investments.
■ Reduces the volume of generated
wastewater (no waste). ■ Requires a high level of trust between
industries.
■ Reduces costs through industrial
symbiosis (by-product reuse, sharing ■ Requires modification of current
management of utilities, sharing operations both for direct reuse and
ancillary services). treat-and-reuse.

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 Use of Municipal Waste Water in
Industries
■ As an alternative water resource, wastewater reuse is widely known to
have many benefits.
■ However, a successful application depends on a number of factors, of
which quantity and quality must receive great attention.
■ The former deals with how reliable and dependable the wastewater
source is.
■ The latter concerns how safe the reused water would be to human
beings and the relevant ecosystem, in particular for long-term
application.
 Use of Municipal Waste Water in
Industries contd…
■ Municipal wastewater reuse ------classified as direct and indirect reuse.

■ Direct reuse requires distribution systems to deliver treated wastewater to the

users.
■ It is planned, Deliberate or intentional use of treated wastewater for some beneficial
purposes.
■ Direct reuse of treated wastewater for Drinking water, however, is not a viable
option due to health risk concerns.
■ Indirect reuse refers to the use of treated wastewater after its return to natural
water sources (i.e. river, lake and aquifer) for purification and dilution.
■ It involves natural buffers for greater temporal and spatial separation of treatment.
■ Though being strongly associated with locality, the following types of reuse
applications have been applied to treated wastewater
■ • Agricultural irrigation;
■ • Industrial reuse;
■ • Groundwater recharge;
■ • Urban reuse;
■ • Augmentation of potable supplies; and
■ • Recreational and habitat restoration/enhancement.
The potential for any of these applications is subject to the control of
pathogens, biodegradable and refractory pollutants, heavy metals and other toxic
organics.
Since municipal wastewater treatment plants may receive toxic chemicals from
industries, effective pretreatment and pollution prevention programs are absolutely
necessary prior to the consideration of any potential reuse application
Industrial reuse:
■ Cooling water
■ Boiler feed
■ Process water
■ Heavy Construction
■ Ion exchange rinse water

Depending on the specific reuse application, a high level of treatment

provided by the municipal wastewater treatment facilities may be required in order
to protect human health and the environment.

These concerns thus necessitate the formation of criteria, standards and guidelines
that are appropriate for the users or consumers of this water, which again is
manifested via its physical, chemical, biological and even radiological
characteristics
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Assignment Questions from Module II
■ Identify the applications of Streeter Phelp’s equation
and write the equation
■ Write short notes on
– Significance of oxygen sag curve
– Waste water disposal in (i) lakes and (ii)ocean
■ List the various methods of wastewater reclamation
and reuse
■ Express the importance of re-oxygenation and de-
oxygenation in problems of stream sanitation
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