@Mr_circuits

PYTHON PROGRAMMING

• Introducing Python-

➢ Python is a high-level, general-purpose , and very popular

Programming language.
➢ It is being used in web development, Machin leaning
applications , etc.
➢ Python programs aye generally smaller than the other
programming languages.
➢ Programmers → have to type relatively , makes there
readable at the time .
➢ Very Simple Syntax. & Easy to learn.

print("Hello")

➢ General purpose language (Simple yet very powerful

language)
→Console Application & Scripts
→Desktop Application
→Web Application
→Game Development
→ Machine Learning, Deep learning, AI, Big data ett

➢ Multiparadigm Support

→Procedural Style Programming like C.

→ OOPS like Java..
→ Functional programming like list.
 ➢ Portable Or Platform Independent
Programs the are typically first compiled into
intermediate code, then the code is run by the
interpreter.

➢ Dynamically Typed

x = 10
y = "geeks"
x = "python"

This feature is different from C++ & Java. They

are statically type . in python we don’t have to specify the
variable name.
But the in the more disadvantage is in this the run time of
the program, so there are more chances of run time error.

➢ Automatic Garbage when Collection

It means when you dynamically allocate memory so
you don’t have to worry to realising this memory

➢ Popular Application Built in Python

Youtube, Netflix, Quora, Instagram, Dropbox

➢ print () in Python –
A some function is a set of instructions that take
some input from us. do some work on those
Parament and product some output .
. Example -
print ("Hello")
print ("Welcome", "to", "GfG")
print()
print("Hope you are enjoying Python")

.Output- Hello
Welcome GFG
Hope you are enjoying Python

- and end and sep parameters in print()

Eg- print ("Welcome", end = "")

print (" to GFG")

Output - Welcome to GFG

End parameter creates space And it tells what

should be printing after its printing. And in sep
parameter when we have multiple
input parameters wee use sep to separate them.
By default they are separated by space .

Eg- print ("10", "04", "2024", sep = "-")

Output- 10-04-2024
 ➢ Variables in Python -
Variable is a name location. Python variable is
also known as an identifie and used to hold valu.
In python we don’t need to specify the type of
variable because python is a infer language and
smart enough to get variable type .

Example - price = 100

tax = 18
total-price price + tax
print (total-price)

Output - 118

How variables work? x

x = 10 10 y
y = "geeks" geek z
z= 20 20
z
if we say, w = z
then 20 wx
but if , w= 30 30 w

print (x) o/p - 10

print (y) geeks
print (z) 20
print (w) 30
 ➢ Python Is Dynamically Typed
X= 10
Print(X)
X= “geeks”
Print(x)
o/p - 10
geeks
Note- using a variable without assigning if cause error.

Eg – print (x)
o/p- name error : name is not assigned

➢ Input () in python –
This function is used to take input from the user
. Example – name = input (“ Enter the name =”)
print (“ welcome” + name )
O/p - enter the name = WEST BENGAL
Welcome WEST BENGAL

Example- #python program for addition

X= input (“ Enter first Number :” )

y= input (“ Enter Second Number :” )
x= int (x)
y= int (y)
z= x + y
print(“sum is :” z)
 Output- Enter first number 10
Enter second number=10
Sum is 30
Note- input () always given us string so whenever we need mathematical
expression we have to covert it from string.
➢ Type () in python –
Type is a build – in function that tells you data type
of a variable or a value.
Eg- a = 10
Print (type(a))
B=10.5
Print (type(b))
C= d + 3i
print(type(c))
o/p- <class, ‘int’>
<class, ‘float’>
<class, ‘complex’>
- In python we use ‘none’ to indicate that we don’t know the value gat yet or
we did not assign any value to this variable .
- In python there is no char type , if you want you should create single that
Srting .
E/g- str = “gfg” (string is a sequence of charge)
print(type(str))

J=[10,20,30]
( array and dynamically
print(type (j)) add remove items. Items
are stored in continuous
location. )
T = ( 10, 20, 30) (11 is also like a list, the
Print (type (t)) difference is your can’t
Modify once you created
A tuple. These are immutable)

S = {10, 20, 30} (set is a collection of items

Print (type(s)) where all items are distinet
And set is like mathematical set)

D = { 10: “gfg”, 20, “ide”} (dictionaries are used

Print (type(d)) to do mappings.
This is a collection
Of key: value pairs.
Eg – items: prices, roll no: name.
➢Type conversion in python -

Implicit Explicit
Eg- a=10 Eg- s =”135”
B= 1.5 J=1+int(s)
c=a+b F=float(s)
print(s) Print(i)
d=true Print(f)
e= a+b
print(e)

o/p- 11.5 o/p – 145

11 135.0
Eg- & = “geek”
Print(list(s))
Print(tuple(s))
Print (set (&))
o/p - [‘g’, ‘e’, ‘e’, ‘k’, ‘s’,]
Eg -3 a=20
Print (bin(a) )
Print (hex(a) )
Print (oct(a))
o/p- 0b10100
0*14
0024
➢ Comments in python –
We may wish to describe the code we develop we
might. we should take notes of why select of script FM
for instance formula procedure and sophisticated
business login explained with command.
Single line command- #
Multi- line comment - # or “”
#
Doc – string the string enclosed in triple quol-es comes
immediately after the defined fn are called python
Docstring.
➢ If else and elif in python –
There come situations in real life when we need to do
some specific task and based on some specific
conditions and , we decide what should we do next.
Similarly , there comes a situation in programming
where a specific task is to be performed if a specific
condition is true.
 In such cases , conditional statement can be used. And
the conditional statement are –
-if
-if…else
- Nested if
-if-elif statement.
➢ If – statement - in this if the condition is true
then if part executes else the part exccutes .
Syntex- if condition
# statements to execute if
# condition is true
➢ Flowchart -

Text false
Expression

True .

Body Of If

Statement just below

Example – if 10>5:
Print (“10 is greater then 5”)
Print (“program ended”)
o/p - 10 is greater then 5
program ended.
 ➢ If else statement - in condition if statement the
additional block of code is merged as else
statement which is perform when if condition is
false .
Syntex – if (condition)
# executes this block if
# condition is true
else:
# Executes this block if
# condition is false

. Flowchart -

Text false
Expression

True .
Body Of else
Body Of If

Example – x=3
If x==4: Statement just below if
Print(“yes”)
Else:
Print(“no”)
Example – you can also chain if else statement with more
than one condition .
Latter = “a”
If later == “B”:
Else:
If later == “c”
print ( “ latter is c”)
else :
If latter == “A”:
print (“ latter is A “ )
Else
print (“latter is “t A, B and C” )
o/p – latter I A

➢ Nested if statement - if statement can also be

checked inside other if statement. This
conditional statement & called a nested if
statement. This means that inner if condition will
be checked only if outer if condition is true rue
and and by this we can see multiple conditions to
be satisfied.
Syntax - if ( condition 1) :
# executes when condition is true
If (condition 2 )
# Executes when condition 2 is true
# if block is end here
# if block is end here

Example – num = 10
If num >5:
print (“ bigger then 5”)
If num <=15:
print (“between 5 and 15” )
o/p - bigger then 5
between 5 and 15
➢ if – elif statement - shortcut of if -else chain ,
while using if- else statement at the end else
 block is added which is performed if none of the
above if -else statement is true.
syntax - if ( condition ):
statement
elif( condition):
statement
.
else :
statement
Example – latter == “A”
If latter == “b”
Print (“latter is b” )
Elif latter==”c”
Print(“latter is c” )
Elife latter == “A”
else :
print(“latter isn’t A,B or C”)
o/p- latter is A
➢ Arithmetic operators – Thay are used to perform
mathematical operations like additional, subtraction,
multiplication , division.

.There are 7 arithmetic operators in python-

1. Addition 2.Subtraction 3. Multiplication

4. Division 5. Modules 6. Exponentiation
7. Floor division
1. Addition operator- in python, + is the addition
operator. It is used to add 2 values.
Example- vol1 = 2
Val2 =3
Res = Val 1+ Val 2
Print (res)
O/P – 5

2. Subtraction operator- Used to Subtract the Second

Valu from the first Valu.
Example- Valu1 = 3
Valu2 = 2
res = val1-val2
print (res)
3. Modulus operator - % is the modulus operator used
to find the remainder when first operand is divided
by the second.
Example- val1 =3
val2=2
res = val1 % val2
print (res)
O/P-1
4. Exponentiation operator - ** is used to raise the first
operand to power of sound.
Example- val1 = 2
val2 = 3
res = val1 ** val2
 print(res) O/P -8

5.Floor Division - // Is Used to Find the Floor of The Quotient

When First Operand Is Divided By Second.
Example – Val 1 = 3
Val 2 = 2
Val 3 = Val 1 // Val 2
O/P – 1
➢ Python Logical Operator with Example –
Operators Are Used to Perform Operation on Value and
Variables. These Are the Special Symbols That Carry Out
Arithmetic and Logical Computation. The Value the
Operator Operates on Is Known as Operand.

-Logical And - Logical Or - Logical Not

-Logical And - True If Both the Operands Are True.

X and y

false true
X = true

False output
fals true
X = true

False output True output

Example - A = 10
B = 10
C = 10
If a>0 And b>0:
print (“ The number are greater then o”)
If a>o and b>o and c>o:
print (“ The number are Greater then o”)
else:
print (“ Atleast one number is not greater then o”)

o/p- the number is not greater then o

atleast one number is not greater then o .
Example- a=10
b=12
c=0
If a and b and c :
print (“All the number have Boolean value as type”)
else:
print(“Atleast one number has Boolean value as False”)
o/p – Atleast one number has Boolean value as False.
- Logical Or - if returns True if either of the operands is
true.
X or y

true False
X = true

true output
Example- false true
a=10 X = true
b= -10
c= 0 False output True output
if a>0 or b>o:
print ("Either of the number is greater Ihan 0")
else:
print ("No number is greater than o")
if b>o or c>0:
print ("Either of the number is greater than 0")
else:
print ("No number is greater than O")

O/P- Either of the number is greater O

No number & greater than than o
Example - a = 10
b=12
if a or b or c:
print("Atleast one number has boolean value true")
else:
print("All the numbers have boolean value as False")
O/P- Atleast one number has boolean value as True

- Logical NOT Operator – working with a single Boolean value . if

the boolean values is true if returns false and viceversa.

Not X

True False
X= true

False o/p True o/p

Example- a= 10
if not a:
print ("Boolean value of a is True")
if not (a%3== 0 or a%5=0):
print ("10 & not divisible by either 3 or 5")
else:
print("10 & divisible by either 3 or 5")
o/p- 10 is divisible by either 3 or 5")

➢ Onder of evaluation of logical operator-

In the case of multiple operators, Python always evaluates the

expression from left to right.

Example - def order(x):

print("Method called for value:", x)
return True if x>0 else False
a= order
b = order
c= order
if a (-1) or b(5) or c(10):
print(" Atlcast one of the number is positive")

0/p- Method called for value = -1

Method called for value = 5
Atleast one of the number is positive.
 ➢ Python Membership and Identity Operators-
Python offers two membership operators to check 04 validate
the membership of a value. It tests for membership in a
sequence such as strings, lists or tuples.
in operator The 'in' operator is used to check if a character /
substring/element exists in a specified element in a sequence
otherwise otherwise False For eg.-

'G' in 'GeeksforGeeks! # Checking '4' in string

True
'g' in 'GeeksforGeeks' # Checking 'g' in string since python
is case-sensitive, return False ,
False
Example- list1 =(1,2,3,4,5)
list2=(6,7,8,9)
for item in list!:
if item in Jist2:
print("overlapping")
else:
print ("not overlapping")

o/p- Not 100

Not
Not
Not
Not
 ➢ 'not in' operator - Evaluates to true if it does not finds
a variable in the specified sequence and false
otherwise.
Example - x=24
y=20
list = [10, 20, 30,40,50]
if (x not in list):
print ("x is NOT present in given list")
else:
print ("x is present in given list")
if (y in list):
print("y is present in given list")
else :
print(“y is not present in given list”)
o/p- x is not present in given list.
y is present in given list
- Identity operators- They are used to compare the object if
both the object are actually of same data type and share
the same memory location.
There are different identify operators such as
- ‘is’ operator - Evaluat to true if the variables on eiter side
of the operator point to the same object and false
otherwish .
Example-
x=5
y =5
print(x is y)
id (x)
id(y)
o/p- 140704586672032
140704586672032

There, in the given Example, both the variable x and y have

values assigned to it and both share the same memory location,
which I why return True.
‘is not’ operator- Evaluates to false if the variables on either side
of the operator point to a different object and true otherwise.

Example- x=5
If(type(x) is not int):
print (“true”)
else:
print(“false”)
#print true
X=5.6
If (type(x)is not int ):
Print(“true”)
else:
Print (“false”)

o/p- false
True

➢ Python Bitwise Operators –

Operator are used to perform operation on values and
variables. These are special symbols that carry out
arithmetic and logical computations. The value the operator
operates on is known as operand.
①Bitwise operators -

a)- Bitwise AND (&) - Return I if both the bits I

else 0.
Example - a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)
b= 4 = 0100 (Binary)
a & b = 1010
&
0100
= 0000
= O (Decimal)

b)- Bitwise OR (1)- Returns I if either of the bit is I else O.

Example - a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)

b= 4 = 0100 (Binary)
a/b = 1010
0100
1
= 1110
=14 (Decimal)

c) Bitwise NOT operator (~) - Returns one's complement of

the no.
Example - a=10=1010 (Binary)
~a= ~1010
=-(1010+1)
=-(1011)
=-11(Decimal)

d) Bitwise (XOR) (^) - Return I if one of the bits is I and the

other is O else return o.
Example - a = 10 = 1010 (Binary)
b = 4 = 0.1 (Binary)
a ^ b = 1010
^
0100
1110
=14 (Decimal)

Example - a = 10
b=4
#Print bitwise AND operation
print ("a & be, a&6)
# Print bitwise OR operation
print ("a/b=", a/b)
#Print bitwise NOT operation
Print(“~a=”,~a”)
#Print bitwise XOR operation
print ("a^b =", a^b)

0/p- a & b = 0 , a / b = 14 ~a=-11 a^b=14

Shift Operators – These operators are used to shift the bit of a
number left or right thereby multiplying or dividing the no. by
two resp .they can be used when we have to multiply or divide a
number by two.

a) Bitwise Right Rep Shift (>>) - Shifts the bits of the no. to the
right and fills o on void left (fills I in the case of a negative
number ) as a result. Similar effect as of dividing the no. with
some power of two.
Example - a=10=0000 1010 (Binary)
a>>1=0000 0101 =5
Example – a=-10=1111 0110(Binary)
a>>1=1111 1011=-5

b) Bitwise Left Shift - (<<)

Shifts the bits of the number to the left and fills O on void right as
result . Similar effect as of multiplying the no. with some power
of two.
Example - a=5= 0000 0101 (Binary)
a<<1=0000 1010 =10
a<< 2=0001 0100=20
Example – b=-10=1111 0110(Binary)
b<<1 = 1110 1100 = -20
b<<2=1101 1000 =-40
3. Bitwise Operator Overloading - Operator Overloading
means giving extended meaning beyond their predefined
operational meaning. For example operator t is used to add
two integers as well as join two string and merge two lists.it
is achievable because the ‘+’ operator is overloaded by int
class and str class. you might have noticed that the some
built – in operator or funcation shows different behavior for
object of different classes, this is called operator overloading.
Example - class Geek():
def-init-(self, value):
self. value = value
def-and-(self, obj):
print("And operator overloaded")
if isinstance (obj, Geek):
return self.value & obj-value
else:
raise value Error ("Must be a object of class Geek")
def-or-(self, obj):
print ("Or operator overloaded")
if & isinstance (obj, Geek):
return self. value / obj. value
else:
raise value error ("Must be a object of class Geek)
def -xor-(self, obj):
print ("XOR operator overloaded")
if isinstance (obj, Geek):
return self. value ^ obj. value
else:
raise value error ("Must be a object of class Geek")
def-ishift-(self, obj):
print("ishift operator overloaded")
if isinstance (obj, Geek):
return self. value <<< obj. value
else: raise value error("Must be a object of class Geek")"

def-invert-(self):
print ("Invert operator overloaded")
returnˉ self. Value
# Driver's code
If-name == "_main_":

a = Geek (10)
b= Geek (12)
print (a & b)
print (a/b)
print (a ^ b)
print (a<<b)
print (a>>b)
print (~a)

0/b- And operator overloaded.

8
Or operator overloaded
14
Xor operator overloaded
8
Ishift operator overloaded
40960
rshift operator overloaded
8
Invert operator overloaded
-11

* Loops in Python-
- While Loop - It is used to execute a block of statements
repeatedly until a given condition is satisfied. And when the
condition becomes false, the line immediately after the loop in the
program is executed.

Syntax- while expression:

statement(s)
 Flowchart
Enter while loop

Test
False
Expre ssion

True
Statements Exits while loopExpression

While loop talls under the cartegory of indefinife iteration.

idefinite ireration means that the number of times the loop is
executed itn’t specified explicity in advance.

Statements represent all the statements indented by the same

number of character spaces after a programming construct are
considered to be part of a single block of code. Python used
indentation as its methods of grouping statement. When a while
a whit loop is executed, expr is first evaluated in a boolean
contest and if it is true, the loop body is executed. Then the expr
is cheeked again, if it is still true the body is executed again and
this continues until the expression becomes false.
Example:- 1 count = 0
While (count<3):
Count = count + 1
print (“hello geek”)
o/p- Hallo Geek
Hello Geek
Hello Geek
Example - 2 a=[1,2,3,4]
While a:
Print (a. pop())

o/p- 4
3
2
1

In this , we have run a while loop over a list that will run
until there is an element present in the list,
Example-3 single statement while block
Just like if block , if block , if the while block consists of
single line . if there are multiple statement in the block
that make up the loop body , they can be separated by
semicolons (;) .
Count = 0
while (count<5): count + = 1; print (“Hello Geek”)

O/p - Hello Geek

Hello Geek
Hello Geek
Hello Geek
Hello Geek
-range () in python –
The python range () fn returns a sequence of number , in a given
range . the most common use of it is to iterate sequence on a
sequence of number using python loops.

Syntex – range ( start, stop, step)

Parameter - start:[optional]
Stop:
Stop:
Return:

Example – for I in range (5):

print (I, end = “”)
print()
o/p - 0,1,2,3,4

What is the use of the range() ion python ?

In simple terms , range () allows the user to generate a series of

no . within a given range . Depending on how many arguments
the user is passing to the fn, the user can decide where that series
of number will being & end as well as how big the difference will
be between one no. and the next. Python range() fn takes can be
initialized in 3 days –
- range (stop) takes one argument.
- range ( start, stop) takes two argument.
- range ( start, stop, step) takes three argument.
 a. range ( stop) -
When the User call range one argument, the user will get a
series of number that starts at o and includes every whole
number up to, but not including , the number that the user
has provided as the stop

Example - python range (6)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Output stop
Example - for I in range (6)
print ( I , end =””)
print()
o/p- 012345

b. range ( start, stop)-

when the user call range() with two argument, stop but
also where it starts , so the user don’t have to start at all the
time . user can use range () to generate a series of number
from X to Y.

python range ( 0,6)

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Output

start stop
Example - Demonstration of python range (start , stop )
# printing a natural
# number from 5 to 20
for I in rang (5, 20):
print(I , and = “”)
o/p- 5 6 78 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
c. range (start, stop, step)
when the user called range () with there aruments, the
user can choose not only where the series of number will
start and stop , but also how big the different will be
between the step , then range() will automatically behave
as if the step is l. in this example , we are printing even no
. between o and 10 so we choose out string point from 0
(start =0) and stop the serics al 10 (stop = 10 ). For printing
on even number the difference between one number and
the next number must be 2 (step =2) after providing a step
we get the following output (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)

star stop
Python range (0, 10, 2)

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 step

02468
O/P-
Example – Demonstration of python range ( start, stop ,step)

for I in range (0,10,2):

print (I, end= “”)
print()
o/p- 0 , 2, 4 , 6 , 8
• For Loop In Python - it is used for sequential traveual
i.e., if is used for iterating over an iteueble like string,
tuple, list , set or Dictionary.
In python there is no c style for loop , I, e .. for (i=o; i<n;
i++). There is a loop which is similar to each loop in
other languages.

Note- in python , for loop only implement the collection – based iteration.

Syntax - for var in iterable :

# statement
Flowchart of for loop
For each item in
sequence

Last item True

Reached ?

False Exit for loop

Statements
 Here the itevable is a collection of objects like lists,
tuples. The indented statements inside the for loop are
executed once for each item in an iteyable. The variable
vay takes the value of the next item of the itevable each
time through the loop.

Example- # Python program to illustrate

#iterating over a list
1= ["geeks", "for", "geeks"]
for i in 1:
print(i)
o/p- geeks
for
geeks

Example - Loop in Dictionary

#iterating over dictionary
print (Dictionary Iteration")

d= dict()
d['x y z'] = 123
d[a b c] = 345
for i in d:
print("%s %d" % (i, d(i))

O/P- Dictionary lteration

xyz 123
abc 345
 break in python- It is used to bring the control out of the
loop when some external condition is triggered. break
statement is put inside the loop body (generally after if
condition). It terminates the current loop , i.c., the loop in
which if appears, and resumes execution at the next break
statement is inside a nested loop , the brack will terminate
the innermost loop .

Loop test False

expression

True

Brack Yes

No

Remaining body of Exit loop

loop
Example - for I in range (10)
print (i)
If I ==2:
brack
o/p- 0
1
2
Example-2 s= ‘geeksforgeeks’
#using for loop
 for letter in s;
print (letter)
#break the loop as soon it sees 'e'
# or 's'
if letter == 'e' or letter = ='s'
break
print ("Out of for loop")
print()
i:0
#Using while loop
while True:
print (s[i])
#break the loop as soon it sees 'e'
# or 's'
if s[i] == 'e' or s[i]=='s':
break
i+= 1
print ("Out of while loop")
o/p- g
e
Out of for loop
g
e
Out of while loop

* Continue Statement in Python - It is a loop control

statement that forces of execute the next iteration of the loop
while skipping the rest of the code inside the loop for current
iteration only, i.e, when the continue statement is executed in
the loop , the code inside the loop following the continue
statement will be skipped for the current iteration and the
next iteration of loop will begin.
Syntax- while true:
If x == 10:
Continue
print(x)

Flowchart of continue statement -

Loop test a
Expression

Condition to True
continue continue
next iteration

False

Execute the remaining

part of loop

Example - for var in “Geeksforgeeks”;

If var == “e”:
Continue
print(var)
o/p- g o
k r
s g
f k
Explanation- there we are skipping the print of character
using if-condition checking and continue statemen.
Example-2
Consider a situation when you need to write a program which
prints the number from 1 to 10, but not 6.
# Joop from 1 to 10
for i in range (1,11)
# if i is equal to 6,
# continue to next iteration
# without printing
if i==6:
continue
else:
# otherwise print the value
# of i
print (i, end = "")

0/b - 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

Note - The Continue Statement Can Be Used With Any Other Loop Also Like "While Loop"
Similarly As It Is Used With 'For Loop" Above.

* Nested Loop - with for and while loops we can create nested
loop . nested loop means loops inside a loop. For example ,
while loop inside the for loop , for loop inside the loop , etc.
 Syntax - Outer loop Expression :
Inner- loop Expression:
Statement inside outer loop
Example - x= [1,2]
Y = [4,5]
For I in x :
For j in y :
print (I , j )
o/p - 14
15
24
25
Example –
# Multiplication Table
# Running outer loop from 2 to 3
For I in rang (2,4):
# printing inside the outer loop
# running inner loop from 1 to 10
For j in range the inner loop
print ( I , “x”, j “=” , I * j )
# printing inside the other loop
print()
o/p - 2*1=2 ………………..2*10=20
3*1 =3……………….. 3*10= 30
Example - # Initialize list and list 2.
# with some strings
list1: ['lam', 'You are']
list 2: ['healthy', 'fine', 'geek']
# Store length of list 2 in list 2-size
list 2. size jen (list 2)
# Running outer for Joop to
# iterate through a list 1
for item in list 1:
# Printing outside inner loop
print("start outer for loop")
# initialize couter i with O 10
I =0
# Running inner while loop to
# iterate through a list 2
while (i< list 2 size):
# Printing inside inner loop
print (item, list 2[i])
# Incrementing the value of i
i=i+1
# printing outside inner loop
print ("end for loop")
O/p- start outer for loop
I am healthy
I am fine
1 am geek
end for loop
start outer for loop
You are healthy
You are fine
You are geek
End for loop
In this example , we are initializing two lists with some
string. Store the size of list 2 in list 2- size using len()
functing and using it in the while loop as a counter. After
that run on outer for loop to iterate over list 2 using list
indexing that we are printing each value of list 2 for every
value of list 1 .
• Function in python –
Python function is a block of statement that return
the specific task.

The idea is put some commonly or repcatedly done

tasks together and make a function so that instead of
writing the some code again and again for different
input , we can do the function calls to reuse . code
contained in it over and over again.

Syntax - python function

Keyword Function name Parameters

def function name (parameters):

# statement] → Body of Statement

return expression
function return
Example- def fun():
print("Welcome to GFG")
#Driver code to call a function
fun()
0/p- Welcome to GFG.

- Defining and calling a function with parameters-

Syntax- def function-name(parameter: data-type)

return-type:
“”Doctring””
# body of the function
return expression

Example - # some more functions

def is-prime (n):
if n in [2,3]: return True
if ( n /=1) or (n% 2 ==0) :
return False
r=3
while u*u <= n
if n % u ==0 :
return False
u+=2
return true
print (is - prime (78), is prime (79))

0/p - False True

 ➢ Arguments of a Python Function -

Arguments are the values. Pass inside the paranthesis of

the function. A function can be have any be number of
arguments separated by a comma

Example - # A simple Python Function to check

# whether x is even or odd
def even odd(x):
print("even")
else:
print ("odd")
#Driver code to call the function
even Odd (2)
even Odd (3)
o/p- even
odd

1-Types of Arguments-

1. Default argument - It is a parameter that assumes a

default value if a value is not provided in
the function call for that argument.
Example - def my Fun (x , y=50):
print("x:",x)
print("y;", y)

#Driver code (we call my Fun () with

#only argument)
my Fun (10)
0/p- x=10
y=50
 1. Keyword argument –
The idea is to allow the caller to specify
the argument name with values so that caller does not
need to remember the order of parameters.
Example – def student (first name, last name):
print (first name, last name):
# keyword arguments.
Student (first name = ‘geeks’, last name = ‘for’)
Student (last name = ‘for’, first name = ‘geeks’)
o/p – geeks for
geeks for
2. Variable- length arguments –
We can pass a variable number of arguments
to a function using special symbol. There are two special
symbol –
. * args (non-keyword arguments)
. ** kwargs (keyword arguments)
Example - def my fun (*argv):
For arg in argv:
print(ary)
My fun (‘hello’, ‘welcome’, ‘to’, geeks for geeks’)
o/p – hello
welcome
to
geeks for geeks
 • Docstring – The First String After the Function Is Called
the Document String or Docstring in Short. This Used to
Described the Functionality of The Function. The Used
for Docstring tn Fn Is Optional but It Is Considered a
Good Practise.

Syntax – Print (Function_ Name. _ Doc_)

Example - Defevenodd (x):

““Function To Check Whether X Is Even or
Odd”””
If (X % 2 = = 0):
print (“Even”)
else:
print (“Odd”)
#Driver Code to Call the Function
Print (Even Odd. _Docs_)
O/P – Function to Check If the Number Is Even or Odd.
• Return Statement in Python Function –
The Function Return Statement Is Used to Exit
from A Function and Go Back to The Function Caller and
Return the Specified Value or Data Item To The Caller.
Syntax - Return [Expression_ List]
The Return Statement Can Consist of a Variable. An
Expression, or a constant which is returned to the end of
the function execution. If none of the above is present with
the return statement a none object is return.
Example – def square_ value (num):
‘‘‘‘‘this function Return the square value
Of the entered number’’’’’
print (square_ value (2))
print (square_ value (4))
o/p - 4
16

-pass by reference or pass by value –

One important thing to note is, in python every
variable name is a reference. When we pass a variable to a
function, a new reference to the object is created.
Example - def my fun (x):
x [0] = 20
# driver code (note the 1st is modified after)
# function call
1st = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
My fun (1st)
Print (1st)
o/p - [20, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
• String in python – String Are array of bytes
representing Unicode characters.
Example – “Geeks for Geeks” Or ‘Geeks for Geeks’

Python Dose Not Have a Character Data Type, A Single

Character Is Simply a String with A Length Of 1. Square Brace
Can Be Used to Access Elements in String.

Example- Print (“A Computer Science Portal for Geeks”)

O/P- A Computer Science Portal for Geeks.

-Creating A String In Python-

String In Python Can Be Created Using Single, Double
Or
Even Triple Quotes.

Example – String 1 = ‘Welcome to The Geeks World’

print (“String with The Use of Single Duotes:”)
print (String 1)
# Creating A String
# With Double Quotes
String1 = “I Am Geek”
print (“In String with The Use of Double Quote”)
print (String1)
# Creating A Sting with Triple Quotes
String = “I’m A Geek”
print (“In String with The Use of Triple Quotes:”)

Print (String1)
# Creating String with Triple
# Quotes Allows Multiple Lines
String1= “Geeks
For
Life”
Print (“In Creating A Multiline Sting:”)
print (strin1)
O/P - String with the use of single quotes:
Welcome to the geek world
String with the use of double quotes:
I’m a geek
String with the use of Triple quotes:
geeks
For
life
-Accessing character in python string-
In python, individual characters of a string can be
accessed by using the method of Indexing. Indexing allows
negative address references to access characters from the
back of the string, eg.1 refers to the last char, -2 refers to
the second last char and so on.
While accessing an index out of the range will cause an
Index Error. Only Integers are allowed to be passed as an
index. Float or other types that will cause a Type Error.

Example- String1 = “geeks for geeks”

Print (“Initial string:”)
# Printing First character
Print (“In First character of string is:”)
Print(string1[0])
 # printing Last Character
print (“In Last Character Off String Is:”)
Print (String 1 (-1))
O/P – Initial String:
Geeks For Geeks
First Character of String Is:
G
Last Character of String Is:
S
-Reversing A Python String –
# Program To Reverse a String
Gfg = “Geeks for Geeks”
Print (Gfg[: :-1])
O/P – Skeegrofskeeg
-String Slicing –
To Access a Range of Character In The String, The
Method Of Slicing Is Used. Slicing In a String Is Done by
Using a Slicing Operator (Colon).
Example – String 1 = “Geeks for Geeks”
Print (“Initial String:”)
Printing (String 1)
Print (“\N Slicing Character For 3 – 12:”)
Print (String 1 [3:12]) Print
(“\N Slicing Character Between”+ “3rd And 2nd Last Character:”)
 Print (string 1 [3: -2])
o/p – initial string:
geeks for geeks
slicing character from 3-12:
ks for geek
slicing character between 3rd and 2nd last for char:
ks for gee
-chr () function –
It return a string from a Unicode code integer.
Eg - print (char (97))
o/p – a
• Escape sequencing in python –
While printing string with single and double quote
in it cause syntax error because string already contains
single and double quotes and hence cannot be printed
with the use of either of these. Hence, to print such a
string either triple quotes are used to escape sequences
are used to print such string.
-string concatenation using + operator –
This operator can be used to add multiple string
together. However, the arguments must be a string. Here,
the + operator combines the string that is stored in the var1
and var 2 and stores in another variable var 3 .
Note – STRING ARE IMMUTABLE, THEREFORE, WHEN
EVER IT IS CONCATENATED, IT IS ASSIGNED A NEW
VARIABLE.
-Index () Method - It Allows A User To Find The Index Of The
First Occurrence Of An Exiciting Substring Inside A Given String.

Syntax – String – Obj. Index (Substring, Begp,

Endp)

Parameters -. Substring – The String To Be Searched For.

. Begp – ( Default : 0) This Fn Specifies The
Position From Where Search Has To Be
Started
. Endp (Default: Length of String): These Fn Specifies The
Position from Where Search Has to End.

Return – Return The 1st Position of Substring Found

Exception – Raise Value Error If Argument String Is Not

Found Or Index Is Out of Range.
Rindex () Method – It Returns the Highest Index Of The
Substring Inside String If The Substring If Found. Otherwise,
It Raises Value Error.
➢ Case Changing of String –

. Lower () – Convert All Upper Case Characters In A String

Lower Case.
. Upper () – Convert All Lower Case Character In A String Into
Upper Case.
. Title () – Convert String To Title Case.
➢ Built In Methods – Start With () And Ends With ()
Syntax – Starts With () – Str. Starts With (Search- String,
Start, End)
End With () – Str. Ends With (Search, String, Start,
End)
-Python String Find() Method - It Returns the Lowest
Index
Or First Occurrence of The Substring If It Is Found in A
Given String. If It Is Not Found, Then It Returns – 1.

Syntax – Str_ Obj. Find (Sub, Start, End)

Substring that need

to be searched

• List Introduction –
Python List Are Just Like Dynamically
Sized Arrays, Declared in Other Language (C ++, Java). In
A Simple Language, It Is Aa Collection of Things, Enclosed
With [] And Separated by Commas.
The List Is a Sequence Data Type Which Is
Used to Store the Collection of Data. Tuples And Strings
Are Other Types of Sequence Data Types.

Eg - Var = [“Geeks”, “For”, “Geeks”]

print (Var) O/P – [‘Geeks’, ‘For’, ‘Geeks’]
-Lists Need not to be homogeneous always which Makes It
the Most Powerful Tool in Python.
-A Single List May Be Contain Data Type Likes Int, Str, As
Well As Objects.
-List Are Mutable, And Hence, They Can Be Altered Even
After Their Creation.
* Creating A List in Python -
List Can Be Created by Just Placing the Sequence
Inside the Square Braces []. Unlike Sets, A List Doesn’t
Need a Built – In Function for The Creation of Aa List.
Example - List = []
print (“Blank List:”)
print (*List*)
List [ 10, 20, 30]
print (“In List of Numbers:”)
print (List)
O/P - Blank List:
[]
List Of Number:
[ 10, 20, 30]

-Accessing Element from The List –

List = [“Geeks”, “For”, “Geeks”]
print (“Accessing a Element:”)
print (List [0]) print (List [2])
-Negative Indexing
-Getting The Size Of The List –
List 1 = [ ]
print (len (list 1 ))
List 2 = [ 1, 2, 3]
print (len (list 2))
o/p – 0
3
-Adding Elements To A List –
Using append () method –
-only I element can be added at a time, for the additional
of multiple elements with the append () method, loops are
used.
-tuple can be added to the list with the use of append
method because tuple are immutable.
Example - list = []
print (“initial blank list:”)
print (list)
List. Append (1)
List. Append (2)
List. Append (4)
Print (“\n list after addition of three elements:”)
Print (list)
For I in range (1, 4):
List. Append (i)
print (“\n list after additional of elements from 1-3:”)
print (list)
List. Append ((5,6))
print (“\n list after additional of a tuple:”)
print (list)
List 2 = [‘for’, ‘geeks’,]
List. Append (list 2)
print (“\n list after addition of a list:”)
print (list)
o/p – initial blank list:
[]
List after addition of three element:
[1, 2, 3]
List after addition of element from 1- 3:
[1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3]
List after addition of a tuple:
[1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, (5, 6)]
List after addition of a list:
[1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, (5, 6), [‘for’, ‘geeks’])
-using insert () method –
It insert a given element at a given index in a list using
python.
Syntax – list_ name . insert (index, element)
Index- at which the element has to be inserted.
Element – to be inserted in the list.
Returns – does not return any value.
Example –
Lis = [‘geeks’, ‘for’, ‘geeks’,]
Lis. Insert (1, “for”)
print (lis)

o/p - [‘geeks’, ‘for’, ‘geeks’]

- count () method - returns the count of how

many times a given object occurs in a list.
Syntax – list_ name. count (object)
Parameters –
. object – is the item whose count is to be returned.
Exception –
. type error – raises type error if more than I
parameters is passed is count () method.
Example - list 2 = [‘a’, ‘a’, ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘b’, ‘a’, ‘c’, ‘b’]
print (list 2. Count (‘b’))
o/p – 3

- del keyword – del is a key word and remove (), pop () are in
built method.
- remove () method delete value or object from the list using
value.
- the del and pop () delete values or objects from list using and
objects.
- the del keyword deletes any variable, or list of value from a
list.
Syntax –
del list _ name[index] # to delete single value
del list _name # to delete whole list

-The remove () method removes the first matching value from

list.
Syntax – list_ name. remove (value)
-The pop () method like the del keyword deletes value at a
particular index. but the pop () method returns deleted value
from the list.
Syntax – list_ name .pop(index)

Example – numbers = [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# use remove( ) method
numbers . pop (3)
print (numbers)
# use remove( )
numbers . pop (-1)
print (numbers)
numbers .pop(0)
print (numbers)
O/P – [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 3, 4]
[2, 3, 3, 4]
-max() method - used to compute the maximum of the values
passed in its argument and the lexicographically largest value if
string are.
Passed as arguments.
Example- print (“Maximum of
4,12,43.3,19 and 100 is :”, end= “”)
Print (max(4,12,43.3,19 100))
O/P – Maximum of 4,12,43.3,19,100 is = 100
Mini () method- is used to compute the minimum of
the values possed in its arguments.
Sort() function- can be used to sort a list in ascending,
descending, or user- defined order.
Syntax- list_ name , short (reverse= True/False,
key= my func)
reverse() method- is a inbuilt method in python that
reverses object of the list in place i.c., it doesn’t use
any extra space it just modifies the original list.
Syntax- list_ name, reverse ()
Tuples in python-
Python Tuple is a collection of objects
separated by commas. In some ways , a tuple is
similar to a list in terms of indexing, nested objects,
and repctition but a tuple is immutable, unlike lists
which are mutable.
To create a Tuple we will use () operators.
Var=(“Geeks”, “for”, “Geeks”)
Print(var)
-Accessing values in Tuples-
Method-1 using positive index
Method-2 using Negative index
Sets in python –
It is an unordered collection data type that is
iterable, mutable and has no duplicate elements.
Sets are represented by {}
Since sets are unordered , we can’t access items using
indexes like we do in lists.
Example- var = {“geeks,” “for”, “geeks”}
print( type (var))
O/P- <class set>
-Frozen set -are immutable objects that only support
methods and operators that produce a result without
affecting the frozen set or sets to which they are
applied. It can be done with frozen set() method.
-Methods for sets-
• Adding elements to sets – set add () function
• Union operation on sets - union () function
• Intersection operation - intersection () or &
operator - difference () or –
• Difference
operator
• clearing sets - clear () method
 • Dictionary In Python –
It Is Collection Of Keys Values, Used To Store
Data Value Like Aa Map, Which, Unlike Other Data Types
Which Hold Only A Single Value As An Element.
-Dictionary Holds Key : Value pair.

Example – Dict : {1 : ‘Geeks’, 2 : ‘For’, 3 : ‘Geeks’}

print (Dict)
-Grating A Dictionary –
A Dictionary Can Be Created By Placing A
Sequence Of Elements Curly { } Breaks, Separated By
‘Comma’. Dictionary Holds Pair Of Values, One Being The
King And The Other Corresponding Pair Element Being Its
Key : Value. Values In A Dictionary Can Be Of Any Data
Types And Can Be Duplicated, Where As Keys Can’t Be
Repeated And Must Be Immutable.
Note - Dictionary Keys Are Case Sensitive, The Same Name But Different Case Of
Key Will Be Treated Distinctly.
Example – Dict = { 1: ‘Geeks’, 2: ‘For’, 3: ‘Geeks’}
Print (“\N Dictionary With The Use Of
Inter Ger Keys:”)
Print (Dict)
Dict = {‘Name’, ‘Geeks’, 1:[1,2,3,4]}
print (‘\N Dictionary With The Use Of Mixed Keys:”)
print (Dict)
O/P – Dictionary With The Use Of Integer Keys :
{ 1: ‘Geeks’, 2: ‘For’, 3: ‘Geeks’}
Dictionary With The Use Of Mixed Keys :
{ ‘Name’ : ‘Geeks’, 1: [1, 2, 3, 4] }

-Dictionary Can Also Be Created By The Built – In Function Dist

(). An Empty Dictionary Can Be Created By Just Placing To Curly
Braces {}.

-Nested Dictionary –
Dict = { 1: ‘Geeks’, 2: ‘For’, 3: {‘A’: ‘Welcome’,
‘B’: ‘To’, ‘C’: ‘Geeks’ {}

Print (Dict)

O/P – { 1: ‘Geeks’, 2: ‘For’ 3: {‘A’ : ‘Welcome’, ‘B’ : ‘To’, ‘C’ :

‘Geeks’})

-Adding Elements To A Dictionary –

One Value Can Be Added To A Dictionary By Defining
Value Along With The Key . Eg – Dict [Key] = ‘Value’.
Updating An Existing Value In A Dictionary Can Be Done By
Using The Built- In Update () Method.
Nested Key Values Can Be Also Added To An Existing Dictionary.
-Accessing Element To A Dictionary – In Order To Access The
Item Of A Dictionary Refer To Its Key Name. Key Can Be Used
Inside Square Braces.
-there is also a method called get ( ) method that will be
help in accessing the element from a dictionary . this
method accepts key as argument and return the value.
➢ Dictionary method –
1> Clear ( ) – remove all the elements from the
dictionary.
2> Copy ( ) – return a copy of the dictionary.
3> Get ( ) – return the value of specified key.
4> Items ( ) – return a list containing a tuple for each
key value pair.
5> Keys ( ) – return a list containing dictionary keys
6> Pop ( ) – remove the element with specified key
7> Pop time ( ) – remove the last inserted key- value
pair.
8> Update ( ) – update dictionary with specified key-
value pairs.
9> Values ( ) – return a list of all the values of
dictionary.
• Slicing (list , tuple and string –
Slicing a python is a feature that enables
accessing parts of the sequence. In slicing a string, we
create a substring, which is essentially a string that exists
with in another string. We use slicing when we require a
part of the string and not the complete string.

Syntax – string [start: end: step]

• Start – we provide the starting index.
• End – we provide the end index .
• Step – it is an optional argument that determine
The interment between each index for slicing.
-Slicing in list –
Lst = [50, 70, 30, 20, 90, 10, 50]
print ( lst [1: 5])
o/p – [70, 30, 20, 90]
-slicing in tuple –
Tup = (22, 3, 45, 4, 2.4, 2, 56, 890, 1)
print (tup [1 : 4])
o/p – 3, 45, 4)
-slicing in tuple –
Tup = (22, 3, 45, 4, 2.4, 2, 56, 890, 1)
print (tup[1:4])
• Comprehension in python –
A python list comprehension
consists of brackets containing the expression,
which is executed for each element along with
the for loop to iterated over is element in the
python list.
-python list comprehension provides a much more
short syntax for creating a new list based on the
values of an exciting list.
syntax -
new list = [expression (element) for element
in old list if condition]
-list comprehension vs For loop-
There are various ways to iterate through a list.
However, the most common approach is to use the
for loop.

List = []
for character in ‘ Geeks 4 Geeks!’:
list. Append(character)
print (list)
O/P- [‘G’, ‘e’, ‘c’, ‘k’, ‘s’, ‘4’, ‘G’, ‘e’, ‘e’, ‘k’, ‘s’, ‘!’]

-python Dictionary comprehension-

Here we have two lists named keys and values and
we iterating over them with the help of zip () function.
Keys = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’]
Values =[1,2,3,4,5]
myDict ={k : v for (k , v) in zip (keys , value) }
print (myDict)

O/P- { ‘a’:1, ‘b’ : 2, ‘c’:3, ‘d’:4, ‘c’:5}

❖ Python oops concepts and class-
Oops is a programming paradigm that uses object and
classes in programming. It aims to implement real-world
entities like, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulations etc.
in the programming. The main concept of oops is to bind the
data and the functions that work on that together as a
single unit so that no other part of the code can access this
data.

Main concepts of oops-

-Class - Inheritance
-Objects - Data Abstraction
-Polymorphism
-Encapsulation

-Class- A class is a collection of objects. A class contains the

blueprints or the prototype form which the object are being
created. It is a logical entity that contains some attributes
and methods.
-Class- A class is a collection object . A class contains the
blueprints or the prototype from which the objects are being
created. It is a logical entity that contains some attributes
and methods.

• Classes are created by keyword class.

• Attributes are the variables that belongs to a class.
• Attributes are always pubic and can be accessed using the
dot(.) operator.
• Eg – Myclass. Myattribute
Syntax - class classname
# statement – l
:
#statement - N
-Objects - Object is an entity that has a state and behavior
associated with it. it may be any real world object like a mouse,
keyboard, chair, table, etc. integers, strings, floating – point
numbers, even arrays, and dictionary, are all object.
An object consists of –
• State – it is represented by the attribute of an object. It
also reflect the properties of an object.
• Behavior – it is represented by the method of an object. It
also reflect the response of an object to other objects.
• Identify – it gives a unique name to an object an enables
one object to interact with other objects.

Obj = dog ( )

Before diving deep into object and classes let us understand some
basic keyword that will we used while working with objects and
classes.

1> The self

- Class method must have an extra first
parameter in the method definition. We do
not give a value for this parameter value for
this parameters when we call the method,
python provides it
- If we have a method that’s takes no
arguments , then we still have to have one
argument.
 - This is similar to this pointer in c ++
When we call a method of this object as my object.
Method (arg 1, arg 2), this is automatically converted by python
into my a class. Method ( my object , arg 1, arg 2).
2> The_ init_ method _
It is similar to constructions in c ++ and java. It is run
as soon as an object of a class is instantiated. The method
is useful to do any initialization you want to do with your
objects.
-encapsulation in python –
It is a mechanism of wrapping the data (variable)
and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit.
In this, the variables of a class is hidden from other classes, and
can be accessed only through the methods of there current class.

Class base : # base class

Def_ init_ (self):
Self_ a = 2 # protected member
Class derived (base): # derived class
Def_ init_ (self) :
# calling constructor of base class
Base_ init_ (self)
print (“calling protected member of base class Self_ a)
# modify the protected variable :
Self_ a = 3
Print (“calling modified protected member outside
class :”, self._ a)
obj 1 = derived ( )
obj 2 = base ( )
print (“accessing protected member of obj 1 :”, obj 1. – a)
print (“accessing protected member of obj 2 :”, obj 2. – a)

-class instance attribute –

Class attribute belong to the class itself they will be shared by
all the instance. Such attributes are defined in the class body
parts usually at the top, for legibility.

Class sample class :

Count = 0
Def increase (self):
Sample class. Count + = 1
Si. = sample class ( )
Si. Increase( )
Print (si. Count)
S2 = sample class ( )
S2. Increase ( ) o/p – 1
Print (s2 count) 2
Print sample class. Count) 3
Unlike class attributes, instance attribute are not
shared by object. Every object has list own copy of
the instance attribute.

To list the attributes of an instance/object , we

have two function-
1. Vars()- Jhis function is displays the attribute of an
instance in the from of dicionary.
2. dir()- This function displays more attributes then
vars functions, as it not limited to instance. It
displays the class attributes as well . It also
displays the attributes of its ancestor classes.
3.
➢ Class member access-
Attribute of a class are function object that
defines corresponding method of its instance .
They are used to implement access controls of the
classes.
Built -in functions-

1. getattr()- used to access the attribute of object.

2. hasattr()- used to check if an attribute exist or

not.
3. Setattr()- used to set an attribute.
4. Delatter()- used to delete an attribute.
➢ Class method vs static method-
Class method is a method that is bound to the class
and not the object of the class.
They have the access to the state of the class as it
tasks a class parameter that to the class and not the
object instance.
It can modify a class state that would apply across
variable that will be applicable to all the instances.
Static method dosen’t receive on implicit first
argument.

Syntax- class c (object):

@stateicmethod
Def fun (arg1, arg2,……….):
returns : a static method for function fun.
A static method is also a method is also a method that
is bound to the class and not the object of the class.
A static method can’t access or modify the class state.
It is present in a class because it makes sense for the
method to be present in class.

-class method vs static method-

1. A class method takes cls as the first parameter while
a stoic method needs no specific parameters.
2. A class method can access or modify the class state
wile a staic method can’t access or modify it.
3. In general static methods know nothing about the
class state. They are utility-type method that take
some
 Parameters and work upon those parameters. On the other
hand class methods must have class as a parameter.
• Inheritance –
It is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the
properties from another class.
Advantage –
-it represents real – world relationship well.
-it provide reusuability of a code. We don’t have to write the
same code again and again . also, it allows us to add more
features to a class with out modifying it.
-it is transitive in nature, which means that if class B inherits
from another class A, then all the subclasses of B would
automatically inherit from class A.
Class person (object):
# constructor
Def_ init_ (self, name):
Self. Name = name
# to get name
Def get name (self):
Return self.name
# to check if this person is an employee
Def is employee (self):
Return false
# inherited or sub class
Class employee (person):
# here we returns true
Def is employee (self):
Returns true
 # driver code
emp = person (“geek 1”)
print (emp. Get name ( ), emp. Is employee( ) )
emp = employee (“geek 2”)
print (emp. Get name ( ), emp. Is employee ( ) )
o/p - (‘geek 1’, false)
(‘geek 2’, true)
-what is object class ?
Like java object class, in python , object is a root of all
classes.

Example – class subclass_ name (super class _ name):

Class person (object):
Def_ init_ (self, name, id number):
Self. Name = name
Self. Id number = id number
Def display (self):
print (self. Id number)
# child class
Class employee (person):
Def_ init_ (self, name, id number, salary, post):
Self. Post = post
Person. – init_ (self, name, id number)
A = employee (‘Rahul’, 8853, 200000, “intern”)
a. display ( )
-Different forms of Inheritance-
1. Single Inheritance- when a child class inherits from only one
parent class , it is called single inheritance.
2. Multiple Inheritance- when a child class inherits from multiple
parent classes , it is called multiple inheritance.
Class best(object):
Def- init -(self):
Self. Str1= “geek1”
print (“Base1”)
Class Base2 (object):
def-init- (self):
Self.Str2= “geek2”
print (“Base2”)
Class Deriver (Based1, Base2);
def-init-(Self):
# Calling constructor of Base1 and Base2 classes
Bese1.-init-(self)
Bese2.- init-(self)
print( “Derived”)
def print strs (self):
print( self. str1, self.str2)
Ob= Derived()
Ob. Printstrs()
OP/ Base1 base 1
Base 2 base 2
Derived Derived
Geek 1 geek 2
 3> multi- level inheritance –
when we have a child and grandchild
relationship.
4> Hierarchical inheritance –
More than one derived classes are created from
a single base.
5> Hybrid inheritance –
This form combines more than one from of
inheritance . basically, it is a blend of more than one type
of inheritance.
Private member of parent class –
We don’t always want the instance variable of the
parent class to be inherited by the child class i.e., we can
make some of the instance variables of the parent class
private, which wont be available to the child class.

• Polymorphism –
It means having many forms. In programming
Polymorphism means the same function name (but
different signature) being used for different types.

Example - inbuilt polymorphism function –

print (len (“geeks”))
print (len ([10, 20, 30]))
o/p - 5
3
Example of user – defined polymorphism function –
Def add (x, y, z = 0):
Return x + y + z
print (add (2, 3))
print ((2, 3, 4))
o/p – 5
9
-polymorphism with class method –
Class India ( ):
Def capital (self):
print (“new Delhi is a capital of India”)
Def language (self):
print (“Hindi is the most widely spoken
language in India”)
def type (self):
print (“India is a developing country”)
class USA ( ):
def capital (self):
print (“washithgton, d. c. is the capital of USA”)
def type (self):
print (“USA is a developed country”)
obj_ Ind = India ( )
Obj_ USA = USA ( )
For country in (obj_ Ind, obj_ USA):
Country. Capital ( )
Country. Language ( )
Country. Type ( )
➢ Polymorphism with inheritance –

Polymorphism lets us define methods in the child

class that have the same name as the methods in the parent
class. In inheritance, the child class inherits the method from
the parent class. How ever, it is possible to modify a method in
a child class that it has inherited from the parent class.

This is particularly useful in cases where the method

inherited from the parent class doesn’t quite fit the child class.
In such cases, we re_ implement the method in the child class.
This process of re_ implementing a method in the child class is
known as method overriding.

Class bird :
Def intro (self):
print (“there are many types of birds”)
Def flight (self):
print (“most of the bird can fly but some
cannot”)
Class sparrow (bird):
Def flight (self):
print (“sparrows can fly”)
Class ostrich (bird):
Def flight (self):
print (“ostriches cannot fly”)
Obj_ bird = bird ( )
Obj_ spr = sparrow ( )
Obj_ ost = ostrich ( )
Obj_ bird = intro ( )
Obj_ bird = flight ( )
 Obj_ spr. Intro ( )
Obj_ spr. Flight ( )
Obj_ ost. Intro ( )
Obj_ ost. Flight ( )

• Abstract class –
An abstract class can be considered as a blue
print for other classes. It allows you to created a set of
method that must be create with in any child classes built
from abstract class. A class which contain one or more
abstract method is a method that has a declaration but
does not have an implementation. While we are designing
large functional units we use an abstract class.

-by defining an abstract base class, you can define a

common application program interface (API) for a set of
sub classes.
Example – class polygon (ABC):
@ abstract method
Def noof sides (self):
Pass
Class tringle (polygon):
# overriding abstract method
Def noof sides (self):
print (“I have 3 sides”)
Class Pentagon (Polygon):
# Overriding Abstract Method
Def Noof Sides (Self):
print (“I Have 5 Sides”)
Class Hexagon (Polygon):
# Overriding Abstract Method
Def Noof Sides (Self):
print (“I Have 6 Sides”)

# Driver Code
R = Triangle ()
R. = Noof Sides ()
K = Quadrilateral ()
K. = Noof Sides ()
R = Pentagon ()
R = Noof Sides ()
K = Hexagon ()
K = Noof Sides ()

O/P – I have 3 Sides

I have 4 Sides
I have 5 Sides
I have 6 Sides
HAPPY CODING
By Mr_circuits