MAPEH Reviewer

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY FITNESS?

● COMMUNITY FITNESS
-Health conditions of the people living in a specific area
-A community, whose members are active enough to participate in community
projects like cleanliness and beautification, is more likely to be successful in other
programs.
-Implement a fitness program that could help members to be healthy and
productive

WHAT SHOULD THE COMMUNITY DO TO BE FIT AND WELL?

● HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
-Associated with eating habits, choice of food, physical activities and personal
habits.
-Encourage its members to lead a healthy lifestyle that includes regular
engagement with physical fitness activities and healthy eating habits.

WHAT IS A LIFESTYLE?
● LIFESTYLE
-Way people live their lives daily.
-Behavioral pattern of choices from alternatives that are available to people.
-Activities, attitudes, interests, opinions, and values.

WHAT IS WEIGHT MANAGEMENT?

● WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
-Healthful ways of maintaining a healthy weight.
-Long-term approach to healthy living and lifestyle
-Students who are in good shape can attend school regularly because they do
not suffer from illness and poor health conditions.

WHAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS?

● PHYSICAL FITNESS
-Physical Fitness, is a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and
effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, and to meet emergency
situations.
-General Fitness, is a state of being healthy and well- being.
-Physical fitness also is the ability of an individual to perform daily activities
without getting exhausted and can still perform extra tasks with alertness.
-A good physical fitness is significant to achieve holistic formation. In determining
one’s fitness, several tests are conducted to ensure the level of appropriateness.
-To perform your daily work better, a high fitness level is required.
TWO COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
● HEALTH RELATED FITNESS
A. Cardiovascular endurance / cardiovascular fitness
-It is the engaging in physical activity for a long period of time without the
body getting tired
-This is the ability of your heart to pump effectively in order to meet the
metabolic demands during exercise.
B. Muscular strength
- It is the ability of the muscles to exert force during an activity
-It pertains to the ability of the muscle to produce an amount of force in a
single contraction.
C. Muscular endurance
-It is the ability of muscles to continue to perform without fatigue.
-It is the bridge between muscular strength and Cardiovascular
Endurance.
D. Flexibility
-It is the range of motion around the joints of the body
-It can be improved by stretching
E. Body composition
-It is the relative amount of muscle, fat, bone and other vital parts of the
human body.
-This is the comparative body fat percentage.

● SKILL-RELATED FITNESS
A. FLEXIBILITY
B. SPEED
C. AGILITY
D. BALANCE
E. COORDINATION
F. POWER
G. REACTION TIME

BMI (Body Mass Index)

● Body mass index is a value derived from the mass and height of a person. The
BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is
expressed in units of kg/m², resulting from mass in kilograms and height in
meters.

WEIGHT/BODY MASS
—----------------------------
HEIGHT
 Underweight = <18.5
Normal weight = 18.5–24.9
Overweight = 25–29.9
Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater

What is the FITT Principle?

● Think of the FITT Principle as a set of rules that must be adhered to in order to benefit
from any form of fitness training program. These four principles of fitness training are
applicable to individuals exercising at low to moderate training levels and may be used to
establish guidelines for both cardiorespiratory and resistance training. The FITT principle
is used to guide the development of unique and bespoke fitness plans that cater for an
individual’s specific needs. The FITT principle is designed more for the general
population than athletes.

● F-FREQUENCY
-Following any form of fitness training, the body goes through a process of
rebuilding and repair to replenish its energy reserves consumed by the exercise.
-The frequency of exercise is a fine balance between providing just enough
stress for the body to adapt to and allowing enough time for healing and
adaptation to occur.
● I- INTENSITY
-It defines the amount of effort that should be invested in a training program or
any one session.
-Like the first FITT principle – frequency – there must be a balance between
finding enough intensity to overload the body (so it can adapt) but not so much
that it causes overtraining.
● T- TIME
-The final component in the FITT principle of training is time – or how long you
should be exercising for. Is longer better?
-The time you spend doing strength training will depend on the intensity of the
workout. If the intensity is extremely high, then reduce the time spent doing
strength training or include extra rest. If the intensity is low, the time spent doing
strength training can be a lot longer.
● T- TYPE
-The best types of strength training exercises include free weights, machine
weights, hydraulic weight machines, resistance bands and body-weight exercises
like push-ups, chin-ups and dips, etc.
 ● Regardless of your body type. If you follow the right workout and diet
protocol you will be able to build muscle and lose fat.

● Yes, you may need to tailor your lifestyle to your genetics, but if you do this
you can build a body that you’re happy with.

● Understanding that adopting active habits and good eating practices can
set an example and positively influence others and the importance of
adopting practices to prevent and mitigate environmental health issues,
such as pollution reduction, waste management, and sustainable resource
use.

WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS

● ANCIENT ERA
(Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Egyptian)

Prehistoric
-Before history
-Before written history

Proof
-Archaeologists are able to get a lot of information about man’s early community, beliefs,
and even how they lived just by studying the different artworks that were left behind.

Prehistoric Artworks Cave Drawings

-Made as early as 30,000 years ago
-During Paleolithic period (40,000 BCE-10,000 BCE (Before the common era)
-Popular subject: animals, simple geometric shapes

Early Men
-Engraved shells created by Homo Erectus: Engraved shells created by Homo erectus
dating as far back as 500,000 years ago have been found, although experts disagree on
whether these engravings can be properly classified as ‘art’

Cave Drawings
Uses:
-Ritual to pray for successful hunt
-Used to commemorate a successful hunt.
Philippine: Agono Petroglyphs (Stone Carvings)
-Made during the late Neolithic Age (10,200-2000 BCE)
-127 stylized depiction of humans and animals such as frogs and lizards.
-Out of 127 only 51 are distinct.
-The Angono Petroglyph is a recent archeological breakthrough during the 80’s found in
the mountainside of Angono and Binangonan by Carlo “Botong” Francisco. It is a
stylized anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms etched on the rock shelter

Agono Petroglyphs (Stone Carvings)

-More than individual made it

Uses:
-ritualistic healing

Neolithic Period/New Stone Age

-Humans moved away from their ‘Nomadic lifestyle and learned to toil the land.
-Develop permanent communities
-Developed and refined their stone tools which ushered in the “New Stone Age”

Ancient Stone tools

Paleolithic Age (500,000–10,000 BC)

-The Paleolithic Age developed in the Pleistocene period (the Ice Age) in India.
-The Paleolithic men were hunters and gatherers. They did not have any knowledge of
agriculture, fire, or pottery. They survived by hunting wild animals and gathering fruits.
-They were also known as ‘Quartzite Men' as most of the tools were made from the
Quartzite stone.
-The climate became less humid at the last phase.
-At the last phase of this age, Homo sapiens first appeared.
Megaliths
-Huge stone structures also known as Petroforms

-Found all over the world

-Most famous: ‘Stonehenge’

● Found in England
● Composed of stone slabs that weigh tons
● Arranged in a radical pattern
● Completed around 1500 BCE

Early Civilization
-Human was less Nomadic and started communities and later evolved to civilization
-Civilization becomes one of the great accelerators of change.
-Around 5,000 years ago, four major civilizations developed at almost the same time.
-Archaeologists/historians define civilization as an urban culture with differentiated levels
of wealth, occupation, and power. The “complete checklist of civilization” contains “cities,
warfare, writing, social hierarchies, [and] advanced arts and crafts.”
-Thus, in early civilizations four kinds of power:
1. Military 2. Economic 3. Political 4. Religious
-The term culture is used to describe all the different ways that humans collectively
adjust to their environment, organize their experiences, and transmit their knowledge to
future generations.
-Most importantly, culture serves as the means by which knowledge is transmitted from
one generation to another.

The Four River Valley Civilization: Mesopotamia ( Iraq), Egypt, India & China
 Similarities:
Near great bodies of water:
Mesopotamia-between rivers of Tigris & Euphrates
Egypt-near the river Nile
India- centered on the Indus River
China- Yellow river

Similarities:
Ruled by a monarch
Believed in Nature-based religion
Developed impressive artworks that survived up to this day.

● THE ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

-Located where Syria and Iraq

-Nations & Civilization:

SUMERIANS
-most dominant of the groups
-First to develop a writing system called “CUNEIFORM”

“CUNEIFORM”

-Used series of shapes and lines to represent the object and were written in clay tablets

Art of the Ancient Mesopotamia

-The beginning of History Writing appeared in Mesopotamia over 5,000 years ago. This
invention was so important that it marks the end of the Prehistory, and the beginning of
History As villages grew into towns, writing was a way of storing information about taxes,
trade and population

-Also built megaliths called “ZIGGURATS”.

 “ZIGGURATS”

-Looks like pyramids but its sides are zigzagged making them appear like steps or stairs

-Used: temples to honor their different gods.

Mesopotamia Society

-Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning. Military commanders
eventually monarch created a new structure of government called a Dynasty. A Dynasty
is a series of rulers descending from a single family line.

● THE ANCIENT INDIA

-First civilization in the world to develop precise measurement and weighing equipment.
Most technology was used to aid in agriculture.

-Other trade technologies such as boats and carts were employed to facilitate trade

Art of the Ancient INDUS VALLEY (India)

-Harappan Society
-The largest irrigation allowed the indigenous population to provide food for themselves.
-The economy depended greatly on trade/ barter system

-SOCIAL CLASSES:

● Brahmins: priest and the kings

● Kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats rulers)
● Vaishyas (cultivator, artisan and merchants)
● Shudras (peasants and serfs)

● THE ANCIENT EGYPT

Art of the Ancient NILE RIVER ALLEY(Egypt)

-The Nile provides rich soil for the Egyptians and would wash away waste.
-The seas around the civilization served as a barrier against war and disease.
 PHARAOH
● Means “Great House”
● All powerful
● Head of state and religious leaders
● Passed law
● Ruled the country
● Owned most of land
● Controlled trade and led the armies
● Believed to be GODS

-SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
1. King/Pharaoh-Ruler of the land, female had special status
2. Ruling Class-high importance of the King
3. Craftsman-make weapons/tools; works on decorations of tombs
4. Farmers- Most people of the Nile tribes were farmers that can only be vaguely
distinguished by their tombs

● Marginalized Groups- Very little known about the people. Did not live in organized
structures. Acted as military

● Slaves- Little evidence of slavery; Servants were often used and sold. The Pyramids
were built by servants who were paid in beer and wheat
Religion:

POLYTHEISTIC:they worshipped many gods.

-Egyptians believed there was an afterlife, as long as the body was preserved.
-Consequently, a dead body was dried to make a mummy, which was put in a
SARCOPHAGUS.

-A sarcophagus is a stone coffin or a container to hold a coffin. Although early

sarcophagi were made to hold coffins within, the term has come to refer to any stone
coffin that is placed above ground.

-A wealthy person's tomb contained the things which were necessary in the afterlife,
such as food, jewels or statues of servants. Mummies and afterlife.
 “SARCOPHAGUS”

METHOD OF EMBALMING

-The ancient Egyptians used a special process to treat their dead body for preservation
and it is called MUMMIFICATION.
-Remove all moisture from the body
-Preserve the body in a life-like manner as possible
-Practiced throughout most of the early Egyptian history.
-Process took Seventy days
-Special priests worked as embalmers
-The most important part of the ceremony was called the “Opening of the Mouth”- they
used special instrument for that. They believe that the senses you enjoyed when they
are still alive are needed in the afterlife.

THE GREAT PYRAMID

-Herodotus claimed that construction of the Great Pyramid—today calculated at over six
million tons of stone—was carried out using slave labor.
-In 1999 archaeologists started to uncover the village housing of the workmen who built
the two later pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure. This followed the discovery of the
workers’ cemetery in 1990, which was divided into upper and lower parts according to
the rank of the deceased.
 “HIEROGLYPHICS”

-Egyptian ancient writings

-Used of animal symbols

THE ANCIENT CHINA

Art of the Ancient YELLOW RIVER VALLEY (CHINA)

-Around 4000 B.C the Yellow (Hueng He) River valley Civilization began in China. Which
was the start of the many Chinese Empires. Many of the ethnic groups and cultures
began in this era in China.
-The Huang He (yellow) river stretches across China for more than 2,900 miles.
-Chang Jiang river or Yangtze river is longer, stretching about 3,400 miles across central
china.
-The two major rivers both merge together to create a great food-producing area.
-China is surrounded by mountain ranges and river valleys, which make it hard for
people to travel and trade their crops and live stocks, so they have to mostly rely on their
food.

-SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
KING
-The Shang King ruled from the capital city of Anyang
-His kingdom was divided into different territories that were ruled by aristocratic
warlords(military leaders).
-Although they were leaders of their land the King had the power to add and
remove them whenever he chooses.
 -Believed in supernatural forces so that they could talk to the Gods and receive
help when needed.
-The authority of the family belongs to the father. The father always arranges the
marriages for his daughters, controls the amount of education received by the
children and chooses the career for his sons.
-The mother occupies a subordinate position in the family and they are unable to
own their own property.
-All the rituals are performed by the males.

SILK ROAD
-The world's most significant trade route that connected East and West for two
thousand years.
-It started in the Yellow River basin where China's first civilizations developed.
-Major part of this agricultural purpose in china that helped it grow.
-People would travel all over the silk road for trading purposes which brought
cultural immersion, and agriculture was an immediate profit due to the fertile soil.

● MEDIEVAL ERA
(Byzantine, Romanesque & Gothic Art)