Karmaveer Shankarrao Kale Education Society’s

GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,GAUTAMNAGAR

Report on project
“ONLINE BUS TICKET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”
SUBMITTED BY
[Link] YASH P [49]
MR. WANDEKAR VEDANT S [48]
[Link] SHARDUL S [62]

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

[Link] S.A

DIPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ACADAMIC YEAR 2023-24
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI

HOD PRINCPAL
MR BHARTI M.B [Link].S.M
PROJECT GUID
MS,KANDEKAR.G.K
 Karmaveer Shankarrao Kale Education Society

GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,GAUTAMNAGAR

GAUTAMNAGAR – 423602

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled
“TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM”
SUBMITTED BY
[Link] YASH P [49]
MR. WANDEKAR VEDANT S [48]
[Link] SHARDUL S [62]

Under our supervision and guidance for partial

fulfillment of therequirement for Diploma in
Computer Technology affiliated to Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
For academic year
2023-2024

PROJECT GUID HOD PRINCPAL

[Link].G.K MR BHARTI M.B [Link].S.M
 Acknowledgement

We would take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Project Guide
Prof. [Link] G.K., Department of Computer Technology, Gautam Polytechnic,
Kolpewadi. For his vital guidance and support in completing this project.
Lots of thanks to the Head of Computer technology Department Mr. Bharti M.B for providingus
with the best support we ever had. We like to express our sincere gratitude to [Link] S.M,
Principal, Gautam Polytechnic Kolpewadi for providing a great platform to complete the project
within the scheduled time.
Last but not the least we would like to say thanks to our family and friends for their never-ending
love, help, and support in so many ways through all this time. A big thanks to all who have
willingly helped us out with their ability.

[Link] YASH P [49]

MR. WANDEKAR VEDANT S [48]
[Link] SHARDUL S [52]
 Index

Sr. No Title Page no.

1. Introduction 1

2. Types of Operating System 2

3. Conclusion 11

4. Reference 12
 1. Introduction

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that control the execution of application
programs and act as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
OS is software that manages the computer hardware as well as providing an environment for
application programs to run. Examples of OS are: Windows, Windows/NT, OS/2 and MacOS.
An operating system is a type of system software that manages and controls the resources and
computing capability of a computer or a computer network, and provides users a logical
interface for accessing the physical computer to execute applications. Almost all general-
purpose computers need an operating system before any specific application may be installed
and executed by users. The role of an operating system as a conceptual model of a physical
computer. In this project, we will discuss various classifications of operating [Link]
modern operating systems are based on multi-programmed timesharing technologies.

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2. Types of Operating System
1. Batch Operating Systems
A batch operating system grabs all programs and data in the batch form and then processes
them. The main aim of using a batch processing system is to decrease the setup time while
submitting similar jobs to the CPU. Batch processing techniques were implemented in the hard
disk and card readers as well. In this case, all jobs are saved on the hard disk for making the
pool of jobs for their execution as a batch form.
A batch monitor is started for executing all pooled jobs, after reading them. These jobs are
divided into groups, and finally, precede the same jobs in a similar batch. Now all batched jobs
are ready for execution one by one, and due to this system enhances the system utilization while
decreasing the turnaround time.
Advantages
• In a batch system, all jobs are performed in repeating form without the user’s
permission.
• Can be feed input data in the batch processing system without using extra hardware
components.
• Small scale businesses can use batch processing systems for executing small tasks to their
benefit.
• Forgiving rest to the system’s processors, your batch system is capable to work in off-line
mode.
• Batch processing system consumes less time for executing all jobs.
• Sharing of the batch system for multiple users is possible.
• The batch systems can manage large repeated work easily.
Disadvantages
• `Batch processing system's online sensors are often not available.
• Time-varying process characteristics.
• If anyone's job halts, then increase the workload for predicting time.
• Due to any mistake, any job can enter into an infinite loop.
• If your protection system is not well then, anyone's job can affect pending jobs.

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Examples
• Payroll System
• Bank Invoice System
• Transactions Process
• Daily Report
• Research Segment
• Billing System

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2. Time-sharing Operating Systems
Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU executes multiple jobs by
switching, among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with each
program while it is running. An interactive computer provides direct communication between the
user and the system. The user gives instructions to the OS or a program directly. using hardware,
and waits for results.
A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each
user with a small portion of a time-shared computer. Each user has at least one separate program
in memory. When a process executes, it executes for only short time before it either finishes or
needs to perform input/output. In time-sharing operating systems several jobs must be kept
simultaneously in memory, so the system must have memory management and protection.
Advantages
 Each task gets an equal opportunity.
 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.
Disadvantages
 One must have to take of security and integrity of user programs and data.
 Data communication problem.
 Reliability problem.
Examples
 Windows 2000 server Windows NT server
 Windows NT server
 Unix
 Linux

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3. Distributed operating system

A distributed operating system allows the distribution of entire systems on the couples of
center processors, and it serves on multiple real-time products as well as multiple users. All
processors are connected by valid communication mediums such as high-speed buses and
telephone lines. and in which every processor contains its local memory along with other local
processors.
The Distributed operating systems are also known as loosely coupled systems. They involve
multiple computers, nodes, and sites. These components are linked to each other with
LAN/WAN lines. A distributed OS is capable of sharing its computational capacity and I/O
files while allowing virtual machine abstraction to users.
Advantages
 A distributed operating system may share all resources from one site to another,
increasing data availability across the entire system. It reduces the probability of data
corruption because all data is replicated across all sites.
 The entire system operates independently of one another, and as a result, if one site
crashes, the entire system does not halt.
 A distributed operating system is an open system since it may be accessed from local
and remote locations.
 It helps in the reduction of data processing time.
 Most distributed systems are made up of several nodes that interact to make them fault-
tolerant. If a single machine fails, the system remains operational.
Disadvantages
 The system must decide which jobs must be executed when they must be executed,
and where they must be executed. A scheduler has limitations, which can lead to
underutilized hardware and unpredictable runtimes.
 The database connected to a DOS is relatively complicated and hard to manage in
contrast to a single-user system.
 The underlying software is extremely complex and is not understood very
wellcompared to other systems.
 The more widely distributed a system is, the more communication latency can be
expected. As a result, teams and developers must choose between
availability,consistency, and latency. Gathering, processing, presenting, and
monitoring hardware use metrics for big clusters can be a real issue.

5
Examples

 Solaris

 OSF/1

 Micros

 DYNIX

 Locus

 Mach

6
4. Real-time Operating Systems
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system that runs multi-threaded applications
and can meet real-time deadlines. Most RTOSes include a scheduler, resource management, and
device drivers. Note that when we talk about "deadlines", we do not necessarily mean "fast".
Instead, meaning we can determine when certain tasks will execute before runtime.
An RTOS can be a powerful tool if you're creating complex embedded progr 9/22 P isolate tasks
and give you the ability to run them concurrently. You can set prio. of tasks in most RTOSes,
which allow some tasks to interrupt and run before other tasks. This is known as "preemption." If
you need concurrency or are getting into deeper embedded concepts like IoT or machine learning,
it's wise to add RTOSes and multi-threaded programming to your toolkit.
Advantages
 Priority-Based Scheduling.
 Abstracting Timing Information.
 Maintainability/Extensibility.
 Modularity
Disadvantages
 Limited Tasks.
 Use Heavy System resources.
 Complex Algorithms.
 Device driver and interrupt signals.
Examples
 Airline traffic control systems.
 Command Control Systems

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5. Multiprogramming Operating System
A multiprogramming operating system runs multiple programs on a single processor computer. If
a program waits for an I/O transfer, the other programs are ready to use the CPU. As a result.
various jobs may share CPU time. However, the execution of their jobs is not defined to be in the
same period. A multiprogramming OS is of the following two types:
1. Multitasking OS: Enables execution of multiple programs at the same time. The operating
system accomplishes this by swapping each program in and out of memory one at a time. When a
program is switched out of memory, it is temporarily saved on disk until it is required again.
2 Multiuser Operating System: This allows many users to share processing time on a powerful
central computer from different terminals. The operating system accomplishes this by rapidly
switching between terminals, each of which receives a limited amount of processor time on the
central computer.
Advantages
 It may help to run various jobs in a single application simultaneously.
 It helps to optimize the total job throughput of the computer.
 Various users may use the multiprogramming system at once.
 Short-time jobs are done quickly in comparison to long-time jobs.
Disadvantages
 It is highly complicated and sophisticated.
 The CPU scheduling is required.
 The harder task is to handle all processes and tasks.
Examples
 Apps like office, chrome, etc.
 Windows O/S
 UNIX O/S

8
6. Multiprocessor Operating System
Multiprocessor operating system utilizes multiple processors, which are connected with physical
memory, computer buses, clocks, and peripheral devices (touchpad, joystick, etc). The main
objective of using a multiprocessor OS is to consume high computing power and increase the
execution speed of the system.
Following are four major components, used in the Multiprocessor Operating System:
1. CPU-capable to access memories as well as controlling the entire I/O tasks.
2. Input Output Processor - I/P processor can access direct memories, and every I/O processors
have to be responsible for controlling all input and output tasks.
3. Input/Output Devices - These devices are used for inserting the input commands, and
producing output after processing.
4. Memory Unit -Multiprocessor system uses the two types of memory modules – shared memory
and distributed shared memory.
Advantages
 Great Reliability.
 Improve Throughput.
 Cost-Effective System.
Disadvantages
 It is more expensive due to its large architecture.
 Its speed can get degraded due to failing any one processor.
 It has more time delay when the processor receives the message and takes appropriate
action.
 It has big challenges related to skew and determinism.

9
7. Mobile Operating System
A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps run application software on mobile
devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous computer operating systems Linux and
Windows, but they are light and simple to some extent. The operating systems found on
smartphones include Symbian OS. IOS. BlackBerryOS, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS Android,
and Maemo.
Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD
and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix. It combines the power of a computer and the
experience of a hand-held device. It typically contains a cellular built-in modem and SIM tray for
telephony and internet connections.
Advantages
 Convenience inoperability.
 It also includes open-source platforms.
 Gives notification case.
Disadvantages
 Instability.
 It also includes poor battery quality.
 Not sufficient computational power.
Examples
 Android
 IOS
 HoarmonyOs
 PalmOs

10
 3. Conclusion
An operating system is a set of programs that enables a user to operate and interact with a
computer.
Examples of operating systems are Linux distros (ubuntu, arch. open use, etc). Windows, Mac
OS. FreeBSD), Android, IOS, etc.
Operating systems based on their use cases are categorized as being of the following types:
1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS
3. Distributed OS
4. Real-Time OS
5. Multiprogramming OS
6. Multiprocessing OS
7. Mobile OS

11
 4. Reference

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]

12