Python Programming

P
Y by
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H Dr.T.DHEEPAK
O Assistanrt Professor
N Department of Computer Science
P Government arts and Science College
R Perambalur
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 Versions Releasing Months and Dates
Python 0.9.0 February 1991

Python 1.0 January 1994

Python 2.0 October 2000

Python 2.7.0 - EOL - Jan 2020 July 2010

Python 3 December 2008

Python 3.6 December 2016

Python 3.6.5 March 2018

Python 3.7.0 May 2018

Python 3.8 October 2019

Python 3.9 October 2020

Python 3.10-Current Version March 2022

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 Programming Paradigm

P I mp e r a t i v e Object Oriented F u n c t i o na l Procedural

Y
T Computation is Relies o n d a t a fie l d s Every s t a t e m e n t is Tas ks a r e t r e a t e d a s
H performed as a that are treated as called a s a n step -by-st e p
O objects a n d iterations where
direct change to m a n i p u l a t e d only
equation and state c o m m o n tasks are
N program state. t h r o u g h prescri b ed o r m u t a b l e d a t a is placed i n f u n c t i o n s
This style is methods avoided. I.e t h a t a r e called a s
P especially useful advantage for needed. Thi s codi ng
R when manipulating parallel style favors i t erat i on ,
s e q u e n c i n g,
O data structures and processing select ion, a n d
G produces elegant modularization.
R yet simple code. P yt h o n excels i n
A Python fully implementing this
M part i cu l a r p a r a d i g m
implements this
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paradigm.
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 What is Python?

● A Simple, Object Oriented, i n t e r p r e t e d , H i g h Level

P
Y P r o g r a m m i n g Language.
T ● It h a s efficient h i g h level d a t a s t r u c t u r e s w i t h d y n a m i c
H
O typing.
N ● It is u s ef u l f o r Rapid Application D ev el o p men t a s well a s
P f o r s cr i p t i ng p u r p o s es .
R
O ● It h a s ex t en sive library a n d s u p p o r t m o d u l e s a n d
G p ack ag es w i t h code reusability.
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A ● F u r t h e r m o d e it is free distributable .
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 Why Python?

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Y ● I n c r e a s e d productivity
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H ● No Co mp ila tion p r o c e s s
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N ● Edit - t e s t - d e b u g cycle s o f a s t
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● D e b u gging e a s y
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 Conit…
So f tw a r e Quality : r e a d a b l e cod e, r e u s e , m a i n t a i n a b l e
P Developer Prod uctiv ity : s m a l l e r cod e, ea s y t e s t d e b u g
Y
T mechanism
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O P r o g r a m portability : R u n o n a n y p l a t f o r m
N S u p p o r t libraries : v a s t a m o u n t of p a c k a g e s , t h i r d p a r t y
P libraries
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O C o m p o n e n t i n t e g r a t i o n : In v o k e C, C++ a n d Java Libraries,
G communicate with any framework
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M E n j o y me n t : Love t o P r o g r a m
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P
Y Guido Van Rossum who started a hobby
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H p r o g r a m m i n g proj ect i n 1989 d u r i n g t h e holiday s
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N developed P y t h o n L an g u ag e ( n a m e d i n m e m o r y of

P “ M o n t y Flying Circus”). H e i n s p i r e d f r o m ABC

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O L a n g u a g e a n d AMOeBa O perating S y s t e m
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 •Simple • Interpreted
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Y •Easy to learn •Object oriented
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H •Free and Open •Extensible
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N Source •Embedded
P •High level Language •Rapid application
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O development
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 ● D yn a mic Typ in g
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P ● No variable d e c l a r a ti o n
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T O ● A u to ma tic allocation a n d g a r b a g e
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O W collection
N E
P R ● S u p p o r t s classes, m o d u l e s a n d
R
O F e x c e p ti o ns
G U
R ● Reusability a n d s t r u c t u r e d
A L
M ● Data C o n t ai n er s
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 E
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Y a
T s ● Type a n d r u n
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O y ● No c o mp i l a t i o n a n d link
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● I n te rac tive p r o g r a m m i n g
P T
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o ● Rapid d e v e l o p m e n t
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● Simple, s ma l l a n d m o r e flexible
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P
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statically typed language
T A language in which types are fixed at compile time. Most
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statically typed languages enforce this by requiring you to
P declare all variables with their datatypes before using them.
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O Java and C are statically typed languages.
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P dynamically typed language
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T A language in which types are discovered at execution time; the
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O opposite of statically typed. VBScript and Python are dynamically
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typed, because they figure out what type a variable is when you
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first assign it a value.
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P
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strongly typed language
H A language in which types are always enforced. Java and
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Python are strongly typed. If you have an integer, you can't
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R treat it like a string without explicitly converting it.
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P
Y weakly typed language
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H A language in which types may be ignored; the opposite of strongly
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N typed. VBScript is weakly typed. In VBScript, you can concatenate
P the string '12' and the integer 3 to get the string '123', then treat that
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O as the integer 123, all without any explicit conversion.
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P
So Python is both dynamically typed
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T
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(because it doesn't use explicit data type
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declarations) and strongly typed (because
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O once a variable has a data type, it actually
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 I
P D ● N a m e f o r variable, f u n c t i o n s , class,
Y
T
E m o d u l e s a n d o t h e r obj ects
H N ● Begin w i t h alphabets( A - Z, a - z)
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N T and with numbers, letters or
I underscore.
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R F ● Special c h a r a c t e r s n o t allowed
O
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I ● Case Sensitive
R E ● Class N a m e s t a r t s w i t h Capital L et t er
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 ● Multiline c o m m e n t s w i t h “ ” ” o r ‘’’
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Y ● C o m m e n t s b e g in w i t h # ( b e g i n n i n g o r
T sideways)
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● H ere block is i d e nt i fi e d w i t h
i n d e n t a t i o n a n d n o t w i t h {}
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R ● Len gt hy s t a t e m e n t s shall be s e p a rate d
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G with \
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A ●● No
S t attyepm
e deenctlsa rwaitti ho ni n {} [] () n o n e e d w i t h \
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 A
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Y s
T s ● a = 10
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O i ● Pi = 3.14
N g ● n a m e = ‘murali’
P n ● a = 10; b = 2 0
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O e ● a, b = 10, 2 0
G m ● a=b=c=5
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 D
P a
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T t ● N u me r i c
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a ● String
N T ● List
P y ● Tuple
R p ● Dictionary
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G e ● Boolean
R s
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 N
P u
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T m ● int
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b ● float
N e ● c o mp l e x
P r ● bool
R s ● string
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G ● b y t es
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 + Addition Adds values o n e i t h e r side of t h e o p e r a t o r

P - S ubt ract i on S ubt ract s r i gh t h a n d o p e r a n d f r o m

Y left h a n d o p e r a n d
T
* Multiplicat ion Multiplies values o n e i t h e r side of t h e
H operator
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N / Division Divides left h a n d o p e r a n d by r i gh t h a n d
operand
P ** Exponent Performs expo-
R n e n t i a l ( p o w e r ) calcul at ion o n o p e r a t o r s
O
G // Floor Division T h e division of o p e r a n d s w h e r e t h e
R r e s u l t is t h e q u o t i e n t i n w h i c h t h e digits aft er
t h e deci m al p o i n t a r e rem oved.
A
M % Modul o R e m a i n d e r of t h e division
M Division
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D

+= Addition
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Y -= S ubt ract i on
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H *= Multiplicat ion
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N /= Division

P **= Exponent
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//= Floor Division
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G %= Modul o
R Division
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 int() ( fl o a t / n u m e r i c s t r i n g)
P ( n u m e r i c s t r i n g , base)
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T float() ( i n t / n u m e r i c st ri nc)
(int)
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O com pl ex () (int/float)
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bool() (int/float)
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R byt es() (int)
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G str() (int/float/bool)
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A chr() (int)
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 n o t Boolean NOT
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== equal t o
T != n o t equal t o
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O < l e s s than
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<= l e s s than or eq
P > greater than
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O >= greater than or e
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R << >> & | ^ ~
A [ bit w i s e operators]
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P
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O Control Structures in Python
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 Control Structures
if condition: while condition:
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Y statements statements
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[elif condition:
H
O statements] ... for var in sequence:
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else: statements
P statements
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O break
G continue
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 Important Note: Indentation

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Y •In Python, all the statements indented
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by the same number of character spaces
O after a programming construct are
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considered to be part of a single block of
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R code.
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•Python uses indentation as its method of
M grouping statements.
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 If - Structures

P • The if statement of Python is similar to that of other

Y languages.
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N if expression: Eg:
P
a=int(input(“enter a=“))
R statement(s)
O if (a%2==0):
G
R print "a is Even=",a
A
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M Output:
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N enter a=10
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G a is Even=10
 If – else Structures
P • The if statement of Python is similar to that of
Y
T other languages.
H
Eg:
O if expression:
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statement(s) a=int(input(“enter a:”))
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else: if (a%2==0):
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O statement(s) print "a is even=",a
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else:
A print “a is Odd=“,a
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M Output:
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N enter a=5
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G a is Odd=5
 If – elif-else Structures
P
Y if expression1: Eg:
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H statement(s) a=int(input(“enter a:”))
O elif expression2: if (a==0):
N
statement(s) print "a is zero”
P elif expression3:
R elif (a>0):
O statement(s) print “a is Positive“
G else:
R
A statement(s)
else:
M print “ a is Negative”
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 while Structures
•The while loop continues until the expression becomes false.
• The expression has to be a logical expression and must return either a true or a
P false value
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T while expression: Output:
H
O statement(s) The count is: 0
N The count is: 1
The count is: 2
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R count = 0 The count is: 3
O while (count < 5): The count is: 4
G print 'The count is:', count Good bye!
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A count = count + 1
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M print "Good bye!"
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 range()
creates a list of numbers in a specified range
P range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers
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T •When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
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O >>> range(5)
N [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
P >>> range(5, 10)
R [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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>>> range(0, 10, 2)
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A [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
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 The for loop
A for loop performs the same statements for each value in a list
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Y for iterating_var in sequence:
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statements(s)
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N •If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first.
P Then, the first item in the sequence is assigned to the iterating
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O variable iterating_var.
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R • Next, the statements block is executed.
A
M •Each item in the list is assigned to iterating_var, and the
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I statements(s) block is executed until the entire sequence is
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 The for loop
Example:1
for n in range(1, 4):
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Y print "This is the number", n
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OUTPUT:
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This is the number 1
P This is the number 2
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This is the number 3
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A The for loop uses a variable (in this case, n) to hold the current value in the list
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 Example:2
for letter in 'Python’:
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Y print 'Current Letter :', letter
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OUTPUT:
P Current Letter : P
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Current Letter : y
O
G Current Letter : t
R Current Letter : h
A
Current Letter : o
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M Current Letter : n
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 The break Statement:
P
Y •The break statement in Python terminates the current loop and
T
H resumes execution at the next statement
O • just like the traditional break found in C.
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•The most common use for break is when some external condition is
P
R triggered requiring a hasty exit from a loop.
O • The break statement can be used in both while and for loops.
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 Eg:

P for letter in 'Python‘:

Y if letter == 'h':
T
H break
O print 'Current Letter :', letter
N

P
R
O Output:
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A Current Letter : P
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Current Letter : y
I Current Letter : t
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 The continue Statement:

P •The continue statement in Python returns the control to

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T the beginning of the while loop.
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•The continue statement rejects all the remaining
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R statements in the current iteration of the loop and moves
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G the control back to the top of the loop.
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M •The continue statement can be used in both while and for
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 Eg:
for letter in 'Python‘:
if letter == 'h':
P
Y continue
T print 'Current Letter :', letter
H
O
N

P
Output:
R
O Current Letter : P
G
R Current Letter : y
A
M
Current Letter : t
M Current Letter : o
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N
Current Letter : n
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 The pass Statement:
P
Y
T •The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is
H
O required syntactically but you do not want any command or
N
code to execute.
P
R •The pass statement is a null operation;
O
G • nothing happens when it executes. The pass is also useful in
R
A places where your code will eventually go, but has not been
M
M written yet.
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 Eg:
for letter in 'Python':
if letter == 'h':
pass
P
Y
print 'This is pass block'
T print 'Current Letter :', letter
H
O print "Good bye!"
N Output:
Current Letter : P
P
Current Letter : y
R
O Current Letter : t
G This is pass block
R Current Letter : h
A
M Current Letter : o
M Current Letter : n
I Good bye!
N
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 Eg:2 OUTPUT:
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Y for value in [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]: Checking 3
T
print "Checking", value Checking 1
H
O if value > 8: Ignoring
N print "Exiting for loop" Checking 4
break Checking 1
P
R elif value < 3: Ignoring
O print "Ignoring" Checking 5
G continue
R
Checking 9
A print "The square is", value**2 Exiting for loop
M The square is 81
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THANK YOU