Gas Turbine And Jet Propulsion Chapter-04

CHAPTER-04

Gas Turbine And Jet Propulsion

16 Marks

4.1 Classification and applications of gas turbine, Constant pressure gas turbines.

Closed cycle and open cycle gas turbines and their comparison.

4.2 Methods to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine

 Regeneration, inter- cooling, reheating ,representation on T-S diagram (no
analytical treatment)

4.3 Jet Propulsion, Principles of turbojet, turbo propeller, Ram jet.

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Classification of gas turbines:-

 According to the path of the working substance:

i) Open cycle gas turbine
ii) Close cycle gas turbine
iii) Semi-closed cycle gas turbine
  According to process of combustion:
i) Constant pressure gas turbine
ii) Constant volume gas turbine
  According to direction of flow:
i) Radial flow
ii) Axial flow
iii) Tangential flow
 According to principle of action of expanding gases:
i) Impulse turbine
ii) Reaction turbine
  According to their usage:
i) Constant speed
ii) Variable speed

 Applications of gas turbine:

1. Supercharging of I.C. engine 2. For locomotive Propulsion

3. Ship Propulsion 4. Industrial application
5. Air craft engine 6. Electric power generation
7. Turbo-jet engine 8. Turbo-prop engine
9. Ram-jet engine 10. Pulse-jet engine

 Construction and working of gas turbines:-

A gas turbine plant may be defined as one “in which the principal prime-mover is of the
turbine type and the working medium is a permanent gas”.

i) Open cycle:-

Construction:-
It consists of Air compressor, combustion chamber and turbine.

Working:-
Fresh air enters the compressor at ambient temperature where its pressure and
temperature are increased. The high pressure air enters the combustion chamber where the fuel is
burned at constant pressure. The high temperature (and pressure) gas enters the turbine where it
expands to ambient pressure and produces work. Finally exhausted to atmosphere.

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Fig.P-V & T-S Diagram

ii) Closed cycle:-

Construction:-
It consists of Air compressor, heater, cooler and turbine

Working:-
Fluid enters the compressor from the cooler where its pressure and temperature are
increased. The compressed fluid comes out from the compressor is heated in heater by an external
source at constant pressure. This high pressure and temperature fluid expands in turbine and
develops the useful work. Then this exhausted fluid is cooled to its original temperature in the
cooler using external cooling source before passing into the compressor.

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Fig.P-V & T-S Diagram

 Advantages of closed gas turbine plant over open type gas turbine plant:-

1. Any type of working fluid with better thermodynamic properties can be used.
2. Working fluid circulated continuously.
3. Mass of installation per KW is more.
4. Any type of fuel is used.
5. It avoids erosion of turbine blade due to contaminated gases.
6. The exhaust gas from the turbine is passed into cooling chamber.

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 Difference between open cycle and closed cycle gas turbine:

[Link]. Open cycle gas turbine Closed cycle gas turbine

Any type of working fluid with better

01 Only air can be used as a working fluid.
thermodynamic properties can be used.
02 Maintenance cost is low. Maintenance cost is high.
03 Working fluid replaced continuously. Working fluid circulated continuously.

04 Mass of installation per KW is less. Mass of installation per KW is more.

05 Pure form of fuel should be used. Any type of fuel is used.

06 Heat exchanger is not used. Heat exchanger is used.

The turbine blades wear away earlier It avoids erosion of turbine blade due to
07
as it gets contaminated with air. contaminated gases.

The exhaust gas from the turbine is The exhaust gas from the turbine is passed
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exhausted to the atmosphere. into cooling chamber.

09 This system required less space. This system required more space.

Since turbine exhaust is discharged into Since exhaust is cooled by circulated

10 atmosphere, it is best suited for moving water, it is best suited for stationary
vehicle. installation, marine use.

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 Methods to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine:-

Following are the methods to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine

1. Regeneration
2. inter- cooling
3. reheating

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 Regeneration:-

This is done by preheating the compressed air before entering to the combustion
chamber with the turbine exhaust in a heat exchanger, thus saving fuel consumption.

 Reheating :
The whole expansion in the turbine is achieved in two or more stages &reheating is
done after each stage.

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 Intercooling :
Compressor work is reduced by intercooling the air between the compressor
stages.

 Classify atmospheric jet engine


 According to steady combustion system:
1) Turbo-jet engine
2) Turbo-prop engine

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3) Ram-jet engine

 According to intermittent combustion system:


1) Pulse-jet engine

 Turbo-jet Engine:-

o Construction:-
Turbo-jet engine consists of diffuser, compressor, combustion chamber turbine and
nozzle.

o Working:-
At entrance air diffuser causes rise in pressure in entering air by slowing it down. A
rotary compressor, which raises the pressure of air further to required value and delivers
to the combustion chamber. The compressor is axial or radial type driven by turbine. In the
combustion chamber, fuel is sprayed, as result of this combustion takes place at constant
pressure and the temperature of air is raised.
Then this product of combustion passes into the gas turbine gets expanded and
provides necessary power to drive the compressor. The discharge nozzle in which
expansion of gases is completed and thrust of propulsion is produced. The velocity in the
nozzle is grater then flight velocity.

o Turboprop engine:

o Construction:-
Turbo-jet engine consists of diffuser, compressor, combustion chamber turbine and
nozzle.

o Working:-
Figure shows a turboprop system employed in aircrafts. Here the expansion of gases
takes place partly in turbine 80% and partly 20% in the nozzle. The power developed by
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the turbine is consumed in running the compressor and the propeller. The propeller and jet
produced by the nozzle give forward motion to the aircraft. The turboprop entails the
advantages of turbojet (i.e. low specific weight and simplicity in design) and propeller (i.e.
high power for takeoff and high propulsion efficiency at speeds below 600km/h). The
overall efficiency of the turbo prop is improved by providing the diffuser before the
compressor as shown. The pressure rise takes place in the diffuser. This pressure rise take
due to conversion of kinetic energy of the incoming air (equal to aircraft velocity) into
pressure energy by diffuser. This type of compression is known as “ram effect”.

Fig. Turboprop engine:

 Ram Jet Engine:-

A ram jet engine is a device from which usefuI thrust can be obtained by creating a velocity
difference between the atmosphere entering the ram jet body and the same quantity of air leaving
the ram jet body. This velocity difference between entrance and exit air is accomplished by the
addition of heat to that portion of the airstream flowing through the ram jet body. Burning liquid
fuel inside the ram jet body is one means of adding heat to a ducted airstream and is the only
method with which this monograph will be concerned.

The ram jet engine is composed of three major components: a body structure, fuel injection
system, and a flame stabilization system. A poor design of any one of these parts will nullify a good
design of the other components. In order to build a good performing engine all three components
must be of proper design because of their close relation and dependence upon each other.

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Draw constant pressure closed cycle gas turbine on P.V and T-S planes. Name the
various processes involved and give its efficiency equation with meaning of each term.

Explain construction and working of turbojet with neat labelled sketch.

Compare, closed cycle and open cycle gas turbine (any four point).

State the different methods used to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine. Explain any
one in brief.

s-16

Classify gas turbine on the basis of

i) working cycle ii) application
iii) cycle of operation iv) fuel used.

Explain the working of ‘Turbo-Prop’ engine with neat sketch.

Explain any one method to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine with the help of
block diagram.

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