Grammar Notes:

1. Subject-Verb Agreement

Explanation:
In English, the subject of a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural) with the verb. If the
subject is singular, the verb should also be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb should be plural.

• Example 1:
Singular: She runs every morning.
Plural: They run every morning.

• Tricky Cases:
Words like "everyone" and "each" are singular, even though they refer to multiple people, so
they take singular verbs:

o Everyone is here.

o Each of the students was on time.

2. Past Perfect Tense

Explanation:
The past perfect tense is used to indicate that an action was completed before another action in the
past. It’s formed by combining had with the past participle of the main verb.

• Example 1:
By the time we arrived, the movie had started.
(The movie started before we arrived.)

• Example 2:
She had left before the meeting began.
(Her leaving occurred before the meeting began.)

• Why Use It?

The past perfect helps clarify the sequence of events in the past, making it clear what happened
first.

3. Third Conditional
Explanation:
The third conditional talks about hypothetical or unreal situations in the past, something that didn’t
happen and its possible result. It is formed by if + past perfect in the condition clause, and would have +
past participle in the result clause.

• Example 1:
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
(I didn’t study, so I didn’t pass.)

• Example 2:
If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train.
(We didn’t leave earlier, so we missed the train.)

4. Noun Clauses

Explanation:
A noun clause is a group of words that functions as a noun in a sentence. It often starts with words like
that, what, whether, if.

• Example 1:
She believes that he is innocent.
(The noun clause "that he is innocent" is the object of the verb "believes.")

• Example 2:
I don’t know what you are talking about.
(The noun clause "what you are talking about" is the object of the verb "know.")

• Why It Matters:
Noun clauses can act as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence, making them versatile
for forming complex ideas.

5. Gerunds

Explanation:
A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Gerunds can act as the subject, object,
or complement in a sentence.

• Example 1:
Swimming is my favorite hobby.
("Swimming" is the subject of the sentence.)
 • Example 2:
She enjoys reading books.
("Reading" is the object of the verb "enjoys.")

• Why Gerunds Are Important:

Gerunds help express actions in a noun form, and they often follow certain verbs like "enjoy,"
"avoid," or "consider."

6. Adverb Placement

Explanation:
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can indicate manner, time, place, or degree.
Correct placement of adverbs in a sentence ensures clarity. Typically, adverbs go before or after the main
verb or at the beginning or end of a sentence.

• Example 1 (manner):
She quickly finished her homework.
(The adverb "quickly" modifies how she finished the homework.)

• Example 2 (time):
They will meet us tomorrow.
(The adverb "tomorrow" tells when they will meet.)

• Placement Rules:

o Place adverbs of frequency (e.g., always, never) before the main verb: He always arrives
early.

o For longer adverbs, position them at the beginning or end of a sentence: He finished the
project yesterday.

7. Subjunctive Mood

Explanation:
The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, demands, suggestions, or hypothetical situations. It's
often used in clauses starting with that, following verbs like suggest, demand, insist, or phrases like "it's
essential."

• Example 1:
It’s important that he be here on time.
(The verb "be" remains in the base form.)
 • Example 2:
She recommended that he go to the doctor.
("Go" remains in the base form after "recommended.")

• Why Use It?

The subjunctive expresses something uncertain or hypothetical, distinguishing it from normal
factual statements.

8. Parallel Structure

Explanation:
Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words or phrases in a list or comparison, making
writing clearer and more balanced.

• Example 1:
She likes running, swimming, and cycling.
(All activities are in the gerund form, creating a parallel structure.)

• Example 2:
The job requires attention to detail, creativity, and good communication skills.
(Each item in the list is a noun phrase.)

• Why It Matters:
Parallelism helps to avoid awkward sentences and makes writing more cohesive, especially in
lists or comparisons.

9. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Explanation:
The antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers to, and they must agree in number (singular or plural) and
gender.

• Example 1:
Each student must submit his or her assignment.
(Here, "student" is singular, so the pronoun should be singular.)

• Example 2:
The players celebrated their victory.
(Since "players" is plural, the pronoun "their" is correct.)
 • Why It's Important:
Maintaining agreement between pronouns and their antecedents ensures clarity and precision
in writing.

10. Misplaced Modifiers

Explanation:
A modifier is a word or phrase that provides more information about another word. A misplaced
modifier is positioned incorrectly in a sentence, creating confusion or a funny meaning.

• Example 1 (incorrect):
She served sandwiches to the children on paper plates.
(This sounds like the children are on the plates, not the sandwiches.)

• Corrected:
She served sandwiches on paper plates to the children.

• Why Fixing Matters:

Properly placed modifiers ensure that the sentence conveys the intended meaning.
 Different Tenses
In English, there are three main tenses, each of which can be further divided into various
aspects. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Present Tense

• Simple Present: I walk.

• Present Continuous (Progressive): I am walking.

• Present Perfect: I have walked.

• Present Perfect Continuous: I have been walking.

2. Past Tense

• Simple Past: I walked.

• Past Continuous (Progressive): I was walking.

• Past Perfect: I had walked.

• Past Perfect Continuous: I had been walking.

3. Future Tense

• Simple Future: I will walk.

• Future Continuous (Progressive): I will be walking.

• Future Perfect: I will have walked.

• Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been walking.

In total, there are 12 verb forms if you include all the aspects within these three main tenses.
NOTES:

- For hypothetical situation use “were” for a certain situation that will happen we should
use “will or will have”

- The sentence "None of the informations are correct" contains an error. The word
"informations" is incorrect because "information" is an uncountable noun and does not have
a plural form.

The correct sentence would be:"None of the information is correct."