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MEASURMENTS AND
METROLOGY LAB
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FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
TOPICS :
History.
Introduction.
Michelson Interferometer.
Main parts of spectroscopy.
Spectral ranges.
Advantages.
Applications.
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HISTORY OF IR RADIATION AND FTIR:
Chemical IR spectroscopy was emerged as a science in 1800 by Sir
William Herschel.
Firstly most IR instrumentation was based on prism or grating
monochromators.
Michelson invented interferometer in 1881.
In 1949 Peter Fellgett obtained the first IR spectrum by using FTIR
spectrometer.
In 1960s commercial FTIR spectrometers appeared.
In 1966 Cooley-Tukey developed an algorithm, which quickly does a
Fourier transform.
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INTRODUCTION:
WHAT IS INFRARED REGION ?
Infrared radiation lies between the visible and microwave portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
The Infrared region is divided into three types :
1. Near –infrared: Wavelength belongs to (0.8-2.5 micrometer).
2. Mid –infrared: Wavelength belongs to (2.5-15 micrometer).
3. Far –infrared: Wavelength belongs to (15-200 micrometer).
The primary source of infrared radiation is thermal radiation. (heat).
The higher the temperature, the more the atoms and molecules move and
the more infrared radiation they produce.
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WHAT IS SPECTROSCOPY
Spectroscopy deals with interactions between matter and energy.
Two types of instrumentations are used to obtain IR spectrum.
1. Dispersive Type: Having a filter or grating monochromator.
2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR):collecting an interferogram,
simultaneously measuring, outputing the spectrum.
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INTRODUCTION TO FTIR :
FT-IR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared, the preferred method of infrared
spectroscopy.
A method for measuring all of the infrared frequencies simultaneously, rather
than individually as with dispersive instrument.
FTIR spectroscopy is preferred over dispersive method of IR spectral analysis
for several reasons:
1. Non-destructive technique
2.Good precision
3.No external calibration
4. High speed
5.Mechanically simple
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THEORY OF FTIR SPECTROSCOPY:
FTIR is a technique that used infrared radiation to identify and
analyse to chemical composition of materials .
FTIR works by shining infrared light through a sample and
measuring how much of light is absorbed . The amount of
absorption is related to functional groups present in the
sample.
WHAT INFORMATION CAN FT-IR ?
1. It can identify unknown materials
2. It can determine the quality or consistency of a sample
3. It can determine the amount of components in a mixture
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SPECTROMETER COMPONENT :
The basic components of Fourier Transformer systems
are :
1.Sample preparation.
2.Radiation source.
3.Interferometer.
4.Dectector.
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SAMPLE PREPARTION:
Gaseous samples:
Long pathlength to compensate for the diluteness.
Liquid samples:
1. sodium chloride.
2. potassium bromide.
3. calcium fluoride.
Solid samples:
1. KBr pellet
2. Nujol mull
3. Dissolving in organic solvent (Carbon chloride).
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RADIATION SOURCES :
Nernst glower lamp.(ZrO and some rare earth oxides)
Globar source.(Si-c)
High pressure mercury arc lamp.
Heated ceramic.
Ni-Cr wire.
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INTERFER0METER:
The main part of the FTIR is a Michelson Interferometer.
Consists of three active components:
1. A moving mirror•
2. A fixed mirror
3. A beam splitter
Mirrors in an FTIR are generally made of metal. The mirrors are
polished on the front surface and may be gold- coated to improve
corrosion resistance.-
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The beam splitter can be constructed of a material such as Si or Ge
deposited in a thin coating onto an IR- transparent substance.
The germanium or silicon is coated onto the highly polished substrate by
vapour deposition.
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Construction and Working:
CONSTRUCTION: The two mirrors are perpendicular to each other.
The beam-splitter is a semi-reflecting device and is often made by
depositing a thin film of Germanium onto a flat KBr substrate.
How does it work ?
1. Dividing the radiation into two beams
2. One of them goes to fixed mirror
3. Other one goes to movable mirror
4. Recombining
5. Sending to detector
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Schematic diagram of FTIR spectrometer:
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Thank you
