bdkbZ 14 dkO; okpu ,oa fo'ys"k.

k % ukxktqZu
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
14-0 mn~ns';
14-1 izLrkouk
14-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”ys’k.k
14-3 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
14-4 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

14-
14-0 mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• ukxktqZu dh pkj dforkvksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k le> ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• ukxktqZu dh dforkvksa dh O;k[;k dh fn'kkvksa dks tku ldsaxh@ldsax(s
• bu dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls çxfrokn vkfn dh fof'k"Vrkvksa ds ckjs esa le>
ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• ukxktqZu dh dkO;&Hkk"kk dks le>us dk ç;kl dj ldsaxh@ldsaxs vkSj
• ukxktqZu dh 'kCn&;kstuk vkSj 'kCnkoyh dks tku ldsaxh@ldsaxAs

14-
14-1 çLrkouk
ukxktqZu dk tUe 1911 esa njHkaxk ftys ds rjmuh uked xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA budh
i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ ijaijkxr çkphu i)fr ls laL—r ek/;e ls gqbZ FkhA mUgksaus thou&Hkj O;ofLFkr
:i ls thfodk dk dksbZ fuf'pr ek/;e ugha viuk;kA blfy, vkfFkZd ijs'kkuh ges'kk cuh
jghA os ikfjokfjd :i ls Hkh lEiUu ugha FksA ?kqeDdM+h ds 'kkSd us mUgsa fofo/k vuqHkoksa ls
tqM+us dk ekSdk fn;k] exj ifjokj ds fy, mudk ;g LoHkko d"Vnk;d jgkA mudh e`R;q
1998 dks gqbZA
ukxktqZu çxfroknh dfo FksA 87 lky dh yach mez ikusokys ukxktqZu tokuh ls ysdj cq<+kis
rd ^tudfo* dh Nfo ls tqM+s jgsA mUgksaus jk"VªHkk"kk fgUnh] ekr`Hkk"kk eSfFkyh] nwljs çns'k dh
Hkk"kk ckaxyk vkSj 'kkL=h; Hkk"kk laL—r esa dfork,¡ fy[khaA os fgUnh ds cM+s dfo;ksa esa vdsys ,sls
dfo gSa ftlus pkj Hkk"kkvksa esa dkO;&jpuk dh gSA mUgksaus ^;k=h* miuke ls eSfFkyh esa fy[kk
FkkA
dkO;&laxzg
;qx/kkjk ¼1953½] lrjaxs ia[kksa okyh ¼1959½] I;klh iFkjkbZ vk¡[ksa ¼1962½] rkykc dh eNfy;k¡
¼1974½] rqeus dgk Fkk ¼1980½] f[kpM+h foIyo ns[kk geus ¼1980½] gtkj&gtkj ck¡gksaokyh ¼1981½]
iqjkuh twfr;ksa dk dksjl ¼1983½] jRuxHkZ ¼1984½] ,sls Hkh ge D;k % ,sls Hkh rqe D;k!! ¼1985½]

18
vkf[kj ,slk D;k dg fn;k eSaus ¼1986½] bl xqCckjs dh Nk;k esa ¼1990½] Hkwy tkvks iqjkus lius
¼1994½] vius [ksr esa ¼1997½
cqdysV
'kiFk ¼1948½] [kwu vkSj 'kksys ¼1955½] puk tksj xje ¼1952½] çsr dk c;ku ¼1958½
[kaM dkO; % HkLekadqj ¼1970½
eSfFkyh
fFkyh dkO;&laxzg % fp=k ¼1949½] idk gS ;g dVgy ¼1995½] i=ghu uXu xkN ¼1967½
caxyk dkO;&laxzg % eSa fefyVªh dk cw<+k ?kksM+k ¼1997½
14-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”ys’k.k

14-
14-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”ys’k.k
,d
flUnwj fryfdr Hkky
?kksj futZu esa ifjfLFkfr us fn;k gS Mky!
;kn vkrk rqEgkjk flanwj fryfdr Hkky!
dkSu gS og O;fDr ftldks pkfg, u lekt \
dkSu gS og ftldks ugha iM+rk nwljs ls dkt\
pkfg, fdldks ugha lg;ksx\
pkfg, fdldks ugha lgokl\
dkSu pkgsxk fd mldk 'kwU; esa Vdjk; ;g mPN~okl\
gks x;k gw¡ eSa ugha ik"kk.k
ftldks Mky ns dksbZ dgha Hkh
djsxk og dHkh dqN u fojks/k
djsxk og dqN ugha vuqjks/k
osnuk gh ugha mlds ikl
fQj mBsxk dgk¡ ls fu%'okl
eSa u lk/kkj.k] lpsru tarq
;gk¡ gk¡ & uk & fdUrq vkSj ijUrq
;gk¡ g"kZ&fo"kkn&fpark&Øks/k
;gk¡ gS lq[k&nq%[k dk vocks/k
;gk¡ gSa çR;{k vkS* vuqeku

19
;gk¡ Le`fr&foLe`fr ds lHkh ds LFkku
rHkh rks rqe ;kn vkrha çk.k]
gks x;k gw¡ eSa ugha ik"kk.k!
;kn vkrs Lotu
ftudh Lusg ls Hkhaxh ve`re; vk¡[k
Le`fr&fogaxe dh dHkh Fkdus u nsxh ik¡[k
;kn vkrk eq>s viuk og ^rjmuh* xzke
;kn vkrha yhfp;k¡] os vke
;kn vkrs eq>s fefFkyk ds #fpj Hkw&Hkkx
;kn vkrs /kku
;kn vkrs dey] dqeqfnfu vkSj rkye[kku
;kn vkrs 'kL;&';key tuinksa ds
:i&xq.k&vuqlkj gh jD[ks x;s os uke
;kn vkrs [Link] os uhfyek ds fuy;] vfr vfHkjke
/kU; os ftuds e`nqyre vad
gq, Fks esjs fy, i;aZd
/kU; os ftudh mit ds Hkkx
vUu&ikuh vkSj Hkkth&lkx
Qwy&Qy vkS* dan&ewy] vusd fo/k e/kq&ekal
foiqy mudk _.k] l/kk ldrk u eSa n'keka'k
vksg] ;|fi iM+ x;k gw¡ nwj muls vkt
ân; ls ij vk jgh vkokt&
/kU; os tu] ogh /kU; lekt
;gk¡ Hkh rks gw¡ u eSa vlgk;
;gk¡ Hkh gSa O;fDr vkS* leqnk;
fdUrq thou Hkj jgw¡ fQj Hkh çoklh gh dgsaxs gk;!
e:¡xk rks fprk ij nks Qwy nsaxs Mky
le; pyrk tk,xk fuckZ/k viuh pky
lquksxh rqe rks mBsxh gwd

20
eSa jgw¡xk lkeus ¼rlohj esa½ ij ewd
lka/; uHk esa if'pekar&leku
ykfyek dk tc d#.k vk[;ku
lquk djrk gw¡] lqeqf[k ml dky
;kn vkrk rqEgkjk flanwj fryfdr HkkyA
¼1943] ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh*½
kyh*
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky* 'kh"kZd dfork ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh* ¼1959½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr gSA bl
dfork esa çoklh O;fDr dh ekufld ihM+k dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA jksth&jksVh ds fy, viuk
xk¡o&?kj NksM+dj yksx ijns'k pys tkrs gSaA dekus&[kkus okys oxZ dk O;fDr fujarj ijs'kkfu;k¡
>syrk gqvk dbZ rjg dh ekufld ihM+k ls xqtjrk gSA mls vius ?kj&ifjokj] xk¡o&fxjk¡o]
Hkk"kk&cksyh] [kku&iku dh cgqr ;kn vkrh gSA
O;k[;k
^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky* 'kh"kZd dfork esa ukxktqZu dgrs gSa fd thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us eq>s ?kksj
futZu esa jgus dks etcwj fd;k gSA ,slk ugha gS fd bl txg ij yksx ugha jgrs gSa] exj ;gk¡
gekjs yksx ugha jgrs gSaA blfy, eq>s ckj&ckj yxrk gS fd eSa futZu esa jg jgk gw¡A
dfo viuh iRuh dks ;kn djrs gq, dgrk gS fd eq>s flUnwj ls pedrk gqvk rqEgkjk yykV
;kn vkrk gSA bruh nwj jgdj rqEgsa ;kn djrk gw¡ rks rqEgkjh ogh Nfo eq>s ;kn vkrh gS fd
rqeus viuh ek¡x esa flUnwj Hkj j[kk gS vkSj yykV ij flUnwj dh fcanh yxk j[kh gSA
Hkyk crkvks fd ,slk dkSu gksxk ftls vius lekt dh t:jr ugha gksrh gksxh\ ,slk dkSu gksxk
ftls ,d&nwljs ls dke ugha iM+rk gksxk\ ,slk dkSu gksxk ftls ijLij lg;ksx dh t:jr ugha
gksrh gksxh\ ,slk dkSu gksxk ftls vius yksxksa ds lkFk jgus dh bPNk ugha gksrh gksxh ;k
nkEiR;&lq[k dh t:jr ugha iM+rh gksxh\ Hkyk dkSu pkgsxk fd ruko ds {[Link] esa og vdsyk
jgs! mldh lk¡las lwusiu ls Vdjkdj ykSV tk,¡!
eSa dksbZ iRFkj rks gw¡ ugha fd laosnughu gks tkÅ¡\ iRFkj dks dgha Hkh Mky nks] og fojks/k ugha
djsxk] dqN vuqjks/k Hkh ugha djsxk D;ksafd osnuk dks lgstus ;k le>us dh {kerk mlds ikl gS
gh ugha! blfy, ruko esa Mwch gqbZ yach lk¡las og ugha ys ldrkA exj] eSa rks iRFkj gw¡ ughaA
dfo gksus ds dkj.k lk/kkj.k yksxksa dh vis{kk dqN T;knk laosnu'khy gw¡A esjs ikl <sj lkjh
ekufld my>us gSaA eSa likV rjhds ls ugha lksp ldrkA esjs ikl ^gk¡* Hkh gS vkSj ^uk* Hkh!

dfBu 'kCn
flUnwj fryfdr Hkky & L=h dk flUnwj ls ltk yykV] dkt & dke] t:jr] lgokl& lgokl ,d lkFk jguk] nkEiR;&lq[k]
'kwU;&
; vdsykiu] mPN~okl& kl yach lk¡l NksM+uk] ik"kk.k&
ik"kk.k futhZo] laosnughu] lpsru tUrq& lEosnu'khy euq";]
g"kZ&fo"kkn&
fo"kkn [kq'kh vkSj nq%[k] vocks/k&le>]
k ,glkl] çR;{k vkS* vuqeku& ku Kku ds nks lzkrs Le`fr&foLe`fr&
r ;knsa vkSj
Hkqykos] Lotu&vius
Lotu& yksx] Le`fr&fogaxe&;kns
e a ekuks iaNh gSa] rjmuh xzke&
e ukxktqZu ds xk¡o dk uke] #fpj Hkw&Hkkx&
Hkkx
lqanj xzkeh.k {ks=] dqeqfnfu&
nfu dey dk ,d :i] rkye[kku& rkye[kku e[kkuk ls Hkjs gq, rkykc] 'kL;&';key&Qlyks
'kL;&';key a dh xgjh
gfj;kyh][Link]&
u ck¡l ds taxy] uhfyek ds fuy; & ck¡l ds taxy uhys jax ds ?kj dh rjg Fks] vfr vfHkjke&vR;f/kd
vfHkjke
lqanj] e`nqyre vad& okRlY; ls Hkjh dksey xksn] i;aZd &iyax] Hkkth&lkx &lCth vkSj lkx] vusdfo/k&dbZ fo/k rjg ds
e/kq&ekal& 'kjkc vkSj ekal]n'keka
n'keka'k&
k nl çfr'kr] çoklh&ckgjh
çoklh O;fDr] if'pekar&leku & if'pe fn'kk dk vafre
fgLlk] d#.k vk[;ku&d#.kk&n;k
vk[;ku& ls Hkjh gqbZ dFkk] lqeqf[k&lq
[k anj eq[k okyh ¼iRuh½

21
^fdUrq* Hkh ^ijUrq* Hkh! blh rjg eSa <sj lkjh }a}kRed eu%fLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk gw¡A g"kZ&fo"kkn]
fpark&Øks/k] lq[k&nq%[k ds ,glkl vkfn ds chp Mwcrk&mrjkrk gqvk thou th jgk gw¡A ;gk¡
çR;{k ls dqN tkudkfj;k¡ feyrh gSa rks dqN ds fy, vuqeku dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA ;gk¡ dh
tkudkjh rks çR;{k gS] exj rqe yksxksa ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, vuqeku ls gh dke pykuk
iM+rk gSA ;knksa ls dHkh lgkjk feyrk gS] rks dHkh Hkwy tkus ls jkgr feyrh gS! bruh my>uksa
ds chp gw¡] rHkh rks rqEgkjh cgqr ;kn vkrh gSA rqEgsa ;kn djds ekuks esjs çk.k lgkjk ik tkrs
gSaA eSa balku gw¡] iRFkj ugha!
ukxktqZu vkxs dgrs gSa fd eq>s vius yksxksa dh cgqr ;kn vkrh gSA Lusg ds vk¡lqvksa ls Hkhxh gqbZ
mu yksxksa dh ve`re; vk¡[ksa ;kn vkrh gSaA os vk¡[ksa esjs Le`fr&fogaxe ds ia[kksa dks dHkh Fkdus
ugha nsaxhA eq>s viuk ^rjmuh* xk¡o ;kn vkrk gSA ogk¡ dh yhfp;k¡ ;kn vkrh gSaA ogk¡ ds vke
;kn vkrs gSaA esjh ekr`Hkwfe fefFkyk ds lqanj Hkw&Hkkx ;kn vkrs gSaA /kku dh ygygkrh Qlysa
;kn vkrh gSaA ogk¡ ds rky&ryS;k esa dey vkSj dqeqfnuh ds Qwy f[kyrs gSaA mu rkyksa esa
e[kkuk dh [ksrh gksrh gSA ;s lc ;kn vkrs gSaA fefFkyk ds fofHkUu {ks= gjh&Hkjh Qlyksa ls <¡ds
gksrs gSAa ,slk yxrk gS fd mu {ks=ksa ds uke muds :i vkSj xq.k ds vuqlkj j[ks x, gSaA ogk¡
ck¡l ds taxy gSaA nwj ls ns[kks rks os taxy uhfyek ds ?kj dh rjg cgqr lqanj yxrs gSaA bu
lcdh cgqr ;kn vkrh gSA
eSa mu lcds çfr vkHkkj çdV djrk gw¡ ftudh okRlY; Hkjh dksey xksn dk lq[k feyk FkkA
ek¡&cki ds vykok u tkus fdrus yksxksa us xksn esa j[kdj [ksyk;k Fkk vkSj eSa mu xksnksa esa iyax
dk lq[k ikrs gq, lks x;k FkkA xk¡o esa jgrs gq, u tkus fdu&fdu yksxksa dh mit ls cuk
Hkkstu xzg.k djus dk ekSdk feykA vUu&ikuh&lkx&lCth&ekal&efnjk ds vykok D;k&D;k
fxuokÅ¡\ mu lcds çfr vkHkkj çdV djrk gw¡! mu lcdk eq> ij dtZ gSA bl dtZ dk nl
çfr'kr Hkh pqdkus dh {kerk eq>esa ugha gSA esjs fy, vQlksl dh ckr gS fd eSa bu lcls nwj
vk x;k gw¡A exj esjk eu ckj&ckj dgrk gS fd os yksx vkSj og lekt /kU; gSa!
;|fi ;gk¡ Hkh jgrs&jgrs ,d rjg dk lekt cu x;k gSA ;gk¡ Hkh vkil esa çse&O;ogkj gks
x;k gSA eSa ;gk¡ vlgk; ugha gw¡A yksxksa ls fe=rk gS vkSj vkil esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk gSA fQj
Hkh ,d na'k rks cuk gh jgrk gS fd eSa ckgj dk vkneh gw¡! eSa thou Hkj ;gk¡ jg tkÅ¡ rc Hkh
yksx eq>s ^çoklh* ;kuh ckgjh le>saxs vkSj blh rjg ds uke ls ;kn djsaxs! ;fn ;gha ej x;k
rkss nks&pkj Qwy yksx Mky nsaxs vkSj fQj Hkwy tk,¡xs! le; xqtjrk tk,xk vkSj esjh dgha Hkh
fu'kkuh ugha gksxh! esjs u gksus dk lkekpkj tc xk¡o ij rqe lquksxh rks jks&fcy[k dj jg
tkvksxhA rqEgkjs ân; esa gwd yx tk,xh fd esjs vafre le; esa rqe yksxksa ds lkFk eSa ugha Fkk!
esjh rLohj dks rqe ckj&ckj ns[kksxh] ysfdu eSa rLohj esa ls rqEgsa pqipki ns[krk jgw¡xk!
'kke ds le; if'pe fn'kk esa tc lwjt Mwcrk gS rks ykfyek dk ,d d#.k vk[;ku eq>s lqukbZ
nsrk gSA Mwcrk gqvk lwjt vkSj ykfyek fy, gq, if'pe dk vkdk'k! bl –'; esa eq>s vius
thou ds var vkSj flUnwj yxs rqEgkjs yykV dk /;ku gks vkrk gSA
dkO; lkS"Bo
• ;g dfork çokl dh ihM+k dks O;Dr djrh gSA
• vius tUe&LFkku vkSj ifjos'k ds çfr LokHkkfod yxko dks lqanj rjhds ls çLrqr fd;k
x;k gSA

22
 • jksth&jkstxkj dh etcwjh dekus&[kkusokys dks çoklh cuus dks etcwj djrh gSA çokl
dk vFkZ gS ^ckgjh* cudj jgukA ;g Hkkocks/k thou ds çfr vkRefo'okl dks detksj
dj nsrk gSA
• 10] 17] 21] 24 vkSj 31 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls bl dfork dk fuekZ.k gqvk
gSA blesa 17 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;k¡ lcls T;knk gSaA dfo us bu iafDr;ksa dks j[kus dk
dksbZ fuf'pr Øe ugha viuk;k gSA mldk ç;kl gS fd dgu 'kSyh esa iwjh dfork dk
çokg cuk jgs!
fo”ks’k
ukxktqZu us bl dfork ds ek/;e ls crkuk pkgk gS fd euq"; dh LokHkkfod bPNk gksrh gS fd
og viuksa ds chp thou O;rhr djsA thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mls çokl dks etcwj djrh gSa]
exj ckgj dh nqfu;k esa mls vkReh;rk dk vHkko ges'kk eglwl gksrk gSA
nks
vdky vkSj mlds ckn
dbZ fnuksa rd pwYgk jks;k] pDdh jgh mnkl
dbZ fnuksa rd dkuh dqfr;k lksbZ muds ikl
dbZ fnuksa rd yxh Hkhr ij fNidfy;ksa dh x'r
dbZ fnuksa rd pwgksa dh Hkh gkyr jgh f'kdLr

nkus vk, ?kj ds vanj dbZ fnuksa ds ckn

/kqvk¡ mBk vk¡xu ds Åij dbZ fnuksa ds ckn
ped mBha ?kj Hkj dh vk¡[ksa dbZ fnuksa ds ckn
dkS, us [kqtykbZa ik¡[ksa dbZ fnuksa ds ckn
¼1952] ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^vdky vkSj mlds ckn* 'kh"kZd dfork ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh* ¼1959½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr gSA
bl dfork dk çlax vdky dh ?kVuk ls tqM+k gSA vdky ls cscl xzkeh.k thou ds lkadsfrd
–'; bl dfork esa O;Dr gq, gSaA ;gk¡ euq"; dks lkeus j[ks cxSj vdky dh Hk;kudrk dks
çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
dfBu 'kCn
pDdh&
pDdh tk¡rk] gkFk ls vukt ihlusokyh pDdh] Hkhr&
Hkhr nhokj] x'r &b/kj
& ls m/kj dnerky djuk]
f'kdLr
f'kdLr&ijkt;]
dLr gkj tkuk] ik¡[ksa & ia[k] MSuk

23
O;k[;k
ukxktqZu us vkB iafDr;ksa dh bl dfork dks nks fgLls esa lajfpr fd;k gSA pkj&pkj iafDr;ksa ds
bu nks VqdM+kas esa O;ofLFkr rjhds ls ckrsa j[kh x;h gSaA igys VqdM+s esa ^vdky* gS vkSj nwljs
VqdM+s esa ^mlds ckn* dk fp=.k gSA oSls rks vdky ds vusd vk;ke gSaA bl dfork esa ^nkus*
vFkkZr~ vukt ds ek/;e ls] vdky vkSj vdky ds ckn dh fLFkfr dh] dqN >k¡fd;k¡ gekjs
lkeus j[kh x;h gSaA bl dfork ds çrhd vkSj ladrs egÙ[Link] gSaA
igyh pkjksa iafDr;ksa dh 'kq#vkr bl VqdM+s ls gksrh gS & ^dbZ fnuksa rd*A blh rjg vafre
pkjksa iafDr;ksa dh lekfIr bl VqdM+s ls gksrh gS & ^dbZ fnuksa ds ckn*A bl dfork dh çR;sd
iafDr esa 27 ek=k,¡ gSa vkSj çR;sd iafDr esa Åij ds nks VqdM+kas ¼Øe'k% 8 vkSj 11 ek=k,¡½ dh
vko`fÙk dks ns[kdj dgk tk ldrk gS fd dfo ds ikl dqy feykdj cgqr de txg cph gS
viuh ckr dgus ds fy,! dfork l'kDr gks ik;h gS viuh çrhdkRedrk vkSj ladrs kRedrk ds
[Link]
igyh pkj iafDr;ksa esa ukxktqZu crkrs gSa fd vdky dk gky ;g gS fd dbZ fnuksa rd ml ?kj
esa pwYgk tyus dh ukScr ugha vk;hA ?kj esa idkdj [kkus yk;d dqN Fkk gh ugha! pDdh Hkh
dbZ fnuksa rd mnkl jgh D;ksafd ?kj esa ihlus ds fy, vukt Fkk gh ugha! pwYgk vkSj pDdh dks
y{eh ekurs gSaA mUgsa ifo= ekurs gSaA exj vdky us ,slh csclh ns nh gS fd pwYgs&pDdh ds
ikl dkuh dqfr;k jkst lksrh jgh] exj mls gVkus dk [;ky fdlh ds eu esa ugha vk;kA ,slk
igys rks ugha gksrk Fkk! tc ?kj esa vukt gh ugha Fkk] rc jkr esa nh;k&cÙkh tykus dh ukScr
Hkyk dgk¡ ls vkrh! blds fy, rsy dh t:jr FkhA rsy dh ckjh rks vukt ds ckn vkrh gS!
nh;k&cÙkh ugha tyh rks jkr esa dhM+s&Qfraxs Hkh ugha vk,A fNidfy;k¡ nhokjksa ij dbZ fnuksa
rd ?kwerh jgha fd [kkus ds fy, dksbZ dhM+k&Qfraxk fey tk,! ,slh gh fLFkfr ?kj ds pwgksa dh
Hkh jghA os ckj&ckj ryk'krs jgs fd dgha dqN fey tk,] exj mUgsa gkj ds flok dqN u
feykA
vxyh pkj iafDr;ksa esa ?kj ds vanj vukt vkus ds ckn ds –'; gSaA dbZ fnuksa ds ckn ?kj esa
dqN vukt vk;kA pwYgk ty mBk vkSj vk¡xu ls /kqvk¡ mBkA ukxktqZu fy[krs gSa fd ^?kj&Hkj
dh vk¡[ksa* ped mBhaA ;s vk¡[ksa fdudh gSa\ ;s vk¡[ksa dqfr;k] fNidfy;ksa vkSj pwgksa dh rks gSa gh
bu vk¡[kksa esa os vk¡[ksa Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks ?kj ds euq";ksa dh gSaA iwjh dfork esa euq";ksa dk ftØ bu
vk¡[kksa ds ek/;e ls gh vk;k gSA lkadsfrdrk dh ,slh {kerk bl dfork dks egÙ[Link] cukrh gSA
vkSj var esa ukxktqZu fy[krs gSa fd dkS, us dbZ fnuksa ds ckn] dqN twBu [kkdj viuh pksap dks
iksaNus ds fy,] vius ia[kksa dks [kqtyk;k gS!
dkO; lkS"Bo
• vdky ij bruh lVhd dfork fgUnh esa de gh fy[kh x;h gSA
• vdky dh Hk;kogrk dks Hkk"kk dh Hk;kogrk ds fcuk çLrqr dj nsuk bl dfork dh
lQyrk gSA
• 'kksd dk lgkjk fy, cxSj ;g dfork d#.kk dk vk[;ku jprh gSA
• ;g dfork dqN ?kjsyw [Link] ds ek/;e ls euq"; dh =klnh dks O;Dr dj jgh gSA
• 27 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa ls bl dfork dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA 16 vkSj 11 ek=k ij ;fr gSA
var esa y?kq gSA ;g ljlh Nan gSA pkSikbZ dk ,d pj.k ¼16 ek=k½ vkSj nksgk dk le
pj.k ¼11 ek=k½ feykus ls ljlh Nan curk gSA

24
fo”ks’k
vdky euq"; ds thou dks [krjs esa Mky nsrk gSA euq"; ds vkl&ikl jgusokys tho&tarq Hkh
bl Hk;kog leL;k ls xzLr gksrs gSaA
rhu
cgqr fnuksa ds ckn
cgqr fnuksa ds ckn
vc dh eSaus th Hkj ns[kh
idh&lqugyh Qlyksa dh eqldku
&cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

vc dh eSa th&Hkj lqu ik;k
/kku dwVrh fd'kksfj;ksa dh dksfdy daBh rku
&cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

vc dh eSaus th&Hkj lw¡?ks
ekSyfljh ds <sj&<sj ls rkts&VVds Qwy
&cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

vc dh eSa th&Hkj Nw ik;k
viuh x¡obZ ixMaMh dh [Link] /kwy
&cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

vc dh eSaus th&Hkj rkye[kkuk [kk;k

25
xUus pwls th&Hkj
&cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

cgqr fnuksa ds ckn

vc dh eSaus th&Hkj Hkksxs
xa/k&:i&jl&Li'kZ lc lkFk&lkFk bl Hkw ij
&cgqr fnuksa ds ckn
¼1958] ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^cgqr fnuksa ds ckn* 'kh"kZd dfork ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh* ¼1959½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr gSA dfo
cgqr fnuksa ds ckn vius xk¡o ykSVk gSA og yEcs le; rd xk¡o ls ckgj jgk gSA xk¡o ykSVus
ij mls viuh iqjkuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks ,d ckj fQj eglwl djus dk ekSdk feyk gSA
O;k[;k
ukxktqZu ^cgqr fnuksa ds ckn* 'kh"kZd dfork esa vius xk¡o ls yxko dks dbZ rjg ls çdV djrs
gSaA thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ?kj ls nwj pys tkus dh etcwjh dbZ yksxksa ds lkeus vkrh
gSA ckgj tkdj ge dbZ rjg dh lQyrk,¡ Hkh çkIr djrs gSaA dbZ ckj gekjh ftUnxh esa
le`f) Hkh vkrh gS] exj viuh txg dk vkd"kZ.k gekjs Hkhrj cuk gqvk jgrk gSA
ukxktqZu bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp vius xk¡o dks ykSVs gSa vkSj os dg jgs gSa fd cgqr fnuksa ds
ckn eSaus lqugys jax dh idh Qlyksa dks eqLdqjkrs gq, th&Hkj ds ns[kk gSA ;g dfo dk yxko
gS fd mls Qlysa eqLdqjkrh gqbZ tku iM+rh gSa!
blh rjg dh ckr dfo vkxs Hkh dgrk gS fd cgqr fnuksa ds ckn eSaus /kku dwVrh gqbZ yM+fd;ksa
ds dksfdy&daB ls xhr lqus gSAa mu xhrksa dks eSa th&Hkj lqurk jgkA cgqr fnuksa ds ckn eSaus
ekSyfljh ds rkts&rkts Qwyksa dh th&Hkj lw¡?kk gSA cgqr fnuksa ds ckn eSaus vius xk¡o ds dPps
jkLrksa dh /kwy dks th&Hkj dj Nqvk gSA eq>s ;g /kwy panu ds jax dh ekywe iM+rh gSA cgqr
fnuksa ds ckn eSaus rky esa iSnk gq, e[kkus dks th&Hkj dj [kk;k gS] th&Hkj dj xUus pwls gSaA
vc dh ckj cgqr fnuksa ds ckn eSaus vius xk¡o dh /kjrh ij vkdj tkuk gS fd xa/k] :i] jl]
'kCn vkSj Li'kZ dks th&Hkj dj Hkksxus dk vlyh eryc D;k gksrk gS\ eSaus ^ekSyfljh* ls xa/k
dks] ^idh&lqugyh Qlyksa* ls :i dks] ^rkye[kkuk vkSj xUus* ls jl dks] ^fd'kksfj;ksa dh
dksfdy&daBh rku* ls 'kCn dks vkSj ^[Link] /kwy* ls Li'kZ dks eglwl fd;k gSA bfUæ;ksa dh
lkFkZdrk ekuks ;gha ykSVdj eglwl gqbZ gSA
dfBu 'kCn
dksfdy&da
dy Bh] rku&dks
rku ;y dh lqjhyh vkokt] VVds Qwy& rkts Qwy] x¡obZ ixMaMh & xk¡o ds dPps jkLrs]
[Link] /kwy&pUnu ds jax dh /kwy] rkye[kku & rkykc esa iSnk gqvk e[kkuk] xU/k&:i&jl&'kCn&Li'kZ
xU/k&:i&jl&'kCn&Li'k &
ik¡p bfUæ;ksa ls tqMs+ xq.k; ukd ls xa/k] vk¡[k ls :i] thHk ls jl] dku ls 'kCn vkSj Ropk ls Li'kZ dk lEcU/k
gSA

26
dkO; lkS"Bo
• çoklh ds thou ls fudy pqdh vkReh;rk dks ;g dfork fpf=r djrh gSA
• viuk ifjos'k gekjs çR;sd i{k ls LokHkkfod :i ls tqM+ tkrk gSA
• bl dfork dh Nan&;kstuk esa pkSikbZ ds ,d pj.k ¼16 ek=k½ rFkk nksgk ds le pj.k
¼11 ek=k½ dk mi;ksx T;knk gqvk gSA nksuksa dks tksM+dj 27 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;k¡ Hkh j[kh
x;h gSa] ftls ljlh Nan dgrs gSaA
fo”ks’k
ukxktqZu dh ;g dfork lqxfBr gSA vuqHkwfr;ksa ds ik¡p :iksa vkSj lzkrs ksa ds ijEijkxr vk/kkj ij
jph x;h ;g dfork dqy Ng [Link] esa gSA ik¡p esa ik¡pksa bfUæ;k¡ bl Øe ls lfØ; gSa& vk¡[k]
dku] ukd] Ropk vkSj thHkA NBs pj.k esa milagkj gSA
pkj
dkfynkl
dkfynkl lp&lp crykuk!
banqerh ds e`R;q'kksd ls
vt jks;k ;k rqe jks, Fks
dkfynkl lp&lp crykuk!

f'koth dh rhljh vk¡[k ls

fudyh gqbZ egkTokyk esa
?k`rfefJr lw[kh lfe/kk&le
dkenso tc HkLe gks x;k
jfr dk Øanu lqu vk¡lw ls
rqeus gh rks –x /kks, Fks\
dkfynkl lp&lp crykuk
jfr jksbZ ;k rqe jks, Fks\

o"kkZ _rq dh fLuX/k Hkwfedk

çFke fnol vk"kk<+ ekl dk
ns[k xxu esa ';ke ?ku&?kVk
fo/kqj ;{k dk eu tc mpVk
[kM+s&[kM+s rc gkFk tksM+dj

27
fp=dwV ds lqHkx f'k[kj ij
ml cspkjs us Hkstk Fkk
ftuds gh }kjk lans'kk
mu iq"djkorZ es?kksa dk
lkFkh cudj mM+uos kys
dkfynkl lp&lp crykuk
ijihM+k ls iwj&iwj gks
Fkd&Fkddj vkS* pwj&pwj gks
vey&/koy fxfj ds f'k[kjksa ij
fç;oj] rqe dc rd lks, Fks\
jks;k ;{k fd rqe jks, Fks\
dkfynkl lp&lp crykuk!
¼1938] ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh*½
kyh*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^dkfynkl* 'kh"kZd dfork ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh* ¼1959½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr gSA ^ukxktqZu
jpukoyh* ds vuqlkj ;g ukxktqZu dh rhljh dfork gSA igyh dfork gS ^fuokZflr* vkSj nwljh
gS ^csdkj*A ukxktqZu dh 'kq#vkrh dfork gksus ds ckotwn ;g ,d çfl) vkSj egÙ[Link] dfork
gSA ukxktqZu us vius fç; dfo dkfynkl ls dqN ç'u iwNs gSaA bu ç'uksa dk lkjka'k ;g gS fd
lkfgR; esa [Link] Hkkoukvksa dk lEcU/k Lo;a jpukdkj ls fdl rjg dk gksrk gS\ jpuk esa ;fn
nq%[k [Link] gS rks D;k bldk lEcU/k dfo ds futh nq%[k ls gksrk gS\
O;k[;k
ukxktqZu dh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk laL—r ek/;e ls gqbZ FkhA muds fç; dfo Fks dkfynklA laL—r
ls mudk fj'rk thou Hkj cuk jgkA mUgksaus laL—r esa dqN dfork,¡ Hkh fy[kh FkhaA ukxktqZu
vius fç; dfo dkfynkl ls muds gh lkfgR; dk gokyk nsdj dqN ç'u iwNrs gSaA os dgrs gSa
fd rqEgkjs egkdkO; ^j?kqoa'ke* esa vt dk foyki gSA jke ds nknk vt viuh iRuh banqerh dh
e`R;q ij cgqr jks, FksA dkfynkl us bl çlax dk ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k gSA ukxktqZu iwNrs fd gs
esjs fç; vkSj [Link]; dfo dkfynkl! lp&lp crykvks fd bl foyki ls rqEgkjk Hkh dqN
dfBu 'kCn
bUnqerh&
rh jke ds nknk vt dh iRuh] vt & jke ds nknk vkSj n'kjFk ds firk] f'koth dh rhljh vk¡[k& k Hkxoku~ 'kadj
Øks/k esa viuh rhljh vk¡[k [kksyrs gSa] egkTokyk&”ka
egkTokyk dj dh rhljh vk¡[k ls fudyh gqbZ vkx] ?k`r&fefJr lw[kh
lfe/kk&le & lw[kh gqbZ gou&lkexzh esa ?kh yisV fn;k x;k] dkenso& çse dk nsork] jfr & dkenso dh iRuh] –x /kks;s
Fks
Fk & vk¡lqvksa ls vk¡[kksa dk /kqy tkuk fLuX/k Hkwfedk & ueh ls Hkjh i`"BHkwfe] fo/kqj ;{k&fo;ks
;{k xh ;{k] lqHkx f'k[kj&
f'k[kj
lqanj ioZr&f'k[kj iq"djkorZ es?kkkksa &es?kksa ds oa'k & iq"dj] vkorZd vkfn] ij ihM+k& nwljs dh rdyhQ] iwj&iwj & Mwc
tkuk] Hkj tkuk

28
fj'rk Fkk D;k\ D;k rqeus Hkh bl rjg dk nq%[k vius thou esa mBk;k Fkk\ ;fn ugha rks fQj
,slk fp=.k rqe dSls dj ik,\
vkxs os dkfynkl ds egkdkO; ^dqekjlaHkoEk* ds ,d çlax dh ppkZ djrs gSa fd Hkxoku~ 'kadj
dh rhljh vk¡[k ls vkx fudyh Fkh vkSj dkenso ty dj jk[k gks x;k FkkA tSls gou dh
lw[kh gqbZ lkexzh ?kh ls fefJr gksdj rsth ls tyrh gS] oSls gh dkenso /k/kd dj ty mBk
FkkA dkenso dh iRuh jfr phRdkj dj jks mBh FkhA mldk foyki rqe dSls fy[k ik,A ,slk
yxrk gS fd bl rjg dk foyki rqeus Hkh dHkh&u&dHkh fd;k Fkk vkSj vk¡lqvksa ds ty ls
rqeus viuh vk¡[ksa /kks;h FkhaA lp&lp crykuk fd rqEgkjh dfork esa jfr jks jgh Fkh fd rqe jks
jgs Fks\
dfork ds rhljs pj.k esa ukxktqZu dkfynkl ds xhfrdkO; ^es?knwrEk* ds çlax mBkrs gSaA os
dgrs gSa fd cspkjk ;{k jkefxfj vkJe esa ltk dkV jgk FkkA mls ,d o"kZ rd ogha jgus dh
ltk nh x;h FkhA vkB eghus chr tkus ds ckn tc vk"kk<+ dk eghuk vk;k rc o"kkZ _rq dh
ueh ls Hkjh gok pyhA o"kkZ dh fLuX/k Hkwfedk cuus yxhA vkdk'k esa dkyh ?kVk,¡ Nkus yxha]
ftUgsa ns[kdj fo;ksxh ;{k dk /kS;Z Mksy x;kA vc rks mlus viuh çse&ihM+k ij fu;a=.k cuk,
j[kk Fkk] exj cjlkr ds ifjos'k us mlds eu dks mpkV dj fn;kA mldk fnekx cgd x;kA
ml cspkjs ;{k us Hkkokfrjsd esa vkdj fp=dwV ds ml lqanj f'k[kj ij [kM+s gksdj gkFk tksM+
fy,A mlus cknyksa ls dgk fd esjs lans'k esjh fç;k rd igq¡pk nks! mlus cknyksa dks ?kj tkus
ds jkLrs Hkh crk, vkSj fç;k rd igq¡pkus okys lans'k Hkh! os es?k iq"dj vkSj vkorZd oa'k ds Fks]
,slk Hkkoqd ;{k us igpkuk Fkk!! gs dfo&dqyxq# egkdfo dkfynkl! mu cknyksa ds lkFkh dh
rjg ekuks rqe lkFk&lkFk FksA ;{k dh ihM+k rqEgkjs fy, ijkbZ ihM+k Fkh] exj rqe rks mlesa iwjh
rjg Mwcs gq, ekywe iM+rs gksA rqEgkjh dfork bl ckr dh xokgh nsrh gSA ;g crkvks fd ;{k
dh ihM+k dh FkdkoV ls pwj&pwj gksdj ioZr ds LoPN f'k[kjksa ij rqe fdruh nsj rd ;k fdrus
fnuksa rd lks;s jgs Fks\ yxrk gS fd ;{k dh rjg rqe Hkh dHkh vdsysiu dh ;kruk ls xqtjs
FksA lp&lp crykuk fd rqEgkjh dfork esa jksuos kyk ;{k Fkk ;k [kqn rqe Fks!
dkO; lkS"Bo
• ;g dfork dfo ds vuqHko dks dfork esa ryk'kus dh dksf'k'k gSA
• ,d rjg ls bl dfork esa bl ckr dk i{k fy;k x;k gS fd vuqHkwfr dh futrk ds
fcuk çHkko'kkyh vfHkO;fDr lEHko ugha gSA
• ;gk¡ ^ijdk;k ços'k* tSls fl)karksa ij Hkh fopkj dh xqatkb'k gSA nwljs ds O;fDrRo esa
lekdj mlds Hkkoksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k dks ^ijdk;k ços'k* dgrs gSaA ekuks dfo
vius ik=ksa ds O;fDrRo esa ços'k djds mudh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks le>rk gSA iwjh dfork esa
16&16 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gSA

29
Ckks/k iz”u &1
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mŸkj la{ksi esa nsaA
1- ^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky* dfork esa çoklh dh mis{kk dks fdl :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gS \
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2- ^vdky vkSj mlds ckn* dfork ds Nan&fo/kku ij fopkj djs\a
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3- ^cgqr fnuksa ds ckn* dfork dh jpukRed ;kstuk dks Li"V djsa\
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4- ^dkfynkl* dfork esa dkO;&jpuk dh fdl çfØ;k ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS\
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cks/k iz”u &2
oLrqfu"B ç'u
i. ^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky* 'kh"kZd dfork fdl iqLrd esa gS\
d½ ;qx/kkjk [k½ lrjaxs ia[kksa okyh x½ I;klh iFkjkbZ vk¡[ksa ?k½ gtkj&gtkj
ck¡gksaokyh
ii. ^dkfynkl* fdl dkO;&laxzg dh dfork gS\
d½ lrjaxs ia[kksa okyh [k½ ;qx/kkjk x½ I;klh iFkjkbZ vk¡[ksa ?k½iqjkuh
twfr;ksa dk dksjl

iii. ^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky* 'kh"kZd dfork esa dfo us vius xk¡o dk D;k uke crk;k gS \
d½ paæxguk [k½ rjmuh x½ lksucjlk ?k½ folih

iv. x¡obZa ixMaMh dh /kwy dks ukxktqZu us D;k dgk gS\

d½ [Link] [k½ [Link] x½ [Link] ?k½ [Link]

v- ukxktqZu dks fdl {ks= ds ^#fpj Hkw&Hkkx* ;kn vkrs gS\

d½ ex/k [k½ laFkky ijxuk x½ fefFkyk ?k½ iwokaZpy

vi. ^lrjaxs ia[kksaokyh* dkO;&laxzg dk çdk'ku dc gqvk Fkk \

d½ 1953 [k½ 1959 x½ 1957 ?k½ 1970

30
vii. ^vdky vkSj mlds ckn* dfork esa fdruh ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gS \
d½ 21 [k½ 31 x½ 24 ?k½ 27

viii. ^dkfynkl* dfork esa fdruh ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gS\
d½ 16 [k½ 12 x½ 17 ?k½ 28

ix. ukxktqZu dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\

d½ 1909 [k½ 1910 x½ 1911 ?k½ 1912

x. ukxktqZu dh e`R;q dc gqbZ Fkh\

d½ 1998 [k½ 1985 x½ 2002 ?k½ 1998

xi. ukxktqZu ewyr% fdl /kkjk ds dfo ekus tkrs gSa\

d½ Nk;koknh [k½ ç;ksxoknh x½ gkykoknh ?k½ çxfroknh

14-
14-3 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
Ckks/k iz”u&1
1- ^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky* dfork esa çoklh dh mis{kk dks O;Dr djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd
;fn eSa ;gk¡ thou Hkj Hkh jg tkÅ¡ rc Hkh yksx eq>s ^çoklh* gh le>saxs! yksx ;gh
dgsaxs fd ^ckgjh* gS ;k ^fcgkjh* gSA thou O;rhr djrs gq, ;fn ;gha ej x;k rks yksx
lgkuqHkwfr ds nks Qwy p<+k tk,¡xs! dksbZ ;g ugha dgsxk fd ^gekjk* dksbZ pyk x;kA
yksx ;gh dgsaxs fd cspkjk ckgj dk Fkk] Hkyk vkneh Fkk] vc ugha jgk!

2- ^vdky vkSj mlds ckn* dfork dk fuekZ.k 27 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa ls gqvk gSA 16 vkSj
11 ek=k ij ;fr gSA var esa y?kq gSA ;g ljlh Nan gSA pkSikbZ dk ,d pj.k ¼16 ek=k½
vkSj nksgk dk le pj.k ¼11 ek=k½ feykus ls ljlh Nan curk gSA
dbZ fnuksa rd pwYgk jks;k ¾ 16 ek=k ¾ pkSikbZ dk ,d pj.k
pDdh jgh mnkl ¾ 11 ek=k ¾ nksgk dk le pj.k
blh <k¡ps ij bl dfork dh vkBksa iafDr;k¡ xfBr gSaA
3- ^cgqr fnuksa ds ckn* dfork dh jpukRed ;kstuk ik¡p bfUæ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij cuk;h x;h
gSA ukxktqZu dh ;g dfork lqxfBr gSA vuqHkwfr;ksa ds ik¡p :iksa vkSj lzkrs ksa ds
ijEijkxr vk/kkj ij jph x;h ;g dfork dqy Ng [Link] esa gSA ik¡p esa ik¡pksa bfUæ;k¡
bl Øe ls lfØ; gSa & vk¡[k] dku] ukd] Ropk vkSj thHkA NBs pj.k esa milagkj gSA
ukxktqZu dgrs gSa fd vc dh ckj cgqr fnuksa ds ckn eSaus vius xk¡o dh /kjrh ij vkdj
tkuk gS fd xa/k] :i] jl] 'kCn vkSj Li'kZ dks th&Hkj dj Hkksxus dk vlyh eryc
D;k gksrk gS\ eSaus ^ekSyfljh* ls xa/k dks] ^idh&lqugyh Qlyksa* ls :i dks] ^rkye[kkuk
vkSj xUus* ls jl dks] ^fd'kksfj;ksa dh dksfdy&daBh rku* ls 'kCn dks vkSj ^[Link]
/kwy* ls Li'kZ dks eglwl fd;k gSA bfUæ;ksa dh lkFkZdrk ekuks ;gha ykSVdj eglwl gqbZ
gSA

31
 bl rjg ;g dfork ,d lqLi"V jpukRed <k¡ps esa jph x;h gSA
4- ^dkfynkl* dfork esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS fd lkfgR; esa [Link] Hkkoukvksa dk lEcU/k
Lo;a jpukdkj ls fdl rjg dk gksrk gS\ jpuk esa ;fn nq%[k [Link] gS rks D;k bldk
lEcU/k dfo ds futh nq%[k ls gksrk gS\ ;gk¡ dfo ds vuqHko dks dfork esa ryk'kus dh
dksf'k'k dh x;h gSA bl dfork esa bl ckr dk i{k fy;k x;k gS fd vuqHkwfr dh
futrk ds fcuk çHkko'kkyh vfHkO;fDr lEHko ugha gSA ;gk¡ ^ijdk;k ços'k* tSls fl)karksa
ij Hkh fopkj dh xqatkb'k gSA nwljs ds O;fDrRo esa lekdj mlds Hkkoksa dks le>us dh
dksf'k'k dks ^ijdk;k ços'k* dgrs gSaA ekuks dfo vius ik=ksa ds O;fDrRo esa ços'k djds
mudh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks le>rk gSA
cks/k iz”u&2
oLrqfu"B ç'u
i. [k
ii. d
iii. [k
iv. ?k
v-x
vi. [k
vii.?k
viii.d
ix.x
x.?k
xi.?k

14-
14-4 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
1- ukxktqZu dh dfork vt; frokjh] [Link] çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh
2- çfrfuf/k dfork,¡ & ukxktqZu] la-& ukeoj flag] jktdey çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh
3- dkO;&Hkk"kk vkSj ukxktqZu dh dfork & deys'k oekZ] isfj;kj çdk'ku] iVuk

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