Electricity| All Vrof. M.R. Admile Chapter 2.1 ELECTRICITY Syllabus: Y Concept of charge, Y Coulomb's inverse square law, Y Electric field, Electric field intensity, Y Potential and potential difference Basic Science (Physics)Elecirichy Prof, M. R. Admile INTRODUCTION:- We know that, when a body is rubbed with another body, electric charge is produced, it is because of transfer of electrons, Example: When dry hair is combed with plastic comb, crackling sound is produced. Crackling sound is produced because comb is strongly electrified due to friction. In this chapter we discuss about the charge and the properties of charge in detail. As modem concept of electrification, matter consists of equal number of protons and equal numbers of electrons. The charge on matter depends upon the number of protons (positive charge) and number of electrons (negative charge). 1) Ina neutral atom, there are equal number of protons and electrons. 2) If electrons are removed from an atom, then it is said to positively charge because there is majority of protons. 3) Ifelectrons are gained by an atom, then it is said to negatively charge because there is majority of electrons. PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE:- Statement: - Electric charge can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transferred from one part of system to another part of system, so that total charge on isolated system remains constant. CONCEPT OF CHARG Def". : - An object is said to be charged if it is consists of either excess of electrons or short of electrons. > The strength of charge is shown by a letter ‘q” The unit of charge is coulomb (C) The charge of electron is e = 1.6 « 10°C ‘There are two types of charges which are positive charge and negative charge. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. COULOMB'S INVERSE SQUARE LAW: The scientist Charles Augustin Coulor:i stated this law in 1975. Statement:- The force of attraction or repulsion between the two electric charges in a given medium is: 4) Directly proportional to the product ofthe strength of two charges and by Inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. vvV Vv Mathematical expression:~ ; Consider the two charges q, and qz are separated by a distance “ Nn % —-+—O re a ‘Then according to Coulomb's inverse square law, (1) Fang ~ Basic Science (Physics) / 21-2Electricity Prof. MR. Admile —- (2) | Combine equation (1) and (2), we get, aFq Us ats & Fsconstant x 21% 1 vee aa e Where, € = permittivity of the medium = € k 1 sae Feit, ue + ire yy of free space or vacuum = 8.85 x 10-1? C?/ N m £ = Dielectric constant of the medium Put the value of €y and 7 in above equation then we get, =F 9 Mae, aF=9x 10? U2 “+ UNIT CHARGE:- ‘We know that, a F=9x10? 22 aF=9x10? 28 Ifa. = q2=q.k =1,d =1m,and F = 9x 10° then, 29x 107=9x 10? 2 q=+1coulomb Det®.:- If two equal strength of charges are placed in air 1 m apart from each other and if they exert a force of 9 x 10? N on each other, then each charge is said to be a unit charge or charge of I coulomb. “ DIELECTRIC CONSTANT / RELATIVE PERMITIVITY OF MEDIUM (K) :- We know that, Eok Basic Science (Physics) 21-3Electricity| 2-4 Prof, M. R. Admile Def", :- The ratio of permittivity of medium to the permittivity of vacuum (or free space) is called as dielectric constant or relative permittivity of medium. Also, aK = Eleespace Freaium — Fmedium Def*. :-The ratio of force between two charges which are at some distance d in vacuum (or free space) to force between same two charges which are at same distance d in the given medium. ELECRIC FIELD:- , Def".:- The space around the charge in which electric effect such as attraction or repulsion is observed is called as electric field of given charge. : ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY (E): Def", : -Electric field intensity at a point in electric field is defined as the force acting on the unit positive charge when placed at that point. We know that, the force is given by, APS 9 aaa +F=9x109 Ua Put q:=q and q2 = 1 then F = E Intensity at point p is = oa =9x10 oS Also intensity, 14 ane * eae S.L unit of Eis N/C or v/m Dimensions of E are (L1M*T~3]-* 1 ‘+ PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EQUATION £ = =~ x (4: 1) Electric intensity is not same at all points inside the electric field. 2) Electric intensity, E is maximum near the charge and it goes on decreasing with distance away from the charge. 3) Electric intensity E of a charge depends on the strength of the charge. 4) Electric intensity E depends upon medium in which the charge is placed. Basic Science (Physics)Flectricity| 2. Prof. MR. Admile + ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE:- Def. :- The electric lines of force of a charge is defined as the path along which a unit Positive charge will move , when placed in the electric field of the charge. ** PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE:- 1) Electric lines of force start from positive charge and it ends on negative charge. 2) Electric lines of force never intersect to each other. 3) Electric lines of force because of two charges are curved in nature. 4) Electric lines of force have tendency to contract to length and expand laterally. 5) The electric lines of force are present only on the outer surface of charged body because of force of, repulsion between them, 6) The electric lines of force are not present inside the body. 7) Electric lines of force can pass through an insulator and cannot pass through conductors. It simply means that there is no electric field inside. 8) Electric intensity of electric lines of force is maximum near to the electric charge. 9) Electric intensity of electric lines of force is minimum away from the electric charge. “+ ELECTRIC FLUX (y): Def". :-The total number of electric lines of force starting or ori positive charge is called as electric flux. + W = q Coulomb ** ELCTRIC FLUX DENSITY:- Def*. :- The number of electris lines of force crossing normally per unit area is called as electric flus density. It is denoted by the symbol D *» ELCTRIC POTENTIAL:- Def", - Electric potential of a charge is amount of work done in carrying a unit positive charge from infinity to the given point. workdone + Blectric potential = “orien vee | fl | The S.1. unit of electric potential is volt. | The dimensions of electric potential are [L2M°T~3/-1) | Basic Science (Physics)*» ONE VOLT ELCTRIC POTENTIA! Electricity| 21-6 Prof. M. R. Admile We know that, ave! @ If W= 1 Sand q= 1c then V = 1 volt Def”. :- Electric potential of a charge is said to be one volt if 1 J of work is done in carrying a charge of 1 C form infinity to the given charge. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE W, = Work done to move a charge q from infinity to point A. We = Work done to move a charge q from infinity to point B 4. = Assmall charge brought from infinity to point A and B. The S.. unit of electric potential difference is volt, The dimensions of electric potential difference are (L2M?T~31-"] *» IMPORTANT FORMULAES S.I. UNITS:- a Important Formulae S.L Unit 1 |F= x SB or F=9x109 SS newton 2 we NIC 3 |vat volt 4 | Van = Va Vp = “Ae volt + MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION:- 1) The principle of conservation of charges states that, total charge on isolated system remains .... a) constant ©) small b) variable 4) large Basic Science (Physics)Electricity| 21-7 Prof, M. R. Admile 2). The excess or shortage of an electrons ina body gives the concept of a) charge ©) joule ») coulomb eo 3) The unit of charge is, 8) newton ©) coulomb b) joule 4) ampere 4) Which of the following is a correct statement? a) like charges attract & unlike charges repel b) like as well as unlike charges attract each other c) unlike charges attract each other & like charges repel each other. 4) like charges as well as unlike charges repel each other. 5) Coulomb's inverse square law states that force of attraction or repulsion between two electric charges in a given medium is........ proportional to the product of strength of two charges and . proportional to square of the distance between them. a) inversely directly c) inversely, inversely b) directly, directly d) directly, inversely 6) If the distance between two charges increases then the force between them a) increases c) same b) zero d) decreases 7) If two equal strength charges are placed in air. exert a force of charge of | coulomb. a) 9x 109m,1N c) 9x10 m,1N b) 1m, 9x 10°N d) lm, 9x10-9N 8) Dielectric constant or relative permittivity of medium w.z.t. vacuum is the a) ratio of permittivity of vacuum to permittivity of medium, b) ratio of permittivity of medium to permittivity of vacuum c) product of permittivity of vacuum to permittivity of medium d) none of these 9) Electric field is defined as the space around the charge in which electric effects such as attraction or repulsion due to charge. a) is absent c) can be observed b) cannot be observed d) none of these 10) Intensity of electric field at a point due to a point charge is defined as ... a) charge per unit electrostatic force b) product of charge & electrostatic force c) charge per unit electric field 4) electrostatic force acting on unit positive charge placed at that point 11) Electric intensity i) isnot same at all the points inside the electric field ii) is maximum near the charge iii) depends upon strength of charge. apart from each other and if they . on each other, then each charge is said to be a unit charge or Basic Science (Physics)Slectricit Prof MOR Admite a) only statement (i) is correct ©) only statement (Hi) is coreet b) only statement (ii) is correct A) all statements ate correct 12) Bleetrie potential i8 .asccseeeee a) work done per unit charge ¢) force per unit charge b) fore per unit work 4) charge per unit fore: 13) The amount of work done in carrying a unit positive charge trom infinity to the given point a) electric field ©) electric potential b) electric field intensity ) none of these 14) The 8.1 unit of electric potential is...... a) volt ¢) joule b) ampere 4) newton 15) Find the intensity of electrie field at a point SO em away from a charge of 25 micro coulomb in air a) Bx 10°.N/C ©) 9x 10" N/C b) 9x 10°.N/C dl) 78x 109 N/C [aus