15-07-2023
Basic Electrical
Engineering
ONESHOTS
Unit 3
AC Fundamentals
Im
Irms= = = 0.707Im
𝐼 = = 0.637 𝐼
Im
I
K = = = = 1.11
Iavg
K = = 2 =1.414
. Im
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Purely Resistive: Purely Inductive: Purely Capacitive:
Let us consider pure resistance Let us consider pure inductance Let us consider pure capacitance
across a 1- 𝜑 AC supply across a 1- 𝜑 AC supply across a 1- 𝜑 AC supply
According to electrostatic, the
According to faraday law of charge in capacitor is:
electromagnetic induction, q = c×v
induce emf in the inductor is : We know that current is
v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡 e = -L i=
i=
i = - ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 i=c
sin
i= = sin𝜔𝑡 According to lenz's law i=C
sin
=C𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡
𝑉 v = -e, so
𝑖 = i = 𝜔C 𝑉 cos𝜔𝑡 = cos𝜔𝑡
𝑅 i = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 … … . . (4)
C
i = 𝑖 sin𝜔𝑡 i= ∫ 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑖= sin(𝜔𝑡+90)
v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡 𝑉 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑉
𝑖= = sin(𝜔𝑡−90) 𝑖 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡+90)
𝐿 𝜔 𝜔𝐿 v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡
Here 𝜔𝐿 𝑖𝑠 inductive 𝑖= sin(𝜔𝑡−90) = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡−90)
Here C 𝑖𝑠 capacitive
reactance. it is represent by
v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡 reactance. it is represent by
𝑋 = 𝜔𝐿=2πfL
𝑋 = C= 2πfC
Purely resistive Instantaneous Power
p = v× 𝑖
p=𝑣 sin𝜔𝑡 × 𝑖 sin𝜔𝑡
=𝑣 𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡
=𝑣 𝑖 ( )
p= - 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡
p=𝑣 𝑖 -𝑣 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡
Average Power
For a complete cycle i.e. 0 to 2𝜋 Part two is zero
Pav = 𝑣 𝑖
Power factor = 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 1
S = V× 𝐼
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = V× 𝐼
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 0
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Purely Inductive Voltage and current not in-phase quantity
Current lags 90 by voltage
Voltage leads 90 by current
Instantaneous Power p = v× 𝑖
p=𝑣 sin𝜔𝑡 × 𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 90
= −𝑣 sin𝜔𝑡 𝑖 cos𝜔𝑡
𝑣 𝑖
=− 2sin𝜔𝑡cos𝜔𝑡
2
v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡
p=- sin2𝜔𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡−90)
p=-𝑣 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
Power for a complete cycle i.e. 0 to 2𝜋
2 2
𝑷𝒂𝒗 = − ∫ 𝑣 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 =− 𝑣 𝑖 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 0
Pav =0 Hence, the average power consumed
in a purely inductive circuit is zero.
Phase angle ∅ = 90 lagging
Power factor = 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0 S = V× 𝐼
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 𝑉 × 𝐼
Purely Capacitive Voltage and current not in-phase quantity
Current lead 90 by voltage
Voltage lag 90 by current
• Circuit • Instantaneous Power
• v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡 • Average Power
• i= • Power Factor
• i = 𝐼 sin𝜔𝑡 • Power Waveform
• Phasor Diagram • Apparent Power
• Waveform Diagram • Active Power
• Phase Angle • Reactive Power
= 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡−90)
Phase angle ∅ = 90 leading
Power factor = 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0
p= 𝑣 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
Pav =0
S = V× 𝐼 Pav = 𝑣 𝑖
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 𝑉 × 𝐼
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Power factor:
It is the ratio of Power actually consumed in the circuit to the total power supplied.
It is the ratio of true power to apparent power.
It cannot be greater than 1.
Since the actual power is consumed
In the resistance and the total power
is supplied to the impedance it is also defined as the ratio of resistance to impedance.
Apparent power
It is the total power supplied by the source to the circuit.
The product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage S = V× 𝐼
and current is known as Apparent Power.
This power is measured in kVA or MVA.
Active power
The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC Circuit is called True power,
Active Power, Real power or Actual power
The product of apparent power and power factor is called active power
It is measured in kilo watt (kW) or MW.
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
Reactive power
The power which flows back and froth that mean it moves in both the direction in
the circuit or react upon itself, is called Reactive Power Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
The product of apparent power and “sin” angle is called reactive power
The reactive power is measured in kilo volt ampere reactive (KVAR) or MVAR.
1- AC on Series R-L Circuit
From the series RL circuit diagram
Apply KVL then
V = V + V … . . (1)
Since VR = IR × 𝑅 = I × R
VL = IL × XL= I × jXL
Put the value of VR & VL in eqn (1), then
V = I (R + jXL) Impedance is the
= (R + jXL) ……(2) opposition to
From eqn (2) define the impedance alternating current
and phase angle of series RL circuit presented by the
Z = R + jXL (in rectangular form) combined effect of
Z = Z ∠ϕ (in polar form) where resistance and
XL reactance in a
|𝑍| = 𝑅 + XL 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ =tan circuit.
R
Instantaneous Power p = v× 𝑖 𝑍= 𝑅 + XL
p=𝑣 sin𝜔𝑡 × 𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 perpendicular V IX X
tan ∅ = = = L= L
= 𝑣 𝑖 [sin𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 ] base V IR R
𝑣 𝑖
= [cos𝜙 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 ] XL
2 ∅ =tan
R
p= cos𝜙- cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙
Vector sum of resistance and inductive reactance is called Impedance of series RL circuit
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1- AC on Series R-L Circuit
PF = cos∅ = = = =
sin∅= = = =
1- AC on Series R-L Circuit
Average Power
𝑃 = ∫ cos𝜙− cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 dωt
Since the integration of cosine over a complete cycle is zero. Second term will be zero.
∴𝑃 = ∫ cos𝜙dωt = cosϕ
• Circuit
𝑃 =𝑉 𝐼 cosϕ • v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡
• i=
PF = cos∅ = = = = = • i = 𝐼 sin𝜔𝑡
• Phasor Diagram
• Waveform Diagram
• Phase Angle
sin∅= = = = = • Instantaneous Power
• Average Power
V • Power Factor
S = V I = I2 Z = = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 Apparent Power
Z • Power Waveform
• Apparent Power
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = I2 R = Active Power • Active Power
• Reactive Power
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = I2 XL = Reactive Power
XL
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15-07-2023
1- AC on Series R-C Circuit
From the series RC circuit diagram
Apply KVL then
𝐕 = 𝐕𝐑 + 𝐕𝐂 … . . (1)
Since VR = IR × 𝑅 = I × R
VC = IL × −𝑗XC= -I × jXC
Put the value of VR & VC in eqn (1), then
V = I (R − jXC)
= (R − jXC) ……(2)
From eqn (2) define the impedance
and phase angle of series RL circuit
Z = R − jXC (in rectangular form)
Z = Z ∠ϕ (in polar form) where
−X
|𝑍| = 𝑅 + XC 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ =tan
R
Instantaneous Power p = v× 𝑖 𝑍= 𝑅 + XC
p=𝑣 sin𝜔𝑡 × 𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 perpendicular V −I XC X
tan ∅ = = = =− C
= 𝑣 𝑖 [sin𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 ] base V IR R
𝑣 𝑖
= [cos𝜙 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 ] −XC
2 ∅ =tan
R
p= cos𝜙- cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
Vector sum of resistance and inductive reactance is called Impedance of series RL circuit
1- AC on Series R-C Circuit
Power Factor = cos∅ = = = =
sin∅= = = =
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1- AC on Series R-C Circuit
Average Power
𝑃 = ∫ cos𝜙− cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 dωt
Since the integration of cosine over a complete cycle is zero. Second term will be zero.
∴𝑃 = ∫ cos𝜙dωt = cosϕ • Circuit
• Impedance
𝑃 =𝑉 𝐼 cosϕ • Phase angel
• i = 𝐼 sin𝜔𝑡
PF = cos∅ = = = = = • Phasor Diagram
• Waveform Diagram
• Phase Angle
sin∅= = = = = • Instantaneous Power
• Average Power
Apparent Power • Power Factor
V • Power Waveform
S = V I = I2 Z = = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
Z • Apparent Power
Active Power • Active Power
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = I2 R = • Reactive Power
Reactive Power
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = I2 XL =
XC
1- AC on Series R-L-C Circuit
For the better understanding of series R-L-C
circuit Here consider three different case
a) Case I XL > XC
b) Case II XL < XC
c) Case III XL = XC
Case I XL > XC
Series RLC phasor diagram under case I i.e. XL > XC
From the series RLC circuit diagram when XL > XC the circuit is
Apply KVL then predominantly RL circuit
V = V + V + V … . . (1) XL XL- XC
Since VR = I × R; VL = I × jXL ; V = 𝐼 × (−jXC) VL VL- VC
Put the value of VR & VL in eqn (1), then
V = I (R + j(XL−XC))
= R + j(XL−XC) ……(2)
From eqn (2) define the impedance
and phase angle of series RL circuit
Z = R + j(XL−XC)(in rectangular form)
Z = Z ∠ϕ (in polar form) where
(XL−XC)
|𝑍| = 𝑅 + (XL−XC) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ =tan
R
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1- AC on Series R-L-C Circuit
PF = cos∅ = = = =
XL > XC
( )
sin∅= = = =
1- AC on Series R-L-C Circuit
PF = cos∅ = = = = =
( )
sin∅= = = = =
( )
V
S = V I = I2 Z = = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 Apparent Power
Z
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = I2 R = Active Power
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = I2 XL = Reactive Power
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1- AC on Series R-L-C Circuit
Case II XC > XL
Series RLC phasor diagram under case I i.e. XC > XL
From the series RLC circuit diagram
Apply KVL then
V = V + V + V … . . (1)
Since VR = I × R; VL = I × jXL ; V = 𝐼 × (−jXC) when XC > XL the circuit is
Put the value of VR & VL in eqn (1), then predominantly RC circuit
V = I (R + j(XL−XC)) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 XC>XL) XC XC- XL
= R − j(XC−XL) ……(2) VC VC- VL
From eqn (2) define the impedance
and phase angle of series RL circuit
Z = R − j(XC−XL) (in rectangular form)
Z = Z ∠ϕ (in polar form) where
(XC−XL)
|𝑍| = 𝑅 + (XC−XL) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ =tan
R
1- AC on Series R-L-C Circuit
PF = cos∅ = = = =
XL > XC
( )
sin∅= = = =
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1- AC on Series R-L-C Circuit
PF = cos∅ = = = = =
sin∅= = = = =
( )
V
S = V I = I2 Z = = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 Apparent Power
Z
P = V× 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = I2 R = Active Power
Q = V× 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = I2 XL = Reactive Power
Case III XL = XC
Note –
when XL=XC the circuit is
predominantly R circuit
This case also called resonance
state of series RLC circuit
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Resonance
XL = XC
In a series RLC circuit when inductive reactance of
the inductor becomes equal in value to the
capacitive reactance of the capacitor is called
resonance series RLC circuit
In other words, XL = XC. The point at which this
occurs is called the Resonant Frequency point,
(ƒr) of the circuit,
According to resonance circuit
XL = XC • Reactive part is zero i.e. imaginary part is zero
• Acceptor Circuit
𝜔L =
• impedance value is very less/minimum i.e. Z=R
𝜔 = • current value is very high
LC • capacitive and inductive reactance equal and
𝜔= opposite
• phase angle is zero
2𝜋𝑓 = • Power factor is unity
Resonant Frequency 𝑓 =
2
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Admittance Useful in parallel circuits
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance: G =1/R
Susceptance is the reciprocal of reactance: B =1/X
Vector sum of conductance and Susceptance is called admittance
Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance: Y =1/Z
Admittance in RL circuit
Y = G − jBL or 𝑌 = 𝐺 + BL
Admittance in RC circuit
Y = G + jBC or 𝑌 = 𝐺 + BC
Admittance in RLC circuit
or 𝑌 = 𝐺 + (B −B )2
C L
𝐼
Y=
𝑉
Admittance for series circuit
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Analysis of 1-𝝋 AC parallel R-L Circuit
From phasor diagram
v = 𝑉 sin𝜔𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡−∅)
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