Scanned with CamScannerINTUA [Link]. R20 Regulations JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR [Link] (ECE) [11-1 Sem LTPee 3003 f (20404504a) COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION Course Objectives: . te ;Purpose of the course is to introduce principles of computer organization and the basic architectural concepts, Course Outcomes: + Understand the basics of instructions sets and their impact on processor design. * Demonstrate an understanding of the design ofthe functional units of a digital computer system, * Evaluate cost performance and design trade-offs in designing and constructing a computer Processor including memory. + Design a pipeline for consistent execution of instructions with minimum hazards. © Recognize and manipulate representations of numbers stored in digital computers. | Computers: Introduction, Block diagram of ‘Digital Computer, Definition of ‘Computer Organization, Computer Design and Computer Architecture. Register Transfer Language and Micro operations: Register Transfer language, Register Transfer, Bus and memory transfers, Arithmetic Micro operations, logic micro operations, shift micro operations, Arithmetic logic shift unit Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction codes, Computer Registers Computer instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction eycle, Memory Reference Instructions, Input — Output and Interrupt. UNIT IL Micro programmed Control: Control memory, Address sequencing, micro program example, design of control unit. Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Instruction Formats, Addressing modes, Data ‘Transfer and Manipulation, Program Control. UNIT HI Data Representation: Data types, Complements, Fixed Point Representation, Floating Point Representation, Computer Arithmetic: Addition and subtraction, multiplication Algorithms, Division Algorithms, Floating — point Arithmetic operations, Decimal Arithmétic unit, Decimal Arithmetic operations, UNIT IV 7 Input-Output Organization: Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous data transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt Direct memory Access. Memory Organization: Memory Hierarchy, Main Memory, Auxiliary memory, Associate Memory, Cache Memory. UNIT V Reduced Instruction Set Computer: CISC Characteristics, RISC Characteristics. Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, RISC Pipeline, Vector Processing, Array Processor. Multi Processors: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor arbitration, Interprocessor communication and synchronization, Cache Coherence, Textbook: : 1. Computer System Architecture ~M. Moris Mano, Third Edition, Pearson/PHL, References: . 1. Computer Organization — Car Hamacher, ZvonksVranesie, SafeaZaky, V th Edition, MeGraw Hill. 2. Computer Organization and Architecture — Wiliam Stallings Sixth Edition, Pearson/P HI 3. Structured Computer Organization ~ Andrew S, Tanenbaum, 4th Editon Fintan Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerUn teduction :- fl Computer ix a bgt lel Sy items that performs Vevrous > The a7 Computational Tass: > The Waid “Digital” naples sat the infermalion Pr The Gupte Th vepresented by Variable, “thet Tats > Linea 70-8 discrete procened infernelly °Y Compovenls ate Sater loped in the Values. There Values ov€ a limited ro Be diner Covapulations » tet Con MairTan => Fhe fiat’ eleclonic digital Guaplera , deve [ee Mawes eS Used primarily fo bate cots <> In tn Gane TH ancy elenuty ave The digit. From this pps a ete SPS er’ hes Emerged!: = gn Poche, digital Connpritla —fundTion mare Ye fratly ib only Bewws “the PH Componenti, ard A decane human logic tends fo be bineay (tra alice) Ce one statment), Ag! Componente that ave Consttained ty take incre Valuer 276 puvtouy Constrained % ake Only two Veluwe ard ane Sard t be Binary". — digital Compaters 02* he binary ner ber Ayilieo which hag 10 agile aoe i. 1 ae 2B; Bae we tet “Bit iy Tejon mes in digital Computers iP qoute HBG. _> by Un] ane emenly ard Vari [pole aed te develop Guiplle Set various Type, TE Conpulelion,. yicel yetaclion % Yepreserted jour Odivg Eehrigy Scanned with CamScannerBlock Diegyera ob Digits! Compuiler $— | Cub diVided iucte “two funclioual Salelrers —> Thy ford eare hanitel ceyiley at Comprise the Conponeste and entity 6 th cevile+ > Computer sobtwave Consiabh, & “tue ‘wife Kona ond data" Pet tue Computer ManiPuletes ‘to pevbem’ Various late protening Tedkes- 7 A Gequerte & swtruchon, iA Called & Progrann”. ‘The dota =that ave Manjpuleded by “fhe progqvaro Constitatthe “peta base”. > The Preqrarns included in & Systema Optioare eae ae veheried 1 asthe “Operating . Syilem". 7 Me te Hardeiave th the Couper 1A Wally divides ints Tove Majov parts ar Shanon tn below digure. ; " elective mee physica! 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The Aeleation &nex Choose ~The four ity &% one veginler and traluber “thers intr Vfdy-Gne Vatppsen Ba. > fallowing Tabla hous Ya \ Vegiater That in Selecled by The bus for ach Of the four fumible binavy vale & the Agletion bnes . 3 Tables Function Toble for Bur @ choue figure 7 A Hheoelte Micioopealionss— ss OX rte were wp eleven warren aterm AAD A cla Abed in Yepialeve. 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Oo Scanned with CamScannerMicro Oferctions YeguirsB the vegealen begic Mitro Havawart Implementation & legte be traeited. fev each Hit (or) fair OF iG In Although. “flare ave Mb AND ,2R ,XOR Cercluiue-2R) au be derived. = Th that bogie gate te Perfevee “Ine Yequited agit fumetion » pent Compiles vse cely four = all etters operations < and Compleat trove tahich if > Abibt tet Micro Ofexations j— pmicvooperctions ave used for Sev aA logical Abikt 10 ue “that ~trawhers O° “Through he We will adopt “tla Aymbo ls, Shl arch shy far legaenl A Shit vit Micro operalions + The \ Cccu lar cbt! 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Computer - 4, The Gutrol function “thet Apceibies a Mitye Oferation 1A & navy Variable: when if iA in ene bivavy (Alsi; tgytor/esPonc!as Micve ofevation i4 executed. ; <> The Contre? vaviable in the orreil binavy Mak docs rot clooge “the Ataé & the Yegralen Th the Ayslero. 2. Tn abe Mal o the Coote! Vaviabke mag erent The ‘a’ Wale (ov) the ‘0’ Ala , cleferdiag on “Te are lca tion. ty The Contvo/ veviable, at ouy qiuen time Can be YePresected by a Abtag Ge 14 and Ola called 0 “Guvtrol_ word)", fla Auch, Control ove Gu be Propraroroed te Pergovrn Vavioud Ore xotions nein comareree tee Ayplaro - . 2, + een eee ashe, Mote! Variables ave Mbied Called 0 Mico prograrcred Cantol Git. Gach Humety Coatsina ith tn tha “Mido in. in Mersey th word in Coutve! i A) Sequenrle oH Micxe wutractiong Lonstituls a Mito Program Memevy het ik Pat Sa Control vwit ia Vebbeved ay | A Computer teal Euployx, a Micve Programme! Cairo) Unit Wi haus tu Acparale Memories £00 A Main Memay (2) A Gortral Mewmay. Scanned with CamScannerny ye > Th Main Memoy & avilable & tue vsey for Nbvieg Whe 4 Prequarce « , > The Gaucho! Memay halk @ fixed Micwo Pregiaur “thot Caner fey 4 alt ved by te occasioual User. — The Jeol Coufiguya tion o% a micyo Progra ik consuced te bee demonstrated 7 We block diapam balla. re mamed Corto) onit> > Extevya) | Next advan Poa Contiel Corte! Tene | ene te 1d Gegerencery > > > ig: Mievo Programmed Gutel organigotion- a > The Contvol Memary 1A Sere 3 CC aa! | with in Chic all Conte! inbermation 7 Permanently Rleved > > The “Control Memory Sedvers regis” pecolies tee Buon He Microiatuekin . aud The Coutiol” tote vegia fev olan “the D > Mitre tustielian Vead “for Memory. > The West oddrens qeueralr 1 “Ceyueucey” ax it determiner the fiero Grtie! a > ce CaM ETE cletatey Poles Doles SIEM ese aga fA C1 ested, | dopile “the vext addveda x Computed ond Yeod =) ieee we The data Yejitt Reuetner Clled affireline Teil”. xe ole tion 8 Wu Mievo Opevatious Arecibied £9 Ye Coritvo) eed with Me Jeueration TH the next MiCvo Tybucl®n. Perrier cugite wheelie) Tipiuct® a Bowtie Calley a Ni Preayom addyen Seypuente “that 74 Yeed tus execu Airrul faucere ly > Pa bot oF Te 4 Act Gomnuler RISC) avchitectire Concept Use “Ward wired Gorstel| yotuer than Covtol Mewar With a Hitvo Pregvaus. a Scanned with CamScanner4 $Add ves Geyevetng s- Slicer Ne enaiee oe ern tele een eee ee With each freur Leeetbying a Routine’ a > Each Goupatiy fstiuction” fea th Cun Micro Prefer Te in Guo) Memay % gruel he Mitvo Ofevetions ~The he inetuction. > The initial achive th teced tn & the Gntrol oddvers veqizity Glan the Power 72 fuyid on tn tie Comfuley. This ocklvers in Vaolly Hye addyesi 2 the fiat picvo instruction “tet ackvetes Ne turtuclion fateh yeutine- 7 Tee fetch Youtine May ibe Separeuted by inovenreuting the Gutro! Oddsecs vegiaTer Htovough the Vext ob th Pes iin. At he end Oy the fetch Youttue the iwtyittion 18 inte ieatructon veziatey th “the Cousputer, Se trauufermation trem “the instrucke, Cocte big B an Pddyoes tn Coutiel Mewiay tolure “fue routine 4 btated mm Yeberied Bas a “Maretug Pracens’ 7 A Mapring Proudure ie avule ~tot rains Oe, Cede tals a Control Memay Address, 4 he Entruchs = When the execution % “tu imtruction 14 Gupltd » Coutiot must vetumn 1 “thee fetch Youtine - Tp Summary, He cctdvens Seyueeccing Lopabileéres Yezutred tno Contio) Mercovy ove + Vegi tis! Dheteentating Oe tthe lontyo/ adden gia Ter. (spat Cnebheioua branch © Cond? tional brauch , sce on en bit Gyctitions. NJ 7 ey pioter rom “We bit Of te iartrucken 6 e3) gp ave cate! ame ay Aaperlty fa Subvouttue Golf aus veturn.Xe eococococeoeoouwvwgedo9000 < Tratiuttion Code Tapyon tine Regiat er een) Mievo Operations figs Saletion Se Addven far Grtel Meme — The deeqvam Abou ~w] © Byouchieg i4 achieved by Apeecbying tthe Brauch address in > Ore OF the Gields AH the Micro tuttruction, Condi Houa! — brouchie ip oblarued Sy UAiug part Ob the MiCro instruction te Select ep GSpecibic Atatus bit in ovdey t determine ih Cond? tion. > 9 ho extevsal addven 10 ctrausterred tuto Control Memay = . : 1 : Via a Ma 4 > *4 floret tn Apeci vegintes whore — Value 1A When Used When “Ihe webiwirhes ty Veturn trom fue Subroutine. eo The veturn oddven tr a. hubvoutine™ Micyo Greg iec? s o Scanned with CamScannerot oun Grins Fe > Ouee the Conbiqurotion Pc UNCMR ET ER Ce og aca! Contiol vnit 4 exfabliehed » the deigner’s Tork wate generate the Mice Pregvam for the Ceatrel . Memay . Cscrealtrs Conktgusettio c= Memory 2046 X16 Cosstre) Unie Aye Cownilee Haid eiove Confqucation. Consiah B tee Remery Uni t ord aah ard @ Cortiol — It A Main Memay fer Abvin tratiuetions Micro Pregrenn. = four vegidtevs ave ttn the Control vate ra ty (AR) The PrOtEwOF vegialers ave. Pregroro Counter CRC), Actress Vegi a caley (DR) ered actumulelbi (Ae), veginler + dat vejitter DR) 21 uC ¥ Tie Control oni far a Control Adve tegialey (CAR) avd a Es ‘ou Ret ou sub vootine SY jie ath | 5 te troupe & iugamabion among -tre vege lors i Yue Proteroy A deus “tavough MultiPlayera Yatuer than a Common Buy ternary for A biiug “Ihe auecieled With the ProGuor Lnié ara two- Mito fovtuetion Ferrodths lo 4g: TortnceBen fowret 7 A Gupuler Lnsturclion femal Conia & twee fields : CITA) Ar eee rer aiebey. strajrects adveating Aymebiged by @) ® A Abit OPevation Code CoP code) (3) An NbIE oddvey bel. Si 3 ee + [eTs[a[co] se] an Lig: miexe tustuction Code format (20 7G) © F2, Fe + miewo OPeration dretale, CD: Grdition Sav branching BR: Branch Geld. AD! Addven Geld. > The YVVIDGIIIIIIIAVIIIIIIAIASA 20 biG M% the MILO inghuchan axe diverted Inte four functional Pavli- The ~thee biel Fr, Fe ond Fy ppeciby Putyo oftrede, -fov “the Gopulers “the Cd freld Selecta plats bit Cordlition. Tho pe geld Areebies the type % brench fo be Used. Me AD bela) Contsina a bore addvein= “fle add yes bitld K Seren B/G Wid Ape ered Memery has tpg 9% words, > 2 Table: Symbols end brary Cede fey MILO taste ta, Frets ico Operation _ Syrebel_ ‘i 3 Nop CNo Oferction) > rill Reine Avp (aadiben) DR = data vegtale mac at Pe= Prefiau: Coune Ac <0 CLR AC leay AC) 5 AD= Adayen Held Ac 2 _—— al ned with CamScanner1 ———_— 5S A fy | ticxo operation Syordel 000 None Nor. Cro oferetion) | por Ac < AcHpR SuB Csubstaction) a Bee Ac Vv pe | aR COR oPeration) 1166 Ac = Ac ADR AND CAND operation, lo} ied M Car] READ | CRad operation) I t10 a Ac ACTOR | (mener Ae DR) U i OR DR4+I ING DR | ( Incvemeit OR) Sa R (o~0) 2 pe Pet pe | Craude Pe bDR) 3 | Mice Operation Syobo) | 000 None nop Cro operation) Oo) Ace ACBve XOR € xoR oPeration) C10 | Ace Re Olaf al Com © Complsiett) 100 ee oe SHL CShibt Lett) 7) eee ae SHR Cswibt Right) LOA Ey Se na INCPC Ctneveuuct operction) Lhe. | ite aes ART PC Crete AR te PC) = ep. |_ condition Syroho Seer 00-| Always =) U Uncoudi#ioual Brauch Or | DR ls) cE Tudiveet Adaya bit 10 \ Acus) S Sqn bit o AC ) Za evo Value in AC Funetion Te EO CAR< AD th conibon=4 CARS CARH ib Conlitien =0 CAR=AD, SBR CART CAR (2) “he ‘Co’ field har ouc OF tte letteva U,T¥6 ) Zz. > (Me GR field Couteing Que Th hn four Syerdole me, cart? RETO) MAP 2 15) The AD Bicld Specibies @ Value ute activen Wen! ob the Micvo instruction in bu of thvtee POMibJe days : pith a Symbolic addiey, which mut aly APPeay 212 labe/ (D with “the Syerbe NexT ckiiguali “the next adden ty Serer, (D wWhan tie BR beld Cuibiey & RET @) Map Syrobol, The Ap » field ia lebt Empty and x Convertid te Soucy 2 4y the > Wernbler. 2 > > ? aoa eeevevuvrs Scanned with CamScanner5D The Fetch Ruttne : words, and each Word Conbing 20 bile he The Gortto! Merrety hon 128 - pag TO Midve Pregiens “fe Contre) Mernary “Hee bre Valier & each @ Whe (2g Molds. te bivat bq woods Caddven 6 ts 3) ave & be otcupied by the Youtines fa tu 1b taitreelion. The lat 64 wods Any be Cred Soy UY Other Pur Pore, — A Govenieut The 1A neteavy 45 eleinrine Navtiag foca tion ofov Ite fetch Youtine (4 aden Ww MUO jartructouy necclecd for tur fetch Youtiue ave AR & pc PRE Mihi Wapeke sec AR —DR lone) «CAR (2-3) DR (u-ie)_, CAR lob eo. > The fetch Youtine needs Three Microiastruclions , whieh ave Plated in Contiol Memey at oddier 64,45 ang ee Ubing The arerob)y bequeg Conventions , we Con write te yen bo lic MIC Progrorn for “the feteh Youtine ay fellows. ORG 64 FETCH: PCTAR Bb IMP NEXT READ. INCPC TMP ee DRTAR Map CD? leudition Lor branching GR: Branch voutine AD: Aaaren ted.” 6R AD Mrevoopevationd BRANCH: Over: STORE:3 iz ORG 12 a 2 Nene Excnanae;| Nor = eaLe = |[zNoReT | SE peaD u gue | NEXT » ACTOR, DRTAC U IMP NEXT » (bse es Uv gmp | FETCH a ORQ i & ° Pemicu cer aria u ame | NEXT | a READ, INcPC U MP Next DRTAR ° U MAP INDRcT;| READ te 3 DRTAR v rHeP ar > = U RET 43: Sem | Se te a 2h Syprbelic Mie Prva (portial J. _ wm nate “Phat tat Fat Gosbsing. (pe Pevtta! luk i the. mice Pregrarn ovly C4 out H 16 Powible Computer instructions have been Micie Prepon = plo, Gabel Memay wade at locator 69 % 2% have rot Leer Used > = Tnehucken Auch ay Multiph,, divide and Other swat Yequive a5 > Noug Acgeutuce Te Mitvo Operations will Weed Mevetoan —fouw . Mievo wytuctons for “herr execution: i > REM. RMAC 2 Jobe: ginary micre Pegs? (parte [we > Routine 3 ~ ae ‘00001 4 0000000 | 2 | ADD * | eoceee! oo Ipecac! | } 9 0000010 oo) 000000 | 3 000001) ooo | (000000 | 4 |9000100 coo | 000 | 000/10 00 000110 s\ BRANcH fe lomeelcim since? [000 | 006|00 | 00 1000000 | | G 0000110 000 | 000 | 602 | 0} G} (1000011) a (0000111 000 a 110 500 | 9g 1000000 » 900 | 000 ws 0} oth g (000) 000 | | 0) 006 STORE q 000100! 10) |0c0 )00 | 99 |qo0 (010) io 0601016 000 000 |00 gg 1 000000 1) oO0tO11 000 000 00 | 0d eee | C06 000 6 oO} 10000 yy 0001160 ol y EXCHANGE 1 000110) Moleoo aw [on |a00tO" | 1a 0001010 101 000 00 00 Ceol 006 000 00 | 00 1000000 1 7 2 | 15 ooo) Scanned with CamScanner- pr Scanned with CamScanner_BS > The Couto! Memory op 6 tach Aub field rovit be le Coded @ 7 Provide “the diz Guct Mitvo operation, . 38 > The Ole the decedeys ave Conneched tthe appropriate TP in The Proeemey nits » 67 Abows The three decoders ant Acme Of the Cnneclon, > cthat mut be Made ~fonr “retry output. > TT Each Bb the these elds % “te mnevo inctruclan pretty > aveilable inthe lp 2 Coutro! Merry ave cleCodad with a 9 3X8 decocley 6 Provide eight OutPit,. - —> Each gh these Outpuy mut be Connects % “the Prorer Grady initiate “The Covuroncliag micro oFeiation as Avecthied in Talo > The MultiPlerers Aelect the iugarmation fiom DR When olp ch 1D active ard from Pe When Olp 5 3A tnackve- > ™ The traushey ih AR occurs culth a Cloue Pule transition ehh When OPN e oi NGAis! Soha ties Zeeiny ene | ace > ~The Otber Ofp's bh the decodeys “that initiale “bowhews bho 5 veqistera Prat be Connecti tr a Aimilav baokion. > > The Ayrto/, AND, ADD ond DR . tho jupul% Will new Gme J fiom ue output Th the clecodeys avsotioted With the Aymbols > AND, ADD “ad DRTAC vesrectinely fa the Arithmetic logic abibt Uidy The ottev ofp’ Sb the detedeys Hat ave Aietiaky With an AC m Opevation murt alin be Connectiy te ‘the > evithmete logic Anitg OniE Ina Aimiby fashion. ? Micw preqvaro Seosseucey : ) — the baie Component emcee i Jarmmed Gntie! voit ave the Contol Memory ang the Shier . cet hee next eddien. The eddven telge > « Ban povt tn cated o ‘Mieve Pegiann y Sequencer ls The Purfone of a Mito Proqrarg Lepiencer 7 ? “io oan yon tp tee Gntto! Memay © hat a Micro Pastracken May be a a oud Execution. a Scanned with CamScanner