} INTRODUCTION: o ‘The word “forensic” comes from a Latin word forensis : public, to the forum or > public discussion, argumentative: rhetorical belonging to debate or discussion. _yeit isa small step to the modern definition of forensic as belonging to , the used ina suitable to court of judicature or to public discussion or debate. Forensic science is science used in public in a court or in the justice system. Any-science used for the public purpose of the law, is a forensic science. ‘yf Forensic science is not a discipline or branch of science; but Its a catch-up al for many distinct disciplines: Medicine, laboratory and field science. Forensic science is essentially a crime laboratory ~based profession; the course qualified persons to apply their knowledge of science to the investigation of the crime. But the expertise of a forensic professional is also used in civil cases of a signature on a will to a claim of the for issues, like providing the vali products liability. _geforensic scientists analyse all physical evidence found on a victim on the scons of a ctime and compare it to evidence found on a suspect and provide expert testimony in a court of law. The evidences might includes traces of blood; finger-prints; footwear and tyre impressions; od ind alcohol etc. They the court to give _saliva; other body fluids, hait explosives; specimens of tissue of poisons; blood u hhave to prepare a report to their investigation and appea! \ evidences. They work closely with the police to provide scientific evidences, z me of forensic Laboratory: This include the following branches or Section for investigation 4 Finger print Section: In this section study or ‘examination of the finger print by the finger print expert developed with crime 2 Toxicological Section: In this section examination of various drugs and. poisons etc. are estimated. SNR,ification of different body fy ear aie of afferent OTB, Bang and their nature; the &% . eal ent suspiciou: materials etc. are under mine the differ suspi Us stag in exal death due to asphyxia, is sectio A® Pathology Section: This S800 tain ete, ‘various physical evidence collected from nes and drug were body fluid, burns, blood BroUP jaca .d_explosion sce! 5: Physical Investigation Section’ n the crime-scene such as fire af examined in this section £- Explosive Section: All firearm: amine in this section. rae idence needed to photography, so % Photographie Section: Many of the evi photography section is necessary for t crime-scene photograph in the court. &. Documents Analysis Section: Hand writ of alleged forged documents are undertake! documents expert examines the various types of indirectly involved in a forgery case. The forgery cases may be of different types; but all these are examined by the handwriting expert. From the report of a documents examiner; the investigating agency can sile; gun powder and other explosive he forensic laboratory to produce ing; type writing and examination nin this section. 4 documents directly or definitely detect the real culprit of particular cases. A Serological Section: This section undertaken blood group test for different suspicious stain and body fluid. _) Serological plays an important role in establishing facts in respects of various crimes. In the case of murder where knife and other weapons are involved. itis the serologist who is to ascertain whether the particular weapon ned with human_blood_or not. From the finding of a serologist the investigating_officer_can_identify the culprit of the crime. Serologist has established the fed paternity cases by testing the blood group. For detection Of poisons; drugs and different chemicals, a part from usual chemical and biochemical methods; the following analytical techniques are applied: —+ Chromatosraphy (i) Column Chromatography (ii) Paper Chromatography (ii) Thin Layer Chromatography (iv) Gas Chromatography differen ain this ¢ station: + The chlids Nts ts > Spectrophotometry: (i) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ii) NMR spectroscopy and (iii) infra red ‘in, «Electrophoresis: By this method different protein component of different body fluids are identified.) > In this case, the proteinous substance of testing material pass through a re stationary phase on application of electric charge. « The charge components moves a certain distance. ve «The separated protein in the stationary phase are stained with colouring agent which shows characteristics bands each of which is individualistic for a protein. «The stationary phase is made up of starch or ager on a glass slide, e |. The testing material is placed at one end of stationary phase. 4 + Electrode is attached at both ends of gel slides. . « Electrically charged protein components moves on the phase plate and at the end, the gel plate is treated with colouring-agent for the protein , which causes appearance of visible characteristics band depending on the character of the protein. * EVIDENCE, r Wrak {fer din ( Ence given before a court of law is of two types, ive. Lippécumentary and “{iiy Oral or parole * ‘All documents produced for the inspection of the court, such documents are called ¢ 1 i ,, where as all statements. which the court permits ort requires to be made before it by witness or under inquiry, such statements [Link] oral or parole evidence. Evidence: It comprises all documents written_or printed to be roduce before courts for examination during the course of trial. It_may_ _s” Medical Certificate (In relation to ill health; death; insanity; sex; age etc:) ~/ Medical Report (Injury report; post-mortem report; report on sexual offender (offences); pregnancy; abortions etc.) Dying Declaration ition in previous inion from books, deposi judicial proceeding etc.)one i we ritten made by a person s, erbal or 4 is is a statement Vor ircumstances lead a Declaration: his is condition or the cl ading examining, him (vic deceased narratin certify that the vie ause of his Id art the caus sing analyst/ doctor should range fog his death. if time permits, the atten son who is kei yng declaration of 2 P $2 yA dying deposit magistrate to record the dying condition is S0-8°@Ve (0.8. burning Jr S¥ing de tient. result of criminal violence. if the Pa! aie a because: vgans, criminal abortion etc.) death 9, case, injury to vital at ee. consciousness. [Link] Refane—she--susial—=s > saa ee aoe himself bearing. in is recor analyst/doctor should. record. the statement beacing ns al following points an lewd icate (i) initially he 1. The analyst/doctor has to issued two certificate (i) ly he has to victim ser certify that the patient is in sound mental condition(compose mentis) tg oud make the declaration and {ii) When the declaration is concluded he 4% Qral Evidence 0 should certify that it was made while the declarant was compose mentis, All statements it was read over to him and that he accepted. under enquiry, 2. The declaration may be made orally but the person receiving it should important that commit it to writing at that time. Oral evidence 3. In case of extreme weakness or cut throat injuries where the victim is unable to speak but able to make sign in answer to questions, these should be recorded in form of questions and sign. a4 Direct Eviden 4. The declaration; luded ictit laration; when concluded should be read over to the victim who The Gale should affix his signature or left thumb impression to it. It should also be of that perso sign by the doctor recording it as well as by the witness. If the statement evidence ie is written by the patients him-self; it should be sign by him; the doctor evidence re! and the witnesses. other: mann 5. The declaration should then be forwarded in a seal cover to the heard or pr appropriate magistrate. The dying declaration forms are important evidence in chemical trial in the event of the victim’s death, If the victims survive; it ceases to have any legal value. The declarant must then come to the court to give the oral evidence and be cross Circumstal examination for ¥ This is the 4 ae ie ee such as | "s ¢ yf 'tis_a statement or oath made by a d victim's aaa 2 2 dying person ti i in the presence of the accused and his lawyer oh bles: revolverSince 8 ty for g asa rning or the the to | to he tis, Id examining him (victim). Before the statement is made, the doctor should be certify that the vietim is compose mentis. ‘A dying deposition legally carries more weight than a dying declaration because: pear + It is recorded by a magistrate. «itis recorded in the presence of the accused and his lawyer who has the opportunity of cross examining the declarant. In contrast to dying declaration; the dying deposition retains its full legal value even if the victim servivessusvi~t Qral Evidence or Parole: All statements which the court permits or requires to be made in relation to under enquiry, such statements are called orabevidence. Oral evidence is more important than documentary evidence, since the person has to prove on oath. Oral evidence may be direct or circumstantial _ Direct Evidence: The Gfal evidence whenever. possible mustdbiidizéch It must be the evidence of that person who has personal knowledge of fact in relation to the particular evidence i, 1e evidence of an eyewitness. Accordingly if the oral evidence refer to a fact which could be seen, heard, or pre-received in any other'manner; it must be the evidence of that person who has himself seen; heard or pre-received Indirect evidence is the_ evidence of a witness who has_no personal knowledge of fact but repeats only what he has heard other saying. Circumstantial Evidence: This is the@videne® consisting of facts, ; from which an inference may be drawn, such as finding of blood on the weapon of offence or upon the suspect/ the fatal victim's clothing or laboratory determination to the fac bullets recovered from the body of the victim was fired from a particular revolvers; piston which was in possession ofthe suspects atthe time of arrestbecause it admit, le it is desirable that oral evidence cross-examination. There are ictly necessary. In these he person who has actually hearg of cross-examination for its accuracy; whil must always be direct and. subject to Cros circumstantial when this is either-not-possible-oF t of tI case the report/observation or statemen' ceeatiec Can tnessed/ examined the particular evidence jg or pre-received thing. or wi accepted as such. Forensic Report: The documents prepared by the medical/ Forensic tl in i nc obedience to a demand by an authorized police officer ora ae and are 7 oisoni referred to chiefly in criminal cases relating to assault; rape; murder; poisoning _etc. These reports consist of three parts: introductory or preliminary data eg. full name; Age; Address; Date; place and time of examination including identity marks etc. “7. The facts observed on examination a 3. The opinion or the inference drawn from the fats. In order that they may be admitted as exhibits in evidence; these report should be written up by the medical/forensic officer at the time of examination was made. After noting the facts accurately in details; the opinion should be expressed briefly to the points. The medical/forensic officers must remember that he should always base the opinion on the facts observed by himself. + In_drawing conclusions in_forensic reports, he should not depend upon information derived from_any other source. However if these opinion tallies with the information supplied, he should say so in his report. * Injury case should be kept under observation and the fact notified to the police, if it is not possible to form an opinion immediately after examining him, a hasty opinion should not be formed, even if pressed by the police. Scenes of Crime OR Crime Scene Investigation: « There should be no doubts in any forensic analyst mind that a visit to the scene of a suspicious death is not only desirable but an essential part of the investigation of a sudden or suspicious death. However, such visit to the scene as part of the investigation team will invariably enable the analyst to put into content his autopsy findings, and will assist the others who also attend the scene when the into play in rec The analyst a investigation; js due to hot attendances in a public in Forensic phi have not be alse_enable examinatic injuries. SU yy Amanage (fall infor is to be explored Forensic has_to Manage officer fulfil th witht investi all the At the been appr whic care bloc pha pla vie eee —eeEeEE————JXit admit evidence ‘ ere are i In these ly heard fence is T ficer in i and are soning Date; hould 1 was id be mber nself. upon allies Forensic physician may be called upon the attend at other scene of crime that have not been associated with fatalities; such as the scenes of rap. This should yy Amanaged Team Expert cone when the aspects of thes cen examination that involved the body « nto play in reconstruction the fatal incident. ae he ahalyst at the scene may also be able; even at the initial phase of the investigation; to direct the police in their investigation, that whether the death js due to homicide; suicide; accident or perhaps natural causes. Sych scene attendances are particularly important when the death may have to scrutinize ina public inquiry. also enable them to piece together the injuries identified in their chemical examination with their possible causation; particularly in case of patterned injuries, such as brushing against faces and hedges contact with walls. If all information present at. scene that would be of evidential importance is to be Pe Ei eke appropriately; the scenewill = to be explored and visited by various person with different specialist expertise Forensic sci ‘ay also be recognized that the investigation of the scene has to be managed carefully, It is therefore, now a “crime Scene Manager’(CSM)-to be appointed. This person is frequentlya senior police — ho have been specifically trained to officer or forensic laboratory scientists, w! ientist “fulfil this role. The CSM will answer to the senior officer who has been tasked with the investigation of the case; often referred to as the. SIO_ (senior investigating officer) and he has to link with him continuously as wellas with all the other team players that will be attending in sequences. ) At the very beginning of the investigation; before the various specialists have been called out, it is to be hoped that the scene has been cordoned off and the appropriate “common approach paths” demarcated towards the body through which’ the various examiners of the scene can take placed. This track should carefully avoid evidential material such as foot wear imprint; pools of blood; blood spatter; broken glass fragments; cigarette butts etc. This preparatory phase is essential and-has-to be carefully attended to before anything-else take place. The delineation of the scene from the forensic investigative point of the person is dead, view when takes very much a secondary place. If however,these should be [Link] [Link] scene; » securing of the scene and the appropriate personnel must be. called. : The media: The_media also wants their share of the action when they wi arrive, and take interview of the various people and to take photograph some | time. All the communication with the press have to be carefully worded and jt [Link] natified by the press. ) ForUnit Iv (Forensic Analysis) Physical, Biological and Chemical Method: Examination and grouping of blood stain: Jy Blood and blood stain: Blood is one of the most important body fluid; which easily escapes during any assault; injury; murder; vehicular accident and sex crimes. Blood stain are often present on the cloths; weapons; floor; fu wheels or part of a vehicle; at the scene of crime. * The examination of the blood stains comprise of three steps: Whetber the stain is blood or not: This can be deciding by routine/screening and confirmatory test. eabb ites io Ths “depends ony tre presence of peroxidise in haemoglobin which when mixed with suitable reagents; produces characteristic coloured compound by oxidation. Hrreniine test: jue Take blood stain in benzidine reagent with presence of hydrogen peroxide (H30s. blue colour developed for positive result. fenolphthalein test OR Castle Mayertest: Pin! = Purplt For preparation of Feagent] take 130 mg phenolphthalein + 1.3 ¢ of pot. Hydroxide and 100 mi distilled water; boiled till clear solution. e bloc jin reagent prepared A above + add H»0) to give Pink or Purple colour if stain blood. Arava test: ‘Take stain and few drops of an alcoholic solution of guaiacum and hydrogen peroxide added to gives a deep blue coloured if stain is blood.ell (RBC) which are circula This depends on the presence of red blood I 80) se ca of diameter 7.2 microns. biconcave and non nucleated css of ameter T.2ieron, Ths shape red cell in all mammals is as mentioned above except in the camel. There are certain chemical tests which can be visualised under microscope. Since chemica, are involved they are called as micro-chemical tests. (A) Haemin crystal test or Teichman’s test: Take blood stain on a slide ang a iz vs add few drops of glacial acetic acid on it, mixed with glass rod. To this; few @ Blood group of th 7" cell membrane; t group-B; Group- Red blood cells and will result ir Similarly; red bo ‘The red cell co microscope: mao, Py ~~ igo noge eo aaa A few drop of Takayamas “ti iahoen 798 EE consisting of (NaOH(3ml); glucose(7ml); Pyridine (3ml) an $4, waber= a pose inl rc ENT aay \water(7mi) are added to a small portion of blood stain. A fine pink crystal ~2f_haemechromogen_(ataline reduced haematin) Is seen under microscope, if stain is blood. 2 Whether Human or Animal blood: ‘Whether Human or Animal blood: Most of blood stain are dried and the question is whether they are human must depend upon detection of human protein by immunological technique {antigen- antibody reaction). Anti-human-globulin test sera are preferable, 4 The precipitin test In this test, used anti sera prepared from rabbits @ cloudy reaction (flocculation) appearing loudy reaction (flocculation| between test by injection of human protein; at surface of contact (interface) and human tissue suspensions. Other species fails to react at all. The use of electrophoresis method has much improved the delicacy of these recipitin tests. Naked Eye&xamination: Blood stain change colour with time. Eresh blood is red in colour and Blossy; but soon become reddish brown from conversion of haemoglobin In bin and haematin. Fresh arterial blood is bright red in colour; while fresh venous blood is not so bright but rather purple. - ai i-B antigen. crystals of sodium chloride is added, if possible it may be heated. If stain Bath blood; naemin erytal which are rhombic in shape are seen under “ic Hele groupisnotag blood to be tr Similarly, AB to this group. plasma. tetus te N6 reveals that reveals that If agglutinati blood. if the the blood Table: Shp ‘Anti Anti® (+ Agglutir ° gx ap Braminat can be de stick nuclar; the are cal Blood group of the stain: According to the antigen present on the surface of red cell membrane; the blood can be classified into four major groups like group-A; .group-B; Group-AB(universal recipient) and group-O|universal donor) fed blood cells with group-A wil react with plasma containing AntsA anloody and will result in red cll clumping together; this is known as agglutination, Similarly; red blood cells with B group antigen will react with anti-B antibody, The red cell containing A and B antigen will be agglutinated by both anti-A or _anti-B antigeh, to ey The blood in which red cells have ne ‘or B antigen is called O group. The © group is not agglutinated by either of the antibody. This isthe reason for O group blood to be transferred to any person and is known as universal donor. Similarly, AB group is called a universal recipient; because the person belonging to this group can receive any group blood, since there are no antibodies in the plasma Let us try Nw blood group is detected: Agglutination of RBC by anti-A serum reveals that the red cell being to A group while agglutination with anti-B serum reveals that the blood is of B group, If agglutination accurs in both anti sera; it indicates that the blood is AB group blood. if there is no agglutination with anti-A and anti-B sera; it,indicates that the blood is of 0 group. Under table showing the blood grouping. Table: Shp oi04 grouping ‘Examination of WBC can help in establishing sex identity. Sex of the blood stain can be determined by the examination of leukocytes. The neutrophil contains a drum stick nucleys in females only (6% of cells) but absent in males. This drum avidson's body stick nucleus is known as Dé eeePaternity and non paternity’ Blood groups of parents | Possible in Semen and Si | children a Secnae: cor r foro Ci phosphatase OA aoe “in the nvest [ons fated Oo; characterist ‘None lows with —_—S]aasioro | O seen on un 0:8 ALAS clothing tk Ta a8 0 or opaque A; 8; AB o “ifthese stai ce Asef the stain Colour and nature of the stain can help to establishing the age of the stain as follow: ~*” Blood when fresh, itis bright red in colour. ~" In 24 hours, it is reddish brown, ~r” More than 24 hours, itis dark brown and on longer duration it becomes black. <4 If the stain is fresh, it is moist and sticky, <2” Ifthe stain is old, itis dry and scaly, (h) Whether arterial or venous blood “4” If blood is arterial origin; itis bright red. & ¥ Acdphos ~* If blood is venous origin; it is dark red, Asemina dico legal Imp: cd Medico legal Importance: Blood group is useful; treate ~* Incase of disputed paternity. 47 In case of child being born in a hospital and claimed by different parents. ~#* In deciding inheritance claims, <« To decide whether a blood paternity, distingysemen and Seminal stain: Semen; consists ofa fluid portion containing chaling; lecithin, phosphorous; acid phosphatase; and spermin etc. detection of seminal stalnis an important aspect in the Investigation of case like,rape; sodomy etc, K naked eye examination it has @ consistency yellowish white colour: ‘characteristics odour of semen; viscous jelly like with alkaline reaction, which lows with a bluish fluorescence under ultraviolet light Seminal stain. may be seen on undergarments of victim/accused in the case of rape; o_on_other clothing like salvar; shirt ete. on visual examination they appear as translucent “or opaque spot and a bit stiff on cloths where absorption of semen can be there, if these stains ore seen under ultraviolet light; they appear fluorescent. In fresh sample; a characteristic disagreeable smell can be appreciated oe yy Chemical Examination Seminal stan bearing area of thing to Soke “I acilte! water for one hour and this estat used or the microscopic cose ation of sperme. Seminal stain present on the body are scraped Out Genly ant put into Pet ish, med and following chemical test are apted— yo paence test: This test depends upon the presence of choline, ‘Take extract of seminal stain on a slide and add few drops of Florence reagent [RTF THO jn ratio 15em; 252m and 30miJand mixed. A dark brown needle shaped erystal js seen under microscope for positive reaction: O verio’stest; This depends upon the presence of spermin and vield rhomboid spermin on addition of barberio;s reagent. ‘A seminal stain extract is made and placed rrcelain tile. Itisthen ated with solution of disodium-phenvi-nhosnhate. ‘After enzymatic reaction ‘by acid-phosphatise present_in_seminal stain; phenol is liberated which is detected by adding a solution of phenel reagent and sqdium carbonate, Blue colour developed within 10 minutes indicating presence of acid phosphate in the stain.[Acid phosphatise content per ml of semen \s-so much greater in the man (average 2500) than the ani mal (yp to 12) that is the useful means of distinguishing human seminal fluid]4° Nederland test: This test employs dilute H:SOx Florence test, In this test hy itication of the Peltzer test: Peltzer used @ modifica peroxide. f $2meN Is presay rened with hydrogen suspected spots are moist rus he sam ve reaction s obtained; long lance: oe ine potassium iodide sO1UtiON £0 the ggg an se ee a SOOM ut on frown cls ct ane pas a SOM, when added to a suspecteg ‘a white crystalline precipitate specimen; the weak sulphuric acid produced a white fl the presence of semen, These crystals are probably sulphate of calcium found n semen and body fluids extensive foaming occurs. 7 stained with 2% aqueous eosin ually high; some reagent 4 Zinc test: The concentration of zine in semen is usually hig! reagent likes Byridylazonaphthol (PAN) which gives bright colour product with zinc in semen, 1° Medico legal importance: The study of semen arises in the following case ledico legal importance: © Rape © Other sexual offenders * Artificial insemination * Identity by grouping/ abnormality AY Semen Facts: Volume: The average volume of semen produced at Ejaculation: 1.5 to 5 mL. “Concentration (sperm count) Sperm per mililitre + $0 to 150 millon. ty: How many moving sperm are present? Low motility can also indicate Formal problem o a varocele: Sot 6Ox. Morphology: What percentage of sperm are normally shaped: More than 50% BH level: A pH level higher than 8.0 could indicate the donor has no infection. Between 7.2 to 7.8 Liquefaction: While semen is initially thick; its ability to liquefy, or turn toa watery consistency; help sperm to move. if semen does not iquefy in 15 to 30 nutes; fertility could be affected: It should take 15 to 30 minutes before spem™ ee affected liquefies fuged; placed on a slide ang ©) ae an "vx Asphyxia is defi function of Ta “Several causes s Physical deficient. © inhaling is carrying which pr ‘© Drugs/Po (Morphir = Mechani “4 respirati smother + Patholog |. Hanathe: Hanging is that bya ligature wi the body. The slight force is e ‘+ Complet 7 © Atypi backside © Typical | t cartilage region. © Partial | “touchini with onl 6 kg.) ac =oaiiby Frigg ale Con alin, the, Lan, MUtOR EY Finding tor ench) ‘ UNIT-2 (Real Case Analysis) On ‘Asphyxia Is defined as lack of oxygen in blood and due to failure of + Physical Causes: bre ( hysical i breathing in high altitudes with vitiated medium; deficient of oxygen e.g, mountaineering + Inhaling Irrespirable gases: such as gases Interfering with normal oxygen carrying capacity of blood haemoglobin eg, CO; CO,; Hy etc. or gases which prevents cellular oxidation enzymes e.g, HCN. Drugs/Poisons: directly depressing the respiratory centre e.g. narcotics (Morphine); anaesthetic etc a Mechanical Asphyxia: This is due to mechanical interferences to respiration e.g. hanging; strangulation; throttling; suffocation; choking; smothering; drowning etc Pathological Asphyva: This is due tothe dsease eg ung pathology.) oa Hanging is that form of the asphyxia which is causes by suspension of the body bya ligature which encircles the neck; the constricting force being the weight of the body. The whole weight of the body is not necessary, only a comparatively slight force is enough to produce death. Itis four types. + Complete hanging: Both feet are not touching the ground. + “Atypical hanging: Knot of the ligature is anywhere other than on the backside of the neck. «Typical hanging: The ligature runs from the middle above the thyroid “cartilage symmetrically upward on both side of the neck to the occipital _region, + Partial hanging: The body are partially suspended; the toes or feet touching the ground or are in sitting; lying down or any other position with only the head and chest off the ground. The weight of thehead (5 to 6 kg.) act as the constricting forces.wh ad e-l Ligature: ; le readily available for the purpose, like a rope; scarf; dhotl ;sari; turban etc, Forensie analyst should note whether the mark on the neck corresponds wth th mata alleged to have been used in hanging and it is strong Beene dear the weight and jerk of the body .He should also note its texture and length, to know whether it was sufficient to hang. Sometimes the rope will break: or become de-attached and person will be found lying on the ground with the A suicide will use any articl metallic chains; wire; belt; bed sheet ligature around the neck. Autopsy Finding in Hanging: Firstly, in post-mortem; hypostasis is noticed markedly in the legs and hands then the body. If the body is hung for more than 4 hours, fixation of post- mortem staining can also be noted. Hypostasis is seen in the lower extremities, because these from the dependent portion of the body. ‘The depth of the mark will depend on the material used for the hanging. For example: If the thin rope is used; the mark is deeper but narrow; if a sariis used the mark is shallower but wider. It is deepest opposite the position of the knot, which is indicated by a wider impression on the skin .The knot is situated on the right side of the neck, as most cases are suicidal and because most men are right handed and so find it easier to tie the knot on the right side. {In suicidal hanging; the knot is generally a slip knot. If the ligature has gone round the neck, more than once; then many marks; closed to each other; and one above the other are seen. 3 ee g Strangulation is that form ofthe asphyxia whichis caused from constriction of the neck bya ligature without suspending the body”. Its in five types: Beers reby a iga tice WRN GUYS Usa al five types: * ligature Strangulation: When ligature material are used, ‘+ Manual Strangulation: When hands are used to compress the neck, + _Mugging: Neck is compressed by keeping between the elbow joints and compressed. ‘+ _Bhansdola: Neck is compressed between two sticks, © _Garroting: Post-mortem ape Ligature marks 2 Areseen. s Atthe lew © Running fi = Very few Strangulation struggle marks Dirrernel— Ope —"T Fraction of strangulati 2. Hyoid bone 3. Suicidal ste garrotting 4, The neck « 5. Lungs are 6. Frothy ble 3. Suffocation: Suffocation is by deprivatio obstruction ¢ as AL Smotherin SMOTHERIN ‘Smot! exter ate. Autopsy Fin«© Garroting: Neck is compressed between sticks a ting: Neck is compressed between sticks with lever a one end. mort Pos | appearances: Ligature marks «Are seen all around the neck. * Atthe level of thyroid cartilage Running horizontally Very few abrasions are seen strangulation being usually homicic: homicidal; injuries due to str struggle marks, and is often observed as ° tent appeanans = To Fraction of thyroid cartilage; usually a vertical feature is noticed in all strangulation. 2. Hyoid bone is usually not broken. 5. Suicidal strangulation is usually rare, asitis impossible, except asin case with garrotting with lever and ligature: 4, The neck muscles are bruised Lungs are congested and haemorrhagic on cut section Frothy blood is present in the respiratory passages 4 Suffocation: Suffocation is 2 general term to indicate that form of asphyxia; which is caused of oxygen either due to ack of onvgs inthe environment or from vassages at the level of the nose and mouth. Itis classified by deprivation _ obstruction of the ai as: A. Smothering 2 Choking 3Burking and 4;7faumatic asphyxia. SMOTHERING ‘ed by mechanical occlusion of form of asphyxia caus ; cloths; plastic bags Smothering is a fe Viz. The nose; mouth by ha external air passages. etc Autopsy Finding: Following specific finding are usually seen:bruises may be found around the mouth and nostrils. They * Abrasion and bruises may be foun a oe ay not be seen if a soft materials lke cloths; a pillow ete. le eat di Injuries on the inside of the lips from pressure of teeth may be Bruising of the gums or sometimes tear (laceration) of the delicate tissues ising of the gums or sometimes may be found Medico legal importance: ‘Smothering is usually accidental. tis common in alcoholics; epileptes ete Children may be suffocated while playing with plastic bags over the face or head or on entire body (rarely) A Sexually perverted individuals ‘may cover the head with plastic bag during ‘he sexual experience and got killed accidently. ele CHOKIN “Choking is a form of asphyxia caused by mechanical occlusion within air Passage by y a foreign object”; which may are: A solid objet like a metallic Coin; edible fruits; seeds; toffees etc. * A food particles like bolus of rice particles; fish and any other animals bone etc. “>a Pieces of cloths like hanker chief; sari or dhoti materials Mouth tightly occluding the stuffed into the air passages. finding are observed: * Pressure of the foreign object that produced choking will b respiratory track, when dissected Properly, © Choking is usually accidental; more common in children who play while eating. e found in the 3: Burking:traumatic asphyxia, and sold t Burkand Hare, who use to sy to kill people regularly, ther altogether. The modus ope, parts of the city in nights, i Going away with the element of change ‘andi consisted of roaming the disreputable nostrils with his hands, while Burke would sit on the poor victim’s chest, 2 combination of intoxication, smothering and traumatic asphyxia. They later got arrested. Burk was publicity hanged (lawful homicide) 4, Traumatic Asphyxia “It is defined as form of asphyxia resulting from trauma to the chest or. pressure on the chest and the back preventing respiratory movements", “The classic features of traumatic asphyxia are due to simple mechanical pressure causing the compression of the blood under increasing tension inthe veins of the head and neck, reaching bursting point, and at the same time preventing breathing. Another causes are, pressure over chest from unconcern movement of persons ina ero fixing Autopsy Finding: * Traumatic asphyxia is usually accidental. «Face is congested and livid. i + In traumatic asphyxia, death results from pressure fixation of the chest and / or abdomen. Because of pressure on the chest, the victim is unable to breathe and dies of asphyxia, Burking is a method of homicidal smothering with traumatic asphyxia. + “Intense cyanosis in the head: neck and upper chest, with haemorrhagic spots * Pallor below the level of compression ») ‘THROTTLING:1e hands of the assaila In throttling compression of the neck is brought about the hi nt In throttling compressioi i ee The victim is often women and the crime may follow rap Post-mortem Appearances it sary. The evidence is often minimal and a painstaking search is necessary. External the nails. + Nall marks: Crescentrie abrasions on the neck, caused by oe *+ Finger marks: Bruises caused by the pressure of the finger, elt or confluent and seen on either side of the neck * Signs of sexual interference in female. , * Signs of struggle like dishevelled hair; torn clothes; broken bangles and injuries like scratches; bruises ete, Internal * Bruising of the tissues and muscles of the neck. * Fracture of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage. * Haemorrhages beneath the capsules of the thyroid and salivary glands. go) (prow “Drowning is a form of asphyxia death; where in the entry of the air into the lungs is Prevented by water or other fluids due to the submersion of mouth and nostril (complete submersion of whole body is not necessary)”, Circumstance: * Drowning may occur in fresh water asin wells; canals; or river or in sea water. Death is more rapid in fresh water, Ponds; tanks; lakes water than in sea * The submersion of the body may be complete or only partial, Even a small Quantity of water asis present ina ditch can drown a person when he falls face down in it and is unable to get up. This may occu children or in adults due to intoxication or in an epileptic ft or heart attack, * Sudden inrush of water, especially when cold, may cause s causing asphyxia. It is known as dry drowning as no wat respiratory passages and lungs. PASM Of larynx ter enters the uses of fresh/ salt infection, 1p air 2 At wa Post-mo! external: ea oM insu Injur refends, > the rand ikes sea nail alls “in causes of Death: Various causes such fresh] salt water drowning); head inact Sectrolte ib ‘head injury due to fallin water, rt mh exhaustion and infection. 4 {tis classified in two major types Typical drowning (Wet Drowning): he uction of the owning): here there is ie actual obstruction Passages by the fluid or water column entering into it, “ 2. Atypical Drowning (Dr 'y Drowning): here there i t water is inhaled into the air passages, lea Post-mortem Appearances External Clothes may be wet. * Mud; sand or small plants (e.g. algae) may be found on cloths and body. * Copious; fine white; lathery; tenacious froth is seen at the mouth and nostrils. The skin of the palms and soles of the feet are pale; sodden and wrinkled (washer woman’s hand appearance) due to imbibitions of water. Post-mortem injuries cause by aquatic animals like fish; crabs etc. may be found. Internal «All the organs may be congested. Froth is seen in the respiratory passages. present in the stomach; small inte: 2 «© Water-loggingis seen inthe lungs. Lungs are massive aid voluminous and pour out frothy blood stained fluid on cut section. Mud, sand or gravel or plant matter may be seen in the respiratory passages especially at the bifurcation of the trachea or the root of the lungs. , © Water is sstine and also in middle -ear. INJURIES: with some weapon. It would be more natural #0 fh resulted from fall to the ground as an Injury- Injury sustained by an assault refer to a split eyebrow whic!Injuries caused by 1 chanical violen divided into bruises oF contusions, »brgslons and laceration a Bruise (contusions), are injuries whieh lub (lathe); whip; iron; s caused by a blow from blunt weapons, such as a i boots ete, These are accompanied by one; ball finge painful swelling and crushing or tea Hing is due to the rupt | the cellular tis Eechymos Ing of the subcutaneous tissues. The of the small subcutaneous blood vessels producing Hes extravasations of blood; whieh is known makes its as ecchymosis, appearance in one oF two hours after the injury. It may “PPeAr even in loss time, if the skin injured Is very thin Le. eyelids Brulsing develops more e, ‘asily in soft vascular tissues such as the eyelids than in tough and less vas cular ones such as the palm of the hand or sole of the foot Result of Bruises. Bruise: © simple injuries. The rupture of interna extrava are seldom fatal uniess accompanied by the "I organs or by extensive cruising of the tissues and large OF blood; producing sloughing and gangrene of the parts " bruise, through trivial individually, they cause death from However, sever shock. tae Abrasions are injuries involving loss of the super-facial layer of the skin and are = Produced by a blow; a fall or slide on a rough surface or being dragged in a vehicular accident by seratching or grazing with the finger nails; thorns; by teeth- bites or by friction and pressure of springs or ropes tied /around neck or other Part of the body, ae iS ‘Ane (Fate) of an Abrasions: -Abrasions usually heal rapidly without any scar formation; unless they are deep enough to involve the dermis which prevents re-growth of hair and sebaceous Blands, A rough idea about their age may be gathered from the following changes: presh: The ares plood. The der 12-24 Hours: 7 dried blood 1-3 Days: The abraded area, 4-5 Days: The 6-7 Days: The from the mar ¢ 8-10 Days: Th underneath, course of tin taceration: ‘These involve a sp company with sur wound. The extra 1, The project prominenc 2. A rolling gr may be gro tension by Local bruising is crushing rather t along a line; and on the head m: Survives a few | become coalesce laceration is co hymen; or in ind May suffer grav. Fire Arms Wouabraded area 45 Days: The scab is dark brown in apy om : pearance. 6-7 Days: The scab is brownish black in and starts falling off a @ppearance I 8-10 Days: The sc underneath. Th Fcnntts 204 falls off eaving some de pgm 1 de-pigmented area gets gred Pigmented area course of time. gradually pigmented in due Laceration: These involve a splitting or tearing of the whole skin and are likely to develop in company with surface grazes and deeper bruising or resulting in an irregular wound. The extra force which splits the skin is usually aided by: 1. The projection and partial fixation of skin in certain areas over bony prominences; as over the skull; nose; elbows or knees. A rolling grinding movement as when a vehicle runs over the body. Skin may be ground loose over underlying connective tissues or split where the tension by dragging or stretching exceeds the limit of its elasticity Local bruising is a feature of the split for the wound is really a blunt one, and crushing rather than cutting into the tissues. A blow from an x8 may crush only along a line; and the ragged splits from hamme's and other blunt instruments on the head may be accompanied by only Jocal bruising. When the victim survives a few hour, or tissues have been 16.0% 6 _—<émoKe Gu" yshoot Par {p)Gun Pow Fine p Coars flet____ x oltectively ¢ combust firing are 1 A tually 07.07 soiling of the w effect and itis: ranpolas: Weis the skin. —— ‘Smudging ang © ifboth: © Ifboth © if both contac * Ifonly Wounerof Er Wound of er (3) near shor 1. Conta conta meSd. sant dor the Din, ne "Be the nd, Or Gun smoke (a)Shoot Particle (8)Gun Powder — (i) Fine particles {ii)__ Coarse particle 60 em (24") Gases 80 em (36") set ___| Contact shor pullet_______| Variable (Fcollectively called soiling of the wound) Me of the wound) Blackening® Tattooing* Blast Effect Wound of Entry & Exit Heat Combustion Effe a enare respon eames eterengoutth on 4 sponsible to produced heat oniner 'e muzzle end of the gun usually seen on the garments and hai around the ao effect and they are TESTE Nal oroure the wound of enty ft solinzofthe wound: Gun smoke and gun powder te responsible [ effect and itis usually seen around the wound ofenuy, pee Seen smudging/Blackening: It is due to the deposition of smoke parties lead of metal of which the missile is made of. Tattooing: It is due to the deposition of fine or coarse gun powder particle on the skin. ees smudging and Tattooing effect can help to assess the range of fring 25 follow: If both are present; range of firings lose or near shot re absent, range of firing isa distance shot. * Ifboth a © If both are found deeper; ie. on the inner aspect of the wound range is contact shot. cope «= ifonly tattooing is present; range Is near shot. “OMY EEEOOUE. EmsNicens Wounetot Entry: n range of fring and usualy for 2 Bun) foucdifferent_ Wound of entry depends o ranges are descibed are: (1) (a) near shot range and (4) distance shot range J contact shot range (2) close shot range 4, contact shot range: Here the muzzle nd of the gun is held in touch or in contact with skin. ‘Size: Largest among all the four rangesle Ih fect: Muzzle area alone soiled with particle of partially buneg Blast effec a a por J h the skin will be bruised. der. The tissues beneat! i Back ing: Usually not seen around the wound on outside but they are i en as i or inner aspect. rasa Z ie id the wound on outside but may be seen on its Tattooing: Not seen arouni deeper or inner aspect. Shape: Crater form. * Close shot range: Here the muzzle end of the gun is held about 1 to 3"(2.5, Close shot range: to7.5 cm) away from the target aim. ‘Size: Smaller than contact shot wound. Shape: Circular Slackening/Tattooing: Usually seen around the wound covering a smaller spread area 3. Near shot range: Here muzzle end of the, Near shot range: to 60cm) away from the target, ‘Size: Smaller than bullet gun is held at about 12” to 24"(30 Shape: Circular lackening: Usually seen around wound with large spread area (max.30cm), Tattooing: Seen around wound with large Spread area (max. 60 cm) (60cm) away from th ‘Distance shot range: Here the muzzle end of the gun is held beyond 24” he target. Wound apparently resembles near shot Size: Smaller than ear shot wound, Shape: Circular, Blackening/Tattooing: Both are absent (On both outer and Inner aspect of en fit Wound is described under four heads like,ea re. _aqoppasteto the wound of entry. se ur possibilities are observed and th ey are: F ado range:- Smaller than wound of e {as the range increase:- Exit wound size ae ex increase. - Both entry entry wounds and exit wound are of equal size +” with deformed bullet:- A big exit wound is produced. pre findings: Blackening/Tattooing/Abrasion Collar are Abs Shot gun wound (Smooth Bore Firearm Wound): Shot gun wound are wound produced by shot gun or smooth bored firearms. Like gunshot wounds the various aspect ofthe shot 61” wound are undertaken; under wound of entry or wound of ext Wound of entry; Appearances are depending on several factors such as: ing: (i) Contact shot range (i) Other range such as at 90 cr st 2 m; 4m; and 20 meter. produced smaller wound, 2nd BIB pellets, A) Range or Distance 01 Jess than 15 cm; at 15cm; a) size of pellets: Smaller pele produced wound which are bigger. | ) Types of gun powder: duce no solting effect ofthe wounds {iy Smokeless: Pros (i) Blackpowder produce clear soil effect on the wound. er made of 75% Potassium nitrate 15% Charcoalhe cartridge case is smokeless powder. The powder used in the cartridg f 68. 2%nitrocellulose; 29.8% nitro-glycerine and 2% paraffin a eves « thts coun) reshivar AA ly not smokeless, * After ignite; i * One volume of powder produced 900 volumes of gases. * Itmay be, flake, ball, cylindrical fd of entry at different range: As the pellets remains together up-to a {stance of 90 cm; usually the wound of entry produced will be single, Hov-ever, when the range of firing is beyond 90 cm; the pellets being to spread and each jan ots 38 2” independent missile producing multiple smaller wounds over fixed area. Feature of entry wound in relation to the distance of the firearm from the body in the case of shot gun: * Sontact Shot: Single shot; largest size; irregular shape blackening and tattooing present. * UP to 15-cm: Single shot; smaller size; circular shape; blackening and tattooing present. * 20-cm: Single entry wound; size 2.5 to 4.0 em: irregular lacerated margins; blackening and tattooing present. * 2 meter: Entry wound may be multiple; spread in § to7 em. Central big wound with smaller wound around. No blackenin, 'attooing seen. * Ameter: Entry wound multiple; spread area 10 to 14cm and shape wider. -No blackening/tattooing seen, * 2Ometer: Entry wound multiple; spread area more than 14 cm; spread is not measurable. No blackening and tattooi seen. NENG and tattooing seen Autopsy examination of firearm fatalities Examination of clothing Purpose of examination of clothing is to be establishing range of firing; where it is wound of entry or exit and also to locate the bullet. Procedure:fin, me Da er, sening is to be removed layer by ” r by layer. N | ete. on it. Record the number cae locat gle hole. Further examination; may be ood: any other biological fluids stain oat eu ied out to det ect the in powder reside. ay syeroscopic Examination: cut the wound with 2.5 thickness and searching f cm healthy skin around and a mi oo 1 for pon face ats cae of S mm ei wound Ofelia oe ee constituents and vaporized metal from the bullet and = oes ot eres searching for the invisible residue in surrounding of the Sata ee . und of en examination of the tissue by Energy Oi tata entrance; the rewarding. Dispersive X-ray apparatus Is applied or itis a test for gun powder particles on the hands of the assailant. Procedure: the suspected person with gauze; soaked in paraffin; cool to Mop the hand of harden, Then treat its inner surface with acid solution of diphenylamine (3 nitrites that originate from gun powder and reagent used to detect nitrates an¢ m the skin ofthe person who has fired the weapon) and ifit may be deposited 0" gives blue colour in the paraffin; the testis positive Harrison and Gilory test: ced a qualitative colorimetric chemical test to ry(1959) introdus ce of barium; ‘on the hands of the Harrison and Gilo antimony and lead detect the P' individuals who In this testi # square of WI acid and the hand was Swi solution of ripheny! methyl arsonium io appearance of a" orange ring indicates nat dried again and two drops of 5% so" nite cotton cloth is moistened with 01M hydrochloric abbed with [Link] swab is treated with 10% alcoholic detection of antimony. [The dide for the the presence of antimony: The swab is dium rhodizonate solution is added to — farfred colour indicates the ing, The development o the cnr ofthe orange ing The development ofl Oo UA he ee oe 1 of 1:20 HCl are added to the red pres and one or two drop: shat ot re aa oe inside the orange ring is confirmed the colour area, A blue colour dev aoe aaee esd medi colour remaining in the centre confirms the presence of presence of e barium], Neutron Activation Analys he ‘ained from the hands by the wi the 1960's. A sample is obtaine It was launched during the one an Use of paraffin or by washing the hands with dilute a exposed t radiation from a nuclear reactor emitting neutrons. Secondary radioactivity is induced in the material remove from the hands, and by making appropriate counts at different energy levels. The chemical or elemental composition of the residue can be determined with precision. The technique Is very sensitive and very minute quantities can be estimated. ; integration : Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) FAAS detect antimony; barium and lead from the primer as well as copper vaporized from either the cartridge case or bullet jacketing. In this method Mixa samp Palms and backs of the hands were swabbed with four cotton swabs moistened lglg an with hydrochloric acid. & fifth swab is moistened with HCl and acts as a control integrate t The metallic elements are then detected, Based on distribution and amount of | Sr antimony; barium and lead detected on the four swabs surface of the hands, It may be conclude whether the deposits are consistent or inconsistent with gunshot residue and there by firing of a weapons. Typically; the residue is deposited on the back of the firing hands of the suspect who fire the gun. Detection of primer residue on the palm of the hands SuBgestive of defensive gesture rather than of fring of gun. Swe CAH Of gdere Ethanol content of alcoholic liquor:the the red the ‘of ‘ i is due to coupling with the two prot riplet at 1.2 ethanol op | pling with the two protons of pm due to the CH f the ct g ppm is due to cou 1e CHagrouy 313.8 PP pling of the CHs group with the three a in coe of the cHs our. she other components of the li i contribute to the Speers at a) bi concentration that they do rel C/OH and CHO; but lier al alculate ratio of the integrated : lve the ratio of ethanol to water since the signals come from groups having a different number of proton associated with them. In addition to peak at 5.00 ppm contain contribution from the two protons of the water as well as the proton from the OH group of the ethanol. However from the integrations for CH, and CHs groups (having two and three proton respectively) the integration of a signal proton (from the hydroxyl group of the ethanol) can be calculated and this value subtracted from the total integration at 5.00pm to give integration for the H:0- wx a sample of the liquor with CDCI in order to give 2° approximately 10% Mina Some sone drop of tettamethyistane standard. Run the SPecTo® and thres, aks at 1.2)38 end 5.00 bpm Repeat the integration ‘and take the average foreach Pes integrate raltimes xm; the integration for egration for peakat 2.2 BP (dueto CHs) be» : (due to Cra) beymm and the integration for the peak at ‘om ethanol and H,0) be z mm. 5 00ppm (due to OH f For the CHsgroup the integration for 1 proton = forthe cts erou TNE integration for 2 proton =y/B=N3. an corresponding to the hydroxy! group of te ethanol is ponding to H:0 = (2-¥/2)._OH =(z -y/2): v5 since both H20 and CHs contain two proton Ratio H,0: CHsCH:0H =(2 ~y/2): ¥i +t % composition for the liquor since the two bbut this will not give the correct % 4 ethanol have different relative molecular mass( RMMs) components; water and ethanol ha and densities, RMM (water) = 18 Density = 1.00g/mL RMM (ethanol) =46 Density = 0.96g/mL Hence, water mass/ethanol mass =[(2-y/2) X 18]/1/I(y X 46)/0.96) And % ethanol = [46y/ 0.96]/ [(46y/0.96) X 18 (z -y/2)] X 100 SseFol content of a beer by standard additio Ethanol content in liquor is about 40% and it is possible to measure by large integrations for both ethanol and water. For a beer having a low alcohol concentration (about 4%) measurement has to be ma le carefully to avoid signal-to-noise problems which occur when comparing a very large signal (due fo water) with a very small signal (from the ether). One possible way of “overcoming this problem is to use the method of standard additions, in which Small known amount of ethanol are added to the sample. =O fod: frie) fipette exactly 0.5 [Link] the beer in fivg1 ml. graduated flasks and add 0.0; 10.9; 20,0; 50.0 and 100.0 mg of pure ethanol to the flaks. Make up to the mark with Aistilled water. Obtain the ach sample and obtain the ak atal -2 ppm. Plota graph of integration against Sample. A straight line should be obtained. aches the x-axis. This is the amount of ethanol (me) es the amount of ethanol (mg)= a lage COMBE amon 1388) Ou Interdisciplinary area of interest a cence ST SEESES response of the body and demand (Hans Selye, MO) S DOSY 'S SeROMATIC Fesponse to any physical or mental demand placed iggntVing Stressors: Situations; activities and relationship that cause trauma or physical emotional or psychological self. Poysical Stresses: Protonged school hours; over packed class room; wranspert: oF ventilation; bad furniture. pobution like air and noise; overcrowding road; Home stressor: Chores; finance; kids wanting attentions; Techno stress: E-mail and computer; LV.: Phone; mobile ete © Stress can come from inside: body image; not happy with the way you Jook; self conscious; feel everyone is staring at you. a from outside: surroundings; _environments;_famllv; Spline; fun time. «Stress can come school; friends; society: others Physical: + Poor appetite or overeating 5 Feeling tired and fatigued steep problem ausea and abdominal pain * ee gous aches and pains like headache: body ache; muscle pain,ete, an arthioea (pecause Of rating Sek very often eg. fever; cough cold: MN unity due to stress) eo Jowering of immMental + Feeling low + Nervousness and anxiety * Excessive anger or depression © Being easily upset * Poor self confidence + Low self esteem * Lack of concentration * Poor performance in studi Stress facts: + Stress contributes to 50% ofall lInesses. + 75 80.90% of all visits to the doctor are for stress related conditional, Stress is linked to the several leading causes of death; heart disease and strokes; cancer; lung ailments; accident and suicidl Stress reduction Tips: * Healthy; mood- boosting diet: what you eat has a direct impact on the way you feel. Aim for balance diet of protein; fruits and vegetables. * Don’t neglect breakfast: A solid breakfast * Don’t skip meals: Going too long between meals can make you feel {rritable and tried. So aim to eat something at least. every 2-3 hours. * Minimize sugar and refined cards: You can crave sugary snacks; baked 00ds or comfort foods such as past ta or French fries, but these “feel- S000" foods quickly lead to a crash in mood and energy. * B1sk Walk: Go for a short quick really brisk walk outside. Yes; actually leave the building; for 30 minutes for change your environment. To get a most benefit; aim minutes bursts of a complex carbohydrates; Provides energy for a day, exercise per day. But you can start small. Short 10 tivity can have positive effects on your mi far a walk, pair up with an exercise partner. Our brains are interconnected with our emotions and When people are stressed they often hold a lot of the * Smile and laugh: facial expression,stress in their face. So laughs or smiles can help relieve some of that tension and improve the situations «Get social support: Call a friend; send an E-mail, When you share your concern or feelings with another person; it does help to relieve stress, But ws portant that the person whom you talk to is someone whom you trust and whom you feel can understand and validate you. + Meditate: meditation and mindful prayer help the mind and body to relax and focus. Mindfulness can help people see new perspectives, develop self-compassion and forgiveness, people can release emotions that Bay have been causing the body physical stress. Much like exercise, research has shown that even meditating briefly can reap immediate benefits What is the aim of lifes" «Seat and relax on SOFA!” ‘«S- Support net work and resources © O-Opportunity forgrowtty © F- Flexibility thoughtsreaction; routin «A Abilty and skills: