Shiva Temple Kandariya Mahadeva, Khajuraho Madhya Pradash, India, c.

1000 CE
A) Built by the Chandella kings, who ruled this area of central India between 950–1050 ce.
B) A huge, richly decorated stone temple, exterior surfaces of the temples are entirely covered with sculptures.
C) Made of yellow color stone, richly decorated.
D) Dedicated to the lord shiva. Reflecting the creativity of the Chandela dynasty.
Vishnu Temple, Angkor Wat, Cambodia (and reliefs) 12th century CE
A) Build by Khmer emperor Suryavarman II (r. 1113-1150 CE).
B) A grand Hindu temple.
C) It was built using 1.5 million cubic meters of sand and silt in the 12th century CE.
D) Expressing the monarch's dedication to Vishnu. (=Patronage)
Great Stupa, Sanchi, India (c. 150-50 BCE)
A) Built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka.
B) A monument of a place of burial.
C) Made of stone. A big circular roof above.
D) Is believed to house ashes of the Buddha. (=Transcendence)
It is one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in the country and the largest stupa at the site. (=Power)
Standing Buddha (Gandhara); Seated Buddha (Mathura) (2nd, 3rd centuries)
A) Made by buddhism people.
B) Two statues of human figure, very detailed clothes. L: robe is carved in tight, rib-like folds. R: thin robe is pulled tightly over the body, allowing the fleshy form to be seen as almost nude.
C) L: Made of Gray schist, R: made of Red sand stone.
D) L: portrays the Buddha as more powerful and heroic than an ordinary human. R: Yogic posture meaning ‘have no fear’.
Temple of Borobudur, Java, Indonesia, c. 800 CE
A) Built by rulers of the Sailendra dynasty.
B) A huge Temple.
C) A temple made of Lava Stone. Rich decorated.

D) The vertical walls of the three terraces are carved with the Wheel of Life—birth, life, death, and rebirth—the life and past lives of the Buddha, and the stages of enlightenment and paradise. People 可以沿着 temple 顺时针爬到塔顶，跟顶上的
stupa 心灵交流. (=Transcendence)
Shiva Nataraja (Shiva as Lord of the Dance), from South India. Chola dynasty, 11th century CE.
A) Made by Artists in Chola dynasty.
B) A statue of a female figure. Surrounded by a fire circle. She is stepping on a little devil.
C) Made of Bronze. Shiva’s back right hand holds a drum, whose ceaseless beat represents the unstoppable rhythms of creation and destruction, birth and death. Right front hand = ‘Have no fear’ gesture.
D) Represent Lord of the Dance. Emblematic of the destruction of the universe as well as of our ego-centeredness. Circle=The cycle of life.
Olmec culture: Colossal Head, San Lorenzo, Mexico, ca. 1200-900 BCE (15-2)
A) Made by Olmec culture.
B) Portray adult males wearing close-fitting caps with chin straps and large, round earspools (cylindrical earrings that pierce the earlobe). The fleshy faces have almond shaped eyes, flat, broad noses, thick protruding lips, and
downturned mouths.
C) Made of Basalt. Carved from basalt boulder that were transported to the gulf coast from the Tuxtla Mountains.
D) Big head: represent portraits of powerful individual Olmec rulers. Hard to transport, only the powerful Olmec rulers were able to ask many people resources to move them. All the colossal heads are similar, but no two are alike.
(Convention)

Teotihuacan culture: Pyramids, associated sculpture and painting ca. 100-650 CE (15-3, 15-4, plan p. 406)
A) Made by Teotihuacan culture.
B) A temple with sculptures.
C) Made of Stone.
D) Many repeating sulpture patterns. The Storm God and the Feathered Serpent = symbols of regeneration and cyclical renewal, may representing the alternating wet and dry seasons.

Maya culture: Palenque, Temple of the Inscriptions 683 BCE and Burial Mask of Pakal the Great (15-5, 15-6)
A) Made by the Maya culture.
B) L: A temple / R: A sculpture of a woman’s head from a tomb.
C) L: Made of stone / R: Made of stucco and red paint.
D) L: Priests would climb the steep stone staircase on the exterior to reach the temple on top, topped with a crest known as a roof comb.
R: Carved lintels from a temple in the city of Yaxchilan. (=Transcendence)
Burial Mask of Pakal the great
1. Mayan civilization - Mesoamerica
2. Sculptural funerary mask from tomb
3. Made of Jade
- Life-size close to pakal’s actual face - connection between mask & ruler
- Jade: precious material - maya associated it with life fertility and immortality
- royalty. divinity & afterlife - transformation to divine after death
Aztec culture: The Goddess Coatlicue, ca. 1500 (15-11)
1. Aztec civilization - Mesoamerica
2. Monumental Sculpture of Coatlicue
3. Carved from basalt w/ detail. Symbol: serpent skirt/skulls represent fertility & life, death & sacrifice
- Coatlicue - goddess of earth/fertility/life/death/childbirth - important to aztec
- Large = Coatlicue’s importance as deity & reinforce power & authority
- Likely to be used in religious ritual & ceremonies - point for worship?
- Artistic convention: using symbolic representation rather than realistic - emphasize mythological & spiritual significance.

Attribute: The symbolic object or objects that identify a particular deity, saint, or personification in art. (Limestone figurine WOMAN FROM WILLENDORF: The sculptor exaggerated the figure’s female attributes by giving it pendulous
breasts)
Axis mundi: =‘axis of the world’, which marks sacred sites and denotes a link between the human and celestial realms. They think the line connecting the center of the earth to the heavens. In Buddhist art, the axis mundi can be
marked by monumental free standing decorated pillars. (Kandariya Mahadeva Temple / Northern INdian Hindu Temple)
Canon: A standard of appearing in art, literature, and proportion in art. (Polykleitos Spear Bearer (Doryphoros))
Canon of proportion: A set of ideal mathematical ratios in art based on measurements. The proportional relationships among the basic elements of the human body. (Sculpture: Polykleitos Spear Bearer(Doryphoros) / Sculpture:
Hermes and the infant Dionysos)
Rircumambulation: Walking around a sacred place. (Walking around the stupa in a clockwise direction, following the sun’s path across the sky)
Column and (below): An architectural element used for support and/or decoration. Consists of a rounded vertical shaft placed on a base topped by a decorative capital. May follow the rules of one of the Classical orders. Although
usually free-standing, columns can be attached to a wall. (Greek order / Doric order)
Capital: The sculpted block that tops a column. (Greek order / Doric order)
Composition: The overall arrangement, organizing design, or structure of a work of art. (Any painting)
Convention: A traditional way of representing forms. (Colossal Head)
Cuneiform: an early form of writing with wedge shaped marks impressed into wet clay with a stylus, used primarily by ancient Mesopotamians. (Cuneiform tablets from Sumer)
Form: The physical characteristics of a work of art.
Geoglyph: Earthwork designs on a colossal scale, often created in a landscape as if to be seen from an aerial viewpoint. (GEOGLYPH (EARTH DRAWING) OF A HUMMINGBIRD in Peru)
Hierarchical scale: An artistic technique that uses relative size to indicate the importance of figures or objects in a composition. (STELE OF NARAM-SIN: The person with the highest authority has the largest proportion in the picture and
is located in the middle of the picture)
Hieroglyph: Picture writing; words and ideas rendered in the form of pictorial symbols. (The Palette of Narmer: There are many honetic hieroglyphs centered at the top of each side of the palette, which are names of the king)
High relief: Figures that extend well forward from the background. (The Pergamon frieze / STELE OF NARAM-SIN / HUMAN-HEADED WINGED LION (LAMASSU))
Hypostyle hall: A large interior room characterized by many closely spaced columns that support its roof. (THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK）
Iconography: Identifying and studying the subject matter and conventional symbols in works of art. (FLOWER PIECE WITH CURTAIN: the brilliant red and white tulip just to the left of the blue curtain symbolizes wealth and power, not
simply natural beauty)
Idealism: The practice of portraying people, places, or things in a romanticized, unrealistically perfect way / Portraying subjects as perfect. (STELE OF NARAM-SIN: The person in the middle and largest part has big muscles)
Ka statue: A statue housing a spirit in ancient Egypt. (The seated Ka statue of Pharaoh Khafre)
Low relief: Figures that slightly project from the background. (ARCH OF TITUS / The Palette of Narmer)
Mastaba: An ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular shape. (The Mastaba of Ti)
Mudra: A symbolic hand gesture in Indian art. (Buddha in dhyana mudra)
Naturalism: A style of depiction in which the physical appearance of the rendered image in nature seems to be accurately described. (FLOWER PIECE WITH CURTAIN)
Neolithic: The period of agriculture and permanent settlements. (Stonehenge)
Papyrus: Early paper made from the papyrus plant. (JUDGMENT OF HUNEFER BEFORE OSIRIS)
Pictograph: A symbol representing a word or concept. (Sumerian pictographs on clay tablets)
Post-and-lintel construction: Vertical posts supporting horizontal lintels. (The Parthenon)
Register: A device used in systems of spatial definition. In painting, a register indicates the use of differing ground lines to differentiate layers of space within an image. In sculpture, the placement of self-contained bands of reliefs in a
vertical arrangement. In print making, the marks at the edges used to align the print correctly on the page, especially in multiple-block color printing. (Carved Vessel, Palette of Narmer)
Stylus: A writing instrument with a trian gular wedge at one end and point at the other. (Used for cuneiform on clay tablets)
Ziggurat: In Mesopotamia, a tall stepped pyramidal struc ture of earthen materials, often supporting a shrine. Ziggurats proclaimed the wealth, prestige, and stability of a city’s rulers and glorified its gods. They functioned as lofty
bridges between the earth and the heavens, a meeting place for humans and their gods. (Anu ziggurat)