Chapter 26: Metamorphic Reactions

If we treat isograds as reactions, we can:

• Understand what physical variables might
affect the location of a particular isograd
• We may also be able to estimate the P-T-X
conditions that an isograd represents

From
Understanding
Earth, Press and
Siever. Freeman.
 1. Phase Transformations
• Isochemical
• Polymorphs of SiO2 or Al2SiO5 or graphite-diamond or
calcite-aragonite
• Simplest: depend on temperature and pressure only
 1. Phase Transformations

Figure 26.1. A portion of the

equilibrium boundary for the calcite-
aragonite phase transformation in the
CaCO3 system. After Johannes and
Puhan (1971), Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.,
31, 28-38. Winter (2010) An
Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 1. Phase Transformations

Figure 26.15. The P-T phase diagram

for the system Al2SiO5 showing the
stability fields for the three
polymorphs andalusite, kyanite, and
sillimanite. Calculated using the
program TWQ (Berman, 1988, 1990,
1991). Winter (2010) An Introduction
to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Reactions and Chemographics
We can use chemographics to infer reactions

MgO SiO2
Per Fo En Q

• Any two phases in a binary system can react to

from a phase between them
• Fo + Qtz = En Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 = Mg2Si2O6
• En + Per = Fo Mg2Si2O6 + 2 MgO = 2 Mg2SiO4
• Per + Qtz = Fo or En
• If we know the chemographics we can determine that a
reaction is possible (and can dispense with balancing it)
 Reactions and Chemographics
What reaction does this ternary system allow?

Fig. 26.12. From Winter (2010) An

Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.
 Reactions and Chemographics
A+B+C=X

above x-in isograd

below x-in isograd

 Reactions and Chemographics
What reaction does this system allow?

Fig. 26.13. From Winter (2010) An

Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.
 Reactions and Chemographics
What reaction is possible between A-B-C-D?

A compatibility
diagram for some
metamorphic zone

Fig. 26.14a. From Winter (2010) An

Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.
 Below the Fig. 26.14. From Winter (2010) An
Introduction to Igneous and
isograd Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.

A+B=C+D

At the isograd

Above the
isograd

This is called a tie-line flip, and

results in new groupings in the
next metamorphic zone
 Reaction Mechanisms
• Attempt to equate field/hand specimen mineral
assemblages and chemical reactions

• Isograd reactions are not so straightforward as

one mineral simply replacing another

• For example, let’s look at Kyanite –

Sillimanite reaction (sillimanite isograd)
Figure 26.20. a. Sketch from a photomicrograph showing small crystals of kyanite (purple) and quartz (blue) in a larger
muscovite grain (green). Small crystals of fibrolitic sillimanite also occur in the muscovite. Glen Cova, Scotland. b. Sillimanite
needles in quartz (blue) embaying muscovite (green). Pink crystals are biotite. Donegal, Ireland. After Carmichael (1969).
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 20, 244-267.
Figure 26.21. A possible mechanism by which the Ky → Sil reaction can be accomplished while producing the textures
illustrated in Figure 26.20a and b. The exchange of ions shown between the two local zones is required if the reactions are to
occur. After Carmichael (1969). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 20, 244-267.
 Chapter 28: Metamorphism of
Pelitic Sediments
• Mudstones and shales: very fine grained mature clastic
sediments derived from continental crust
• Characteristically accumulate in distal portions of a
wedge of sediment off the continental shelf/slope
• Grade into coarser graywackes and sandy sediments
toward the continental source
• Although begin as humble mud, metapelites represent a
distinguished family of metamorphic rocks, because the
clays are very sensitive to variations in temperature and
pressure, undergoing extensive changes in mineralogy
during progressive metamorphism
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The mineralogy of pelitic sediments is dominated by fine
Al-K-rich phyllosilicates, such as clays
(montmorillonite, kaolinite, or smectite), fine white micas
(sericite, paragonite, or phengite) and chlorite, all of
which may occur as detrital or authigenic grains
• The phyllosilicates may compose more than 50% of the
original sediment
• Fine quartz constitutes another 10-30%
• Other common constituents include feldspars (albite and
K-feldspar), iron oxides and hydroxides, zeolites,
carbonates, sulfides, and organic matter
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Distinguishing chemical characteristics: high Al2O3 and
K2O, and low CaO
• Reflect the high clay and mica content of the original
sediment and lead to the dominance of muscovite and
quartz throughout most of the range of metamorphism
• High proportion of micas → common development of
foliated rocks, such as slates, phyllites, and mica schists
• The chemical composition of pelites can be represented
by the system K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O
(“KFMASH”)
• If we treat H2O as mobile, the petrogenesis of pelites is
represented well in AKF and A(K)FM diagrams
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
Table 28-1. Chemical Compositions* of Shales
and Metapelites
1 2 3 4 5
SiO2 64.7 64.0 61.5 65.9 56.3
TiO2 0.80 0.81 0.87 0.92 1.05
Al2O3 17.0 18.1 18.6 19.1 20.2
MgO 2.82 2.85 3.81 2.30 3.23
FeO 5.69 7.03 10.0 6.86 8.38
MnO 0.25 0.10 0.18
CaO 3.50 1.54 0.81 0.17 1.59
Na2O 1.13 1.64 1.46 0.85 1.86
K2O 3.96 3.86 3.02 3.88 4.15
P2O5 0.15 0.15
Total 100.00 100.08 100.07 99.98 96.94
* Reported on a volatile-free basis (normalized to 100%) to aid comparison.

1. "North American Shale Composite". Gromet et al. (1984). 2. Average of

~100 published shale and slate analyses (Ague, 1991). 3. Ave. pelite-
pelagic clay (Carmichael, 1989). 4. Ave. of low-grade pelitic rocks, Littleton
Fm, N.H. (Shaw, 1956). 5. Ave. of ~150 amphibolite facies pelitic rocks
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Integrate principles and concepts we covered in previous
chapters

• Important to keep in mind that first appearance and final

disappearance of a particular mineral during progressive
metamorphism in pelites is due to reactions that occur within
the broader stability range of that mineral

• The ultimate stability (of a mineral) is governed by the bulk

composition of the rock (typically the Al content or the Fe/Mg
ratio) and reflect either continuous or discontinuous reaction
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• Examine progressive metamorphism of pelites

at Medium P/T path – typical “Barrovian
Sequence”

• Begin with chlorite zone of greenschist facies

Fig. 25.10. Typical mineral changes that take place in metabasic rocks during progressive metamorphism in the medium
P/T facies series. The approximate location of the pelitic zones of Barrovian metamorphism are included for comparison.
Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• Chlorite zone – Greenschist Facies

• Difficult to attain equilibrium in experiments, so P-T

conditions are not certain

• Temperature range is believed to be 350 – 450 °C

range
 Chapter 28:
Metapelites

Figure 28.1. AKF (using the Spear, 1993,

formulation) and (b) AFM (projected from Ms)
compatibility diagrams for pelitic rocks in the
chlorite zone of the lower greenschist facies. Shaded
areas represent the common range of pelite and
granitoid rock compositions. Small black dots are
the analyses from Table 28.1.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Chlorite zone – Greenschist Facies

• Based on the information provided in Figure 28.1,

what are the common metamorphic mineral
assemblages for pelites within the chlorite zone of the
greenschist facies?
• Chlorite + Phengitic Muscovite + Quartz
• Chlorite + K-feldspar + Quartz (only stable for low
Al-bearing rocks)
• Chlorite + Phengitic Muscovite + Pyrophyllite +
Quartz (occurs in more Al-rich rocks)
Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• What is the reaction at point #1 in Fig. 28.2?

• Pyrophyllite = Kyanite

• Al2Si4O10(OH)2 = Al2SiO5

• Al2Si4O10(OH)2 = Al2SiO5 + 3SiO2 + H2O

• Pyrophyllite = Kyanite + Quartz + Water

 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• However, classical ‘Kyanite isograd’ occurs at much higher
grades….
• Thus, Kyanite can occur in unusually Al-rich pelites at lower
grades
• This feature reaffirms two critical points:
– If we understand the reactions responsible for the isogrades
and illustrate the mineral development with the use of
appropriate compatibility diagrams, we are able to
understand the nature of the mineralogical changes
associated with metamorphism
– The grade at which a mineral first appears in the field can
vary, and need not conform to the classical ‘Barrovian
Sequence’ in the Scottish Highlands
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• The Biotite Zone – Greenschist Facies:

Fig. 25.10. Typical mineral changes that take place in metabasic rocks during progressive metamorphism in the medium
P/T facies series. The approximate location of the pelitic zones of Barrovian metamorphism are included for comparison.
Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• The Biotite Zone – Greenschist Facies:

• Many reactions produce biotite

Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• The Biotite Zone – Greenschist Facies:

• Reaction at point #2?

• Chlorite + K-feldspar = Biotite + Muscovite +

(Quartz + H2O)

Typically, more chlorite is present than K-spar, so this

reaction typically marks the loss of K-spar
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.3. Greenschist facies AKF compatibility diagrams (using the Spear, 1993, formulation) showing the biotite-in isograd reaction
as a “tie-line flip.” In (a), below the isograd, the tie-lines connecting chlorite and K-Feldspar shows that the mineral pair is stable. As
grade increases the Chl-Kfs field shrinks to a single tie-line. In (b), above the isograd, biotite + phengite is now stable, and chlorite + K-
feldspar are separated by the new biotite-phengite tie-line, so they are no longer stable together. Only the most Al-poor portion of the
shaded natural pelite range is affected by this reaction. Note (Fig. 28.2) that Prl or Ky may be stable, depending on pressure. Winter
(2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.4. A series of AKF compatibility diagrams (using the Spear, 1993, formulation) illustrating the migration of the Ms-Bt-Chl and
Ms-Kfs-Bt sub-triangles to more Al-rich compositions via continuous reactions in the biotite zone of the greenschist facies above the
biotite isograd. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• The Biotite Zone – Greenschist Facies:

• Stability of Chloritoid (Cld) (+kyanite) over
that of chlorite is preferable in rocks with
high-Al and high Fe/Mg ratio
• Chloritoid not present in Scottish Highlands
but common phase in pelites elsewhere
• Reaction at point #3 in Fig. 28.2:
• Fe-Chl (+Ms) = Annite + Fe-Cld (+Qtz + H2O)
Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.5. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the biotite zone, greenschist facies, above the chloritoid isograd. The
compositional ranges of common pelites and granitoids are shaded. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.6. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the upper biotite zone, greenschist facies. Although garnet is stable, it
is limited to unusually Fe-rich compositions, and does not occur in natural pelites (shaded). Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous
and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

• The Garnet Zone – Transitional-

Amphibolite Facies:
Fig. 25.10. Typical mineral changes that take place in metabasic rocks during progressive metamorphism in the medium
P/T facies series. The approximate location of the pelitic zones of Barrovian metamorphism are included for comparison.
Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Garnet Zone – Transitional-Amphibolite Facies:

• The reaction for the breakdown of Fe-chlorite to Fe-garnet

(almandine) (+ H2O)– near reaction #3 on petrogenetic grid
(Fig. 28.2)

• Fe-(low-Al)-Chl (+ Ms + Qz) = Alm + Annite (+ H2O)

• If Chloritoid is present, then almandine may be created by the

reaction:

• Fe-Cld + Ann (+ Qtz) = Alm (+ Ms + H2O)

 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Garnet Zone – Transitional-Amphibolite Facies:

• Garnet may also develop in some natural pelites due to the

reaction:

• Cld + Bt (+ Qtz + H2O) = Grt + Chl (+Ms)

• Depicted at point #4 in Fig. 28.2, and this marks the garnet

isograd for some Fe-rich natural pelites in which chloritoid is
present

• This reaction represents an unusual prograde hydration

reaction
Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.6. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the upper biotite zone, greenschist
facies. Although garnet is stable, it is limited to unusually Fe-rich compositions, and does not occur in
natural pelites (shaded). Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.7. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the garnet zone, transitional to the amphibolite
facies, showing the tie-line flip associated with reaction (28.8) (compare to Figure 28.6) which introduces garnet into
the more Fe-rich types of common (shaded) pelites. After Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-
Temperature-Time Paths. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.8. An expanded sketch of the Grt-Cld-Chl-Bt quadrilateral from Figures 28.6 and 28.7 illustrating the tie-line flip of reaction
(28.7). a. Before flip. b. During flip (at the isograd). c. After flip (above the isograd). Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Garnet Zone – Transitional-Amphibolite Facies:

• Important point*** - The minerals that are developed or lost

in a rock at the isograd thus depend upon the bulk
composition, and do not reflect the absolute stability limit of
any mineral involved.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Staurolite Zone – Amphibolite Facies:

• Fe-staurolite (Fe-St) – becomes stable by a reaction between

Fe-chloritoid and kyanite – just above point #4 in Figure 28.2

• In KFMASH, staurolite is produced by the next reaction that is

crossed along the medium P/T trajectory in the petrogenetic
grid – i.e., point #5 in Fig. 28.2, which is:

• Cld + Ky = St + Chl (+ Qtz + H2O) (Rxn 28.9 in textbook)

Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.9. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) in the lower staurolite zone of the amphibolite facies, showing the change
in topology associated with reaction (28.9) in which the lower-grade Cld-Ky tie-line (dashed) is lost and replaced by the St-Chl tie-line.
This reaction introduced staurolite to only a small range of Al-rich metapelites. After Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and
Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Staurolite Zone – Amphibolite Facies:

• However, staurolite may not form if pelites are Al-poor, and

then technically still in garnet zone

• Continue prograde metamorphism, and at point #6 in Fig.

28.2, which is:

• Cld (+ Qtz) = Grt + Chl + St + H2O (Rxn 28.11 in textbook)

(chloritoid is consumed)
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.10. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) in the staurolite zone of the amphibolite facies, showing the change in
topology associated with the terminal reaction (28.11) in which chloritoid is lost (lost tie-lines are dashed), yielding to the Grt-St-Chl sub-
triangle that surrounds it. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Staurolite Zone – Amphibolite Facies:

• Reactions that lose a phase entirely from a compatibility

diagram, rather than simply rearrange (flip) tie-lines, are
referred to as terminal reactions. Thus, rxn 28.11 is a terminal
reaction for chloritoid.

• However, please remember that quartz must be present in

excess for chloritoid to be terminated; however, this is usually
not a problem since quartz is generally plentiful in metapelites!
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Staurolite Zone – Amphibolite Facies:

• Staurolite can also be introduced into most pelites by the

reaction:

• Grt + Chl (+ Ms) = St + Bt (+Qtz + H2O) (Rxn 28.12 in

textbook)

• This is encountered at point #7 in Figure 28.2 (~610 °C).

• This produces a tie-line ‘flip’ in AFM diagram (Fig. 28.11).

Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.11. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the staurolite zone, amphibolite facies, showing the tie-line flip
associated with reaction (28.12) which introduces staurolite into many low-Al common pelites (shaded). After Carmichael (1970) J.
Petrol., 11, 147-181. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.11. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the staurolite zone, amphibolite facies, showing the tie-line flip
associated with reaction (28.12) which introduces staurolite into many low-Al common pelites (shaded). After Carmichael (1970) J.
Petrol., 11, 147-181. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Kyanite Zone – Amphibolite Facies:

• As we continue the medium P-T field gradient in Fig. 28.2, the

next reaction encountered at point #8, ~630°C, is:

• St + Chl (+ Ms + Qtz) = Ky + Bt (+ H2O)

Fig. 28.2. Petrogenetic grid for the system KFMASH at pH2O=pTotal.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.15. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) for the kyanite zone, amphibolite facies, showing the tie-line flip
associated with reaction (28.15) which introduces kyanite into many low-Al common pelites (shaded). After Carmichael (1970) J. Petrol.,
11, 147-181. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Kyanite Zone – Amphibolite Facies:

• The solidus curve for H2O-saturated granitic compositions is

also encountered in Fig. 28.2 at approx. this metamorphic
grade

• Rocks containing quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar, if excess

H2O is available, will begin to melt.

• Mg-Chlorite disappears just above point #8 (blue reaction

line), Mg-Chl = Phl + Ky

• “Staurolite-out” isograd is common in pelites, and due to rxn:

St (+Ms + Qtz) = Grt + Bt + Als + H2O (point #9 in Fig. 28.2)
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• The Sillimanite Zone – Upper Amphibolite Facies:

• The sillimanite isograd is encountered along P-T-t path at

point #10 in Figure 28.2 (~690°C), which is a polymorphic
transformation
• (Kyanite = Sillimanite)
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.16. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from Ms) above the sillimanite and “staurolite-out” isograds, sillimanite zone,
upper amphibolite facies. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Changes above the Kyanite – Sillimanite Isograd;
Granulite Facies:

• At point #11 in Figure 28.2 (~790°C), the medium P/T

gradient intersects the important high-grade pelitic reaction:

• Ms + Qtz = Kfs + Sil + H2O (Rxn. 28.19) – considered by

some petrologists to be transition from amphibolite to
granulite facies
• At higher temperatures, we get the following reactions:

• Phl + Sil (+ Qtz) = Mg-Crd (+ Kfs + H2O) (Rxn. 28.20)

• Bt + Sil = Grt + Crd + H2O (Rxn. 28.21)
• Bt + Qtz = Opx + Kfs + H2O (Rxn. 28.22)
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.17. AFM compatibility diagram (projected from K-feldspar) above the cordierite-in isograds, granulite facies. Cordierite
forms first by reaction (28-20), and then the dashed Sil-Bt tie-line is lost and the Grt-Crd tie-line forms as a result of reaction (28.21).
Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Migmatites:
• At high metamorphic grades, many rocks
develop felsic segregations and are called
migmatites
• The term means “mixed rock”, referring to a
mixture of apparently igneous and
metamorphic component
• Dark schistose component – Melanosome
• Light colored, coarser-grained, centimeter-
sized layears, veins, pods - Leucosome
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Migmatites:
• Paleosome (mesosome) – material in
migmatites that is intermediate in character
between melanosome and leucosome –
original rock?
• Represent culmination of metamorphism under
more hydrous conditions, and best developed
in metapelites (but can occur in other rocks)
 Chapter 28: Metapelites
• Migmatites – Origin:
• Their origin is somewhat controversial, and there are
3 principal theories:
• 1- Form by injection of granitic leucosome into dark,
high-grade schistose rocks;
• 2- Form by localized partial melting (anatexis). The
leucosome represent the melts (granitic in
composition), the melanosome represents the restite
(refractory residuum);
• 3- Created by metamorphic differentiation, or
metasomatic growth of the leucosome – i.e., no melt
involved;
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.20. Veins developed in pelitic hornfelses within a few meters of the contact with diorite. The vein composition contrasts with
that of the diorite, and suggests that the veins result from localized partial melting of the hornfelses. Onawa aureole, Maine. Winter
(2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28:
Metapelites
Figure 28.26. Some textures
of migmatites. a. Breccia
structure in agmatite. b. Net-
like structure. c. Raft-like
structure. d. Vein structure.
e. Stromatic, or layered,
structure. f. Dilation
structure in a boudinaged
layer. g. Schleiren structure.
h. Nebulitic structure. From
Mehnert (1968) Migmatites
and the Origin of Granitic
Rocks. Elsevier. Winter
(2010) An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.27. Complex migmatite textures including multiple generations of concordant bands and cross-cutting veins. Angmagssalik
area, E. Greenland. Outcrop width ca. 10 m. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 28: Metapelites

More complex migmatite textures.

 Chapter 28: Metapelites

Figure 28.28. AFM compatibility diagrams (projected from muscovite) for the eclogite facies of high
P/T metamorphism of pelites. a. Talc forms between biotite and chlorite along the Mg-rich side of the
diagram via reaction (28.35). b. At a higher grade the Chl-Bt tie-line flips to the Tlc-Cld tie-line via
reaction (28.36). c. After chlorite breaks down the kyanite forms in many metapelites via reaction
(28.36). After Spear (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths.
Mineral. Soc. Amer. Monograph 1. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.