Auditory phonetics

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Please pay attention. Please pay attention. Such questions need like straight away
answer.

There is no way that you can very straight away. The brain controls the auditory system
and this is related to the cortex. Auditory cortex which is linked to the inner ear.

Then what part of the brain is this? Hemisphere. Yeah. You said hemisphere.

Exactly. It is within it. It is within it.

But it is. I know what you are thinking. Now which nerve controls the auditory function?
Of course it is the cochlear nerve.

There is a nerve that gets out of the cochlea and it sends the auditory messages. Which
part of the inner ear is involved in hearing? Again it is the cochlea. Why? I hope that you
are going to see why it is the cochlea.

It is not the whole structure of the cochlea. No, certain parts. How does the brain know
that it is hearing the sound? Very simply put, the inner ear turns the sound waves into
electrical messages.

And then these are sent to the brain by the nerve. And they are sent in the form of
pulses which the nerve then, or the brain, interprets as sounds. This is the basis of the
Chomsky theory.

I said no more than two lines. How about the pitch and the volume? No, no. Not these.

Not these. These are paralinguistic pitches. See? Super-segmental pitches.

Sometimes you consider loudness, you have super-segmental pitches, and you have
non-segmental pitches. They are related to meaning. Segmental, because you know they
constantly bounce.

When you say super-segmental, then you have a switch on. The tones of the brain know
that it is hearing the sound. You see? A sound, not a pitch.

No. It's a text. It's a set of acoustic of a sound.

No. The whole sound. What kinds of flutes are there in the cochlea? Generally speaking,
there are three kinds of flutes.

The indolent, the paralent, and the intrastrial flute. These are three types of flutes.
Okay? Are you happy? Yes.
So, auditory phonetics. Yes. I have a real flute.

Not real. So, what do we have? We have the auditory or auditory phonetics. First of all,
we need to know what are the components of the auditory system, the human auditory
system, and what kind of functions it performs, because it is not a matter only of
hearing.

There's something else. Okay. What do we have here to say? These are definitions.

Yes. We have certain definitions about the auditory phonetics. According to the part, it
defines the auditory phonetics as the part of phonetic deals with a human, how the
human ear has received the sound.

That means that how we hear the sound. While this is defined as a branch of phonetic
deals with a perceptual response. You know, there's a difference, by the way, between
these two words, hearing and perception.

They're not exactly the same. When you hear, you need to perceive as well, but
perception cannot follow by itself. In the first step, you hear, you perceive.

You cannot perceive without hearing. And hearing can occur without perception. So we
need to hear and perceive what we are hearing, and we realise what we hear.

Sometimes you hear a certain noise, but you cannot perceive it. See the idea? Yes. But
when we recognise, realise that what kind of noise is this, then we are perceiving it.

So two different terms. Okay. And also we have the speech perception consists of,
divided into paraphrase and internal.

Paraphrase that translates acoustic signal into neural signal. And we have, so the human
ear consists of the three parts, which is this section, which is the outer. Which are the
pinna or the auricle.

Yes. Yes. External ear, and outer, and middle ear, and the internal.

Inner ear. Yes. So the outer ear is composed of the auricle, the pinna, and the canal,
right? The function of the ear is to collect stimuli and to transmit them and analyse
them.

So they... Not only this, though they say this, the outer ear, the auricle, has got certain
linkages with the muscles of the face. Yes. So it can help in the production of certain
sounds, though this is not stated.

Though this is not stated, but we know this, that there are certain muscles, certain
cartilages, cartilageous tissues, that can participate in the production of certain sounds,
though this is not stated very clearly. So it collects the waves and then sends them down
into the canal. Yes.

So we have the internal ear or the external ear, which consists of the auricle, which is
the visible part, that what we can see, and the canal... And it is unique. Everybody's
pinna is different from others. That's what I think the other day I told you about the
identity of a person.

You have your own cornea, you have your own fingerprint, you have your own auricle.
You have your own voice quality. These are very special.

Yes. And the auricle helps the human to determine the source of the sound, whether it is
from the front or behind the head. Can you say this again, please? Say it again, please.

So the auricle helps the human to determine the source of the sound, the origin of the
sound, whether it is from the front or inside the head. So it collects the stimuli. Yes.

Also we have the canal, which is a short tube and filled with air. The canal is a short tube
and that transmitted the air or transmitted the sound wave from the auricle to the
eardrum. To the eardrum.

Yes. I think you missed the signal. And the eardrum… So the eardrum, together with the
three bones, three tiny bones make up what? The middle ear.

So the middle ear starts with what? The eardrum. The eardrum is not part of the outer
ear. It is part of the middle ear.

What is the eardrum? It is a membrane, yes? Yes. Okay. It is a membrane, which is…
Okay.

It is in the human ear and the human ear can't perceive or can't perceive all the
frequency. The maximum frequency from 20 to 2,000, that human can't have. And the
higher the frequency, the more pain it is going to cause to the human ear.

Also, we have the middle ear, which consists of the three small bones, which is the
humerus and the… The staves. And the staves, yes. So the vibration of the eardrum
comes… The smallest bone is the stave.

Yes. The smallest bone, everybody, is going to be the stave. Okay.

So the vibration of the eardrum comes to the… To the humerus, to the vibration and to
the… To the lungs and then to the… So, first of all, the middle ear, starting with the
eardrum. The eardrum is going to take the sound waves and it is going to amplify those
sound waves. Yes.

Because it is a membrane, it is going to amplify the sound waves, sending them where?
To the… To these tiny bones. Tiny bones are going to do what with the waves? They will
vibrate and transmit… So they are going to make a certain mechanical movement? Yes,
yes. And from the middle, the vibration of the ear to the middle… Amplify, re-amplify the
waves again? Yes.

Okay. And transmitted to the inner ear. Yes.

And also, the middle ear connects to the lungs by a suction tube, which is a… A suction
tube. A suction tube, which is responsible for the equalise of the… Equilibrium, yes,
equilibrium. Yes, the upper and the outer with the middle ear.

That is why, you see, the hearing system, which is wrong to call it hearing system, the
auditory system, has two functions, hearing and balance. Not only hearing, balance of
the body. And this is the main function of the middle ear, as well as the inner ear, not
only the middle ear.

Any infection that takes place within these two parts, the balance is going to be affected.
You will find that you cannot stand still. Okay? So you have what? The inner ear now.

The inner ear, which is a… Do you have the structure, please? Can you show the… This is
live, showing the structure of the ear. It's live, isn't it? This is the middle ear and this is
the three muscles, which… Three is the balance, which is the… Which are, Heba, which
are? Because you're saying the three. Yes.

Which are? Yes, which are the… And the… Staves. Staves. And this is the… This, the…
And this is the… The… Yes.

The… Yes. The middle ear is the… And the… Again, please? Put into your bag? So the…
Okay, go back, go back to the slide. So you have the inner ear, still you're working on the
middle ear, or the inner ear? Here.

So it is located in the skull? In the skull, and it is a convex structure, and the main part of
the inner ear is the cochlea. And there is, in the cochlea, there is a part of the cochlea,
and there is a part of the cochlea to transmit the acoustic signal to the neural signal, and
the cochlea is connected to the upper window and the lower window. So if we say that
there is somebody who is deaf, deaf people, what makes the mechanism inappropriate?
A deaf person.

What happens here? The question is to everybody. Now, how do we hear? We hear
because we have this sort of mechanical as well as electrical messages, right? So sound
waves amplified, they're sent to the... Amplified by the... And then they're sent to the ear
drum, they're sent to the three tiny bones, then these send them to the what? To the
inner ear. Inside the inner ear, we have the most important part, which is the cochlea.

The cochlea is just like a snail. You know, the body of a snail. If you open it, it's going to
be horizontal.
What do we have inside this snake-shaped organ? What do we have? The bassinlar
membrane or the basilar membrane? So we have the basilar membrane, so we have the
vestibular membrane, then the bassier membrane, OK. Then. More.

More. OK. Can you help her, please? Oh, thanks very much.

So this is the inner ear. Yes. It lies deep in there.

Can you please enlarge the ball from here to here? Because it includes the organ of
coating, which is a very important organ. What do we have on this organ? We have very
little hair cells. What do they do? They move.

How do they move? Under the influence of what? Air pressure. So they move inside a
lake of fluid. What happens to them? How do they move? By the... Waves.

So you have a study about the waves coming in, inside the fluid now, which take part
inside the body of coating. Okay, the hair cells are going to move. So many of them are
going to do what? Send the message now.

The hair cells. Subhanallah. Okay, yes, go on.

So we have about the perception, loudness and the pitch. Loudness is related to the
intensity. Loudness is auditory term, while the intensity is acoustic term.

The high intensity means that the heart now, it is measured by the physical. And though
it is something that is scientific, still it is impressionistic. We don't hear the same thing
similarly.

We hear things differently. It depends on the... It is subjective. It is subjective, yes, how

much efficient the auditory system we have.

Okay? And it can be affected, the auditory system can be affected by age. The age
factor. Mostly old people would complain of what? Hard hearing.

They face a difficulty in hearing things. So, yes? Also we have pitch, which is the higher
pitch means the higher frequency. And frequency means the number of cycles per
second.

And generally speaking, we say that the higher pitch means the higher frequency. And
the number of the maximum pitch or the maximum frequency that the human can hear
from 22,000 to 20,000. 20,000.

Beyond that, below that, below 20,000, and beyond 20,000 cannot be heard by human
beings. Okay? The higher the frequency, the more dangerous it is going to be. Because
it's going to influence the ear drum a bit, to harm it.
Okay? Yes? Also we have to talk about the sound quality. So, we have plosive and
minima. And in plosive, there are two things must be present in order to have a positive
sound to hear the plosive.

So, as we see that in the plosive, we have three phases, which is the closure phase and
the release phase, and the complete... And here comes where we call it the VOT. Voice
on satellite. Yes.

Take care of the speech. VOT. Okay.

And this sound can be considered as a harming sound because there is complete closure
in the mouth, and the air comes through the nose. So, if we are going to compare in
matters of loudness and pitch between different classes of sounds, are they going to be
heard similarly? Are they going to be heard similarly? Of course not. Of course not.

Why? Because their production is better. In the case of loudness, in the way the classes
of sounds are produced, the same nasals, the plosives, negatives, do they have the
same loudness? No. Why? Because the way we produce them is different from one to
another, closer to nasal.

What makes them different in matters of auditory? According to the auditory system.
The vocal cord, the size of the vocal cord. Not only the vocal cord, but matters of
sonority.

Sonority. And sonority is related to loudness, and the loudest type of sounds are vowels.
That is why vowels are louder than other sounds.

And nasals, and approximants, liquids, are coming. Okay, I referred to, and back to,
please, back to. What did I tell you, my daughter? Did I not tell you? So, So, nasal.

Okay. This sound, by means of the auditory levels, has a humming sound. And there is
no flash or explosion that one does to the plosive sound.

And they are kind of the humming sound when they are found, and we can distinguish
one from the another by transition. Corresponding to the close and opening of the mouth
of the different plates. So, because, you see, the idea now, back to the American school,
considering the British schools, I was asking, don't you be problematic for them?
Because according to the British school, they are not stops.

Otherwise, it means that there is a structure in their production. Because there is no

structure, they are louder than others. You see the idea now? You know, this is the
problem faced by the American explanation of what, of what to consider nasal cancer as
what, as plosives or not, or as stops or not.

Okay, then we have, oh, you should have put fricatives with stops, that is why we call
them obstruents. Okay? So, our perception of the fricative leads to the airflow, to the
nasal passage. Fricative is an auditory term, since the air around cannot tell us if the air
is a fricative or not.

And the fricative can be, consist, or divide them into sublush and his and self, and as we
can call them as sublime. Shri Mataji, for bowel, so the lack of observation of the bowel
part and the different shapes of the oral and nasal part can affect our perception of
different bowel quality. That's it.

Thank you. You have watched? Video. Video.

So, it is an amazing machine. Yes. Alhamdulillah.

Have you ever wondered how sounds make their way from the source to the channels in
your brain? Take a short look for instance. This hole, it makes sound waves in the air.
The outer ear catches the waves, which then travel through a narrow passageway called
the ear canal.

The sound wave enters the eardrum, which is a membrane roughly half the size of a
dime. They make the eardrum vibrate, which in turn vibrates three tiny bones called the
malleus. These bones amplify or increase the sound vibrations.

Have you experienced the hearing process in the two ears, in your two ears? Do they
hear similarly? No, one is louder than the other. We hear things louder than the other.
Alhamdulillah.

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