三、主语与谓语(主谓一致)

（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。
EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，是从句，缺乏一个主句

（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理
EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will
be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development 不能够跑)

（三）主语谓语单复数。
插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分
e.g. （Limping, ）the horse （once considered one of the favorites） was/were taken away.
注意 B．一个句子中有多个动词和主语的，要找好对应关系，再判断单复数。

and 和表示“加”的词
1． and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。
2．其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to 还有, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达“and”
的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。
e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.
Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.
一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动－有氧运动（aerobics）和一些疾病－糖尿病（diabetes）水果柑橘
（crtius）还有 species，ethos 民族精神气质社会思潮虽然以 S 结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。

either or, neither nor

1. 当 either..or…/neither…nor..同时出现的时候——就近原则：谓语动词得单复数取决于离它最近的名词的单复数。
EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach.
2. 若仅仅只有 either or neither, 没有 or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数

主语是集合性名词用单数：
在 GMAT 中“集合性名词”一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语（不过这些词中除了 citrus 大家比较混淆，其他应该都没问题
不用重点背它）
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd （群众）orchestra（乐队）, team
Items: baggage, citrus（橙类）, equipment（设备）, fleet（舰队／小河）, fruit, furniture（家具）
e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.
Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.

主语是以下的代词，用单数
Anyone, anybody, anything,
no one, not one, nobody, nothing,
each, every,
someone, somebody, something,
everyone, everybody, everything,
whatever, whoever
either、neither 单用
特殊情况，“SANAM”：some,any,none,all,more/most,(part,half)
1)．Some of, all of, more/most of, part of ,half of ,
谓语单复数。需要看介宾短语中的名词
Some of the money was stolen.
Some of the documents were stolen.
其中又有两个特殊:none of 和 any of 后面如果跟复数可能还是用单数：
Any of these girls is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son. 根据句意，这里的 girl 一次只能一个人。有
争议 应该不考。

each & every 两个词如果放在复数主语之前用单数：

EG: every dog and cat has paws.
复数主语之后用复数
EG: They each are great tennis players.

量词
The number of 和 A number of:
The number of students in this class is quite large. 主语
A number of (=some/many，只加可数) students are hard workers.
比例等：
类似 SANAM 的用法:
Half of the pie is blueberry.
Half of the slices are already gone.
Majority, minority, and plurality（多数）这 3 个词后面“＋of”看 context，当表示一个大群体的一部分时候，用复数；如
果表达一个部分整体，用单数：
The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.
In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.

短语或者从句作主语：谓语用单数
1． -ing 的短语做主语，谓语用单数
Having good friends is a wonderful thing. 不管 friends！（没有逗号）
2．从句做主语，谓语用单数
Whatever they want to do is fine with me.

倒装句的单复数
1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.
Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current
computer pastimes.
Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.
Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.

当不能确定是否是单复数时候，大多是单数。

错题：
句义不明导致被动语态错误

Along with

In addition to

句义不明，主语搞错
主语谓语逻辑不符（proliferation-繁殖不能 develop）；主语标错
四、平行结构
（一）平行结构的标志词
最重要的三个平行连接词：And, both/and, or, either/or; neither/nor, not/but, not only/but also,
rather/than, from/to 前后连接的 A 和 B 必须词性相同，结构一致，甚至“数”一致
Rather/than: It was important to leave the money in the drawer RATHER THAN on the table.

（二）平行元素的引导词
从句开头的引导词（where/who/whose）有时不省略，用于避免语义模糊；
Wrong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay low taxes.
Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.
引导词可以不一样！
Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.
但是“引导词”前面的词不可以省略！those who 连在一起不分家。此句中“those”不能省略，
中间不能插入 both
Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.
Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

（三）AND：
1．通常逗号原则。
A and B; A, B, and C; A, B, C, and D
注意：两项以上最后一项前面 and 不能省略；最后一项 and 前面一定要加逗号。
2．特殊逗号原则
当连接两个元素是长或者独立句子或者又长又独立的时候，会用 A，and B
I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.
3．分层并列
Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life and property and
reckless abandon and it should therefore be shut down.
Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for
human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

（四）一些常见的并列习语
（五）句子中的动词不一定都是平行关系，有可能是动词的-ing 或者-ed 形势表示伴随。

[不太懂]（六）系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么／主语在什么情况下”
系动词都有哪些见下表：

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.（前后不平行。注意，be 不一定是平行标志，如
The flower is beautiful.）
Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in
urban-rural relations in this country.（逻辑不通）
Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-
rural relations in this country.

习题：
n.和 doing sth. 不并列
As…as

Adj. 并列可以这样用

找错连接词

逗号（当连接两个元素是长或者独立句子或者又长又独立的时候，才会用 A，and B

隐蔽的平行
思路没有想到连接词，which

分层并列

注意不能用 where 和 that 并列

五、代词

代词是 GMAT 中最常见的考点，每次见到代词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。

（一）先行词（代词指代的名词）必须存在
EG: 错。The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be
devastating to it.
It 我们猜的出是指 park，但在先行词里没有 park，因为 park 在此处是形容词，不能指代没有的先行词，所以错句。同样的，如果只出现了
sth’s 这个 sth 也不能作为先行词。
正 确 ： The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be
devastating to the park.

[贱贱的]（二）先行词和代词必须同时有意义
将代词换为先行词（它所指代的名词），该句子必须还是有意义，说的通
EG: (错)Although the term ”supercomputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply an
extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.
(It 指代 the term，不指代电脑)
（对）: Although the term "supercomputer" may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it
simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of
calculations every second.
注意：通常解释一个新名词，用的是 it refers to 而不是 it is。此乃常考考点。

（三）代词和先行词的单复数必须一致
GMAT 为了迷惑，常在 number agreement 当中出现主语既可以单数用也可以复数用的词，如 studio, studios：

Studios 和 its 错误，正确:

（四）不要被 whenever 骗了
(五)指示代词 This, That, These and Those
①This, That, These and Those+n.指代,不能单用，也就是不能直接单独代替名词：
Wrong: New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these strength.
Right: New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.
Wrong: Her products are unusual; many consider these unique.
Right: Her products are unusual; many consider these products unique.
或者用 it, they, them 代替：
Right: Her products are unusual; many consider them unique.
②
The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.
其中，that 指代的 money 是另一个人的 money（New copy）了，当使用人称代词如 it 的时候，必须指代和前面的先行词 the
same actual thing：
The money spent by her parents is less than it was expected to be.
注意，当 that, those 用于指代一个“New copy”的时候，一定要加一个修饰，表明它如何不同于前面的:
The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.
Her company is outperforming that of her competitor.
③ 奇怪的是，即使是指代了“New copy”，GMAT 仍然要求前后 number 一致：
Wrong: Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.
一定要指代复数的话，重复那个名词：
Right: Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.

（六）指代不明
1．代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who
2．代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3．所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose
同一个句子中，相同的代词（it, its; they, their, them）不能指代不同的东西：

此处：They: Researchers; Them: New “nano-papers”，错误。

习题:
集合名词用单数代词:

注意注意！that 做代词的时候指代单数!!
Whom:

易忽略的：

我把先行词看缺了，这里 them 还应该包括 laptop:

六、修饰语
（一）形容词和副词
1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余如形容词、其它副词、短语、介词，甚至一个从句都可修饰。
2．GMAT 考试中最常出现的两种修饰结构对比选项：
形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
EG: Wrong：James is Max’s supposedly Irish ancestor.
Right： James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor.
在句中 Irish 是形容词，ancestor 是名词。
supposed 修饰 ancestor，表明 James 可能是，也可能不是 MAX 的 ancestor.
Wrong: Max’s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.
Right: Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.
此处 supposedly 一定要用副词形式，因为 M 的奶奶肯定是 M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的 Irish 祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词
了。
常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,
seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
即意味着，以上这些词，出现在语法中，既有＋ly,也有不加－ly 的时候，既要忠于原文，也要忠于语义。

（二）名词修饰语：
1．名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。
EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错
To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对
Gmat 语法中，总出现 which 引导的修饰性从句，如果不是修饰其前面最近的名词，则一般是错的。
2．每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, Resigned to the bad news.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.
Gmat 中若主语前有个 ved 引导的修饰从句，主语必须是逗号后面紧挨的主语，若不是，则错！
3．避免一系列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
两个修饰语（both…, who…）导致修饰的错误：
Wrong: George Carlin，both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，who
also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and in- spired a generation of
comedians.
Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，George Car- lin，who
also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
BEST: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，George Carlin influenced
and inspired a generation of comedians,
4. 修饰对象应该明确:

EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity
invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.
Development（抽象名词） 不是一个 activity
Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art
form only in the past century.
5. (1) 关系代词：Which That Who Whose Whom Where When
Who, Whom 只能修饰人；Which 只能修饰物；GMAT 中，that 不能修饰人。

在 GMAT 中 whose 既可以修饰物也可以修饰人。

e.g . the town whose water supply was contaminated.
(2) Who/whom：who 充当从句中谓语的主语；whom 动词或者介词的宾语
Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice.
Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.（we met whom）
(3) That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的

(4) Where: where 只能修饰具体的地点，不能修饰抽象的: condition, situation, case, circumstance,

arrangement 这种情况要用 in which。

(5) When: 修饰一个具体时间或者时间段: time, period, age, 1987, decade，这种情况 when 也可以用 in which 代替。
6．限制性名词修饰，非限制性名词修饰
Non-essential: This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by
the Lees. 非限定: 涂了颜色不重要。（单 which 不能用 that 代替）
Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees. 限定：必须是涂了红
色的这个。
但是当 which 前面有介词的时候，例如 for which，可能不需要 that,但是依然需要逗号原则（有逗号非限定，逗号限定）。
Non-essential: This mansion, FOR WHICH I YEARN, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the Lees.

（三）动词修饰语
注意主语：Wrong: The weight was lifted by concentrating. 修饰语应该有合适的主语。
Right: The weight was lifted to free my leg.
Wrong: The boulder rolled to free my leg. The boulder 做主语没道理。

（四）which 和现在分词
1．Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which 不能修饰一个句子
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood. WHICH has led to a rise in
property values.（此句中 which 指的是 neighborhood,错）
Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property
values.
1.5 Which 跳跃修饰的例子：
只能修饰介词短语，并且：the pictures of a dog，which…可以，因为 pictures of a dog 可以作为一个整体
但是 they built a ship in 1993，which…就不行，因为 ship in 1993 不是一个整体
2．ing 形式做修饰语更 flexible
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property
values.

习题：
修饰谁：

形容词+形容词+名词 VS 副词+形容词+名词

复习平行:

That 不能修饰人、which、that 区别（在限定性非限定性里面）：

Whom 又错了：
两个限定性例子：

一个非限定性例子：

Based on 失效时可以用 because of 换:

V.ing 代替 which：

补充：Ron：
V.ing 用法补充:
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词: the changing seasons
（2）可以修饰主语和动词: I lifted the weight, whistling.
（3）可以修饰一个从句: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in
property values.
七、动词的时态、语气和主被动
（一）一般时和进行时:
1. General rules 用一般现在时。
2. 不能用现在进行时表示 General rules。
3．现在进行时不能表示将来的动作，太大白话了。但是可以表示“可能性”
Wrong: Quentin IS MEETING Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Right: Quentin WILL MEET Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.
4．表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如 know, signify（意味着），emit(发射)
EG: Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
5．一个句子中的不同动词时态。若在一个句子里，两个动词的时态一样，代表两个动作是平行的，同样重要的。若一个句子里两个时态不一样，则时
态近的是主句，另一个动作通常代表一个背景介绍。
Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句要表达的是 the
babysitter arrived 之前 she was playing.
She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句表达的是 the babysitter
arrived 之后 she played.

（二）现在完成时态
1．现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影响。现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词：

对比：
We have lived in a hut for three days. 还住着
We lived in a hut for three days. 住过了
对现在仍然有影响:
The child has drawn a square in the sand.
虽然已经画完了，但是图案还在。以下是变式：
Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean erased it. (现在状态不知道)
Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it. (现在没 square 了)
Wrong: The child has drawn a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.
现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点, ever since, within the past X years/in the last X
years/over/during/for +时间段
不要用在一个过去的时间点：last month///, in 2007，yesterday，at the age of 5，just now，this
morning///，in the old days，at that time，the other day(不久前某一天)
一般将来时+过去完成时：
EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.
(She will pay clearly after you take out the garbage and have proven it.)
（三）过去完成时
1．两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时，

The film had started by the time we arrived at the theater.

The teacher thought that Jimmy had cheated on the exam.
By 1945, the United States had been at war for several years.
2. 有时候过去的事情有先后顺序也不一定要用过去完成时：
Eg. A drove to the store and bought an ice cream. (相同主语，逻辑明显)
以 and, before, but 等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。
EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.
有 before, after 这种，也可以不用过去完成时：
Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.
3．Trick 一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中
用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。
EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's,
but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular
music.
4. 尽量从简:

（四）时态序列
若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would）：

避免现在时+条件语句，避免过去式+将来式
EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful.
The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.
错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.
The man believed that the machine will be wonderful.

（四）虚拟语气
虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
1. 看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用 if, as if, as though 引导：The hypothetical subjunctive
Right: To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE
harmless.
hypothetical subjunctive 虚拟语气中，be 一般用 were. EG: if I were a rich man
2．proposal, desire, request 等表“建议”、“命令”的词用 that 引导: The command subjunctive
1．The hypothetical subjunctive
If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)
（1）表示确定: If ＋一般现在时, then ＋一般现在时
If she eats pizza, then she becomes ill.
（2）表示某种程度的不确定: if ＋一般现在时, then can／may＋v.原型
If she eats pizza, then she may become ill.
（3）确定-用于将来时态：if ＋一般现在时，then＋一般将来时
If she eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill.
（4）不确定-将来时态: if ＋虚拟语气 , then ＋情态动词＋v.原型（与现在相反的情况）
If she ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
此句中，作者认为 S 不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词 would 是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。
（5）从未发生-过去式：if ＋过去完成时, then＋情态动词完成时 (与过去相反的情况)
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
注：a.在 GMAT 中，如果遇到 if..then 一般是以上的五种之一。
b.情态动词 would/should 永远不会出现在“if”那句里面！
2. The command subjunctive: 命令性的虚拟语气，（比假设性虚拟更重要）
（1）一般形式： 主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型
Bossy Verb + THAT+ subject + Command Subjunctive
Eg. We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.
命令虚拟语气中，只用 be，不用 is，am，are，was，were；动词用原型，不加 s，不用过去式:（三个要点: that, 动词原形, be）
Eg. We proposed that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS;
The agency required that Gary BE ready before noon.
GMAT 中虚拟经常错的几种形式

第一句：缺 That; 第二句：disbands 错，应该没有 S

第三句：不能有 is; 第四句：不能有 will
第五句：不能有 should
【背】 （2）暴力词－作为命令意思时只能用 that 从句的命令虚拟语气，不能用不定式：demand, dictate, insist, mandate（命
令，授权）, propose（建议，提出）, recommend, request, stipulate（规定，保证）, suggest（比如 suggest 作暗
示的时候可以是：His presence suggests that he is happy.）：We demand THAT HE BE here.
其中 propose,当句子中的两个动词发起者均是一个主语时，可以用不定式：
The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.
（3） 暴力词－只能用不定式的：want, advise, allow, forbid（区别于 prohibit，prohibit 只能 from doing）,
persuade
We allow HIM TO BE here.
（4） 暴力词－既可以接 that 从句的命令虚拟语气，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge,
require
We require THAT HE BE here. or We require HIM TO BE here. 注意：有 that 用虚拟。
（5） 具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气，如 demand, request
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
（6）形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式(少考)：如 essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting,
imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
Right: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.
It is essential for Gary to be ready before noon.
（7）例外暴力词－prohibit 既不接 that 也不接 to do
常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing
Right: The agency PROHIBITED Gary FROM WORKING on weekends.

（五）被动语态与主动语态
1. BE(am,is,are/was,were)+过去分词，不能用 get 等：

2．出现了 by 什么人/什么方法，前面要用被动语态:

3．被动语态不可以用不及物动词，例如 arrive,不能用被动语态，因为不能“arrive something, so something can’t be

arrived”
Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.
Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.

题目：
Right now 就应该用现在进行时:
过去进行时没理解，错用成了过去完成时：

过去式过去完成式都可以，一个强调建了个学校，一个强调时间顺序：

前后时间比较明显：

巩固其中两个 if…then…

Ambitious 但是没语法错误：是毕加索的画 还是毕加索要他卖？

Require, 有 that 不能用不定式:

八、GMAT 中常见的比较

（一）常见的比较词汇
（二）like vs as
1．Like 是一个介词，因此 like 后面只能跟名词、代词或者名词短语。（不能跟从句／介词短语），但是可以跟动名词作名词，如 like
swimming, skating is great exercise.
2．As 既可以作介词（跟名词），又可以作连词（后面可以跟句子）。表示列举的时候，只能用 as,不能用 like

Right：Like her brother, Ava aced the test.

一个重要例子：
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错（有歧义）
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it catches a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (不同主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词 can)
(三)比较要平行
1．比较的对象具有同等逻辑意思。
Wrong: Frank's build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother, is broad and muscular. （注意这个 that of his
brother, that 指代 build，单数，指代复数用 those，且在这里作为名词词组可以接在 like 后面）
Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.
2．比较要从结构上保持平行
Wrong: I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.
Right: I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.
（四）比较结构的省略
（1）所有格省略
前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略，用所有格表示。
P.S. 所有格/所有物可以代表单数和复数，只有逻辑意思合理就行。
EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Smiths’ [toes}.
（2）比较从句可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。
EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.
I walk faster than Brian [walks}.
I walk as fast now as [I walked] when I was younger.
（3）有些句子为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。
EG: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts 必须为宾语才能省略)
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
（五）比较级与最高级
1．以 ly 结尾的副词的比较级是 more +该副词，不要改成 er 形式
EG: Adam runs more quickly（不要写成 quicker） than Jones.（没有宾语，所以 Jones 后面省略 does）
2．比较级中一定要有一个 than
（六）比较重要考点
1．对主谓宾全的句型
(1) 主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB 为对等名词，加 do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定
是主语对比）
(2) 介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2 对等名词）
注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在 than 后面
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.错,不是介宾比较
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对
(3) 宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2 为对等名词)
(4) 状语比较 A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语)
2．一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而
不需要重复 do 来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按 ETS 的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。 哈哈
~
3．AS 族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成 as many as, as hard as 等
形式，但 ETS 宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain. (类似于介宾比较）
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road does. (主语比较）
Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents. (宾语比较)
4．特殊句型
AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.
They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
5．There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型 OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years
ago. (主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player. (宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers. (介
宾比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china. (介宾比较)

习题:
区分逻辑不通与省略：
容易忽略：

词义不懂导致没看出逻辑问题（antics 滑稽动作，clowns 小丑）：

两个例子关于平行：

注意一个就近修饰的插入语没问题：
补充：Mistake X for Y
九、惯用语(Idioms)
十、其他一些语法

（一）连词
1．一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以 because or if 结尾；逗号不
足以连接两个完整句子。
2．and 是 GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成分或者
句子，注意 and 连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。
And 的两种用法：1）连接一系列的名词。（apples, grapes, and pears）
2)连接两个主语从句（意味着 2 个主语 2 个谓语，且并列）and 前面如果有逗号，则后面必有主语！或者 and 是
一个主语发出的 2 个动作，则不需要逗号，直接用 and 连接。
Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school，AND HE later ate his lunch.
3．一次只能用一个连词，如 since/because, so 不能同时用， although, yet 不能同时用。
4．并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since, when, if ,
unless, that, though, while
从属结构，通过 because, although, if, while, so that 修饰，有两个重要考点：
1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。
注：OG-T723：Although 在句首后面要有主谓宾，而作为插入语，如：Subject，although，verb…这里按照 Ron 的说法，
although 后只能加一个 adj.(although exausted)或者 adj.形式(economy, although growing slowly, …)的
短语
（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号
1．逗号
(1) 限定性与非限定的逗号使用。
(2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的 and 不用逗号。

(3) 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈）除了 the more…, the more…这种句式

2．分号
(1) 分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子（后面那个单独拿出就说不通），这两个句子又必须都能单独成句：
EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; doing everything together.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.
(2) 用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留比如原句是因果关系。

(3) 分号后经常跟一些连接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如
 however, therefore, in addition, then.
EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
(4) 分号还有个少用的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。
EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
3．冒号
(1) 冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加 namely 或者 that is。
(2) 冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。

(3) 紧挨着冒号前的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好
Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and
temperature.
Right: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and
temperature.
(4) 冒号后可以加入一个主句，必须解释冒号前的内容，有时可以解释冒号前面整个句子。
EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would
become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable
stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.
4．破折号
(1) 破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。
(2) 有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。
EG: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变 7 个人了)
(3) 破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被
解释内容之后。
EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for
management consultants-by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.
(4)一般不会有问题
(5)E.g. 97. Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's
people is the result of a "population bottleneck"—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered
an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.
(A) at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers
(B) that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers
(C) that some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers were greatly
reduced,
(D) some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers were greatly
reduced
(E) some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their numbers
greatly
Answer: B, 涉及到破折号的是这里:Scientists believe that X – (in other words,) that Y: that 不要省略，且 X,Y
平行
（三）量词
1．加在可数名词前面的量词：few、number of、numerous
2．加在不可数名词前面的量词：less、amount of、great、least

3．既可跟可数名词又可跟不可数名词的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是 less 只能不可数

4．留意单位词：如 money-dollars, volume-gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是修饰不可数名词的
Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.
(这里 dollars 是复数，但是可以用不可数的 less than 来修饰，强调钱少，如果用 fewer than，强调的是钱币数量少)
5. between 用在两个物品；among 用在三个及以上物品
6． The numbers of 一般都是错的
如果 numbers 要做比较，用 greater than, 而不是 more than，不然就是比较 numbers 本身了。
Wrong: The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now suspected to
be much MORE than before.
Right: The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now suspected to be
much GREATER than before.
7．increase 和 decrease 表达同一事物的变化；Greater 和 Less 则是比较不同事物。
Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.
Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.
避免意思重复：increase 不能和 rise/rising/risen／growing/growth 一起用; decrease 不能和 fall/fell 一起用。
Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.
Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.
Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%.

习题：
分号前后都应该是完整的句子:
冒号尽量不要解释离太远的:

很多个可数不可数的量词没注意到（因为对句意的理解有点慌了）：

连词前面的逗号（because 也是一样）:
补充:
2、用动词表达倍数：
double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple →这些动词可做形容词(double 还能做 adv, predeterminer)
sth. double sth. ;
sth. is doubled;
sth. double (adj.);
*：几个永远错误的形式：
(1) produce double； a doubling of; produce a doubling
(2) as much as twice the apples (much 与 apples 矛盾，改为 twice as many apples as; sth. double
sth.)
*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和 as 搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）
十一、简洁和平行（高阶）

（二）简洁的考点
GMAC 会利用较短的表达造成“简洁”的错觉。
1．(1) 当 of 的词,表示形容前面的名词时，可以将 of 省略。
A wall of stone=a stone wall。
但是 of 是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用 of。（OG-739）

(2) 尤其介词不是 of 时，更加有必要保留介词

Danube river access < access to the Danube river;
Boston soldier < soldier from Boston
Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees
Sales increase < increase in sales
2．在比较中，that of , those of 常常很重要
Wrong: The face I see in ads is a famous actor.
Right: The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor
但有时候又是多余的
The fields I most enjoy studying are those of math and physics. <The fields I most enjoy
studying are math and physics.
因为 math 和 physics 确实就是 fields。
3．在一些报道性的词语后面一定跟着 that
Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt,
expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn,
be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show
Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished.
Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.
有一个比较特殊的词就是 say,之后不必跟 that，就可以跟一个句子
Right: The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver.
（三）平行
引子：Ex: The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love.
错的，为什么?因为名词分为 3 类：

其中 action nouns 又包括 Complex gerunds 复杂动名词

和第三类:3. 简单动名词
为了平行，尽量避免 concrete nouns（bouquet）和 action nouns（复杂动名词 a giving）平行。所以尽管 a giving 是一个
technically noun，这个句子不好。
1． 动名词：动名词分为两类：简单动名词、复杂动名词。
① 简单动名词，（动名词＋名词）
Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.
其中 Tracking satellites accurately acts as a noun，=something
但是又可以轻松变成动词：I am tracking satellites accurately.
② 复杂动名词，算是真正意义上的名词了（含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词 a/an/the +of 的介宾短语）
The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.
The running of marathons…
Marathons running…
2. 简单动名词 NEVER 和复杂动名词平行。
Wrong：I enjoy drinking the water and the wine tasting.
Right: I enjoy drinking the water and tasting the wine.
3. 只有复杂动名词才能与 action nouns 平行。
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions,
significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a
general pardon.
Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions,
significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND
a general pardon.
其中 withdrawal, reductions, pardon 都是动作名词，而 the raising of 是复杂动名词。
The accurate tracking of satellites -复杂动名词； tracking satellites -简单动名词
在所有的动名词中，永远选择复杂动名词（通常带 OF）而不是简单动名词。
另外，如果对于一个动作已经有合适的 action noun，避免使用简单动名词和复杂动名词:
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions
AND releasing certain political prisoners.
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions
AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.
Right:The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions
AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.

4. 形容词、过去分词和现在分词的平行：
5. 从句的平行:
比如前后的 Which:

6. 总结：

题目：

主语单数所以用 is，注意 is 两边的大平行（（六）系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么／主语在什么情况下”）：

辨别从句：
复杂动名词和动作名词平行：
十二、代词和修饰语（高阶）
（一）代词
1．代词
（1）there：there 如果做代词指代某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方，而且必须是介宾短语形式或名词，不能是形容词成分。
EG: × Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental
concerns addressed.
Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns
addressed.
（2）itself, themselves, one another 彼此，互相, each other: 一般表强调其指代的名词
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. (解散 Agreement)
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (解散 Commission)

（3）such, other, another

以上三个代词一般在后面跟一个概括性的名词指代前面的名词。
After the agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to
debate in the future.
（4）one：指代具有非确定性，要么指代前面的单数名词，或者指代前面复数名词其中不确定的一个。而 it/them 是确定的。
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.巧克力中一个
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them.前面的巧克力
（5）do so 和 do it
Do so : 可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语
Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother did so. 指代 eat dinner quickly（so 可省略：Q did not
eat dinner quickly, but her brother did.）
Do it : it 必须指代一个确切的名词
Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面的 homework.
Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.
2．代词变换位置
（1）不定式做主语时，通常用 it 作形式主语
TO RESIST temptation is futile. Awkward
It is futile to resist temptation. Better
（2）that 从句做主语，通常用 it 作形式主语
THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement. Awkward
It gave us encouragement that we scored at all. Better
注意 it 在其他情况下都不可以指代从句。
（3）不定式或 that 从句做宾语，用 it 作形式宾语
She made it possible for us to attend the movie.
She made possible our attendance at the movie.
She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都对
3．避免代词指代不清，GMAT 喜欢的方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以避免直
接用之前的名词造成重复
Ex: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to
hang the meat from.
New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.
After the agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to
debate in the future.
4．代词使用的一些细微差别
（1）单数代词指代单数名词
（2）性别代词要一致,his/her/its
（3）重复的代词经常被认为指代的是同一个名词,一个句子中所有的 it，its
/they，them，their 始终指代同一个词
（4）代词一般指代离其最近的名词，但不能过于近了；
EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo. it 不能指代 station house
大多数情况被指代词在代词之前,但也有特殊的，在其之后
EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.
（5）代词要和其平行位置的先行词平行。平行结构中代词和相应名词可视为相同指代。
（二）修饰语
1．of 修饰短语: of 短语修饰其前面的名词,而代词则指代整个 of 介词短语的内容
（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.
在本句中，that 从句指代 a way of dodging opponents
Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.
（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size
of Alaska.
2．为避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置
对：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to
various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public
scorecards.
Awkward：A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to
various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public
scorecards has been hired.
3．插入语，在主语和谓语之间，插入一个成分对主语进行进一步说明,用逗号隔开。
Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that bv population are over-
represented in the Electoral College. （that 修饰的是 states）
4．平行修饰的时候，其中一组修饰词一定紧跟着他们所修饰的名词。
In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a
special French word.
总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。
（三）所有格
(1) 不要选择 Y of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么 Y of X,要么 X’s
(2) GMAT 在 80%~90%情况下复数不用所有格，如 humans’
EG: ×: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and
protection. (Certain 修饰不清)
√: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and
protection.
大部分名词用 of X 结构可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如 sales,要用 in 所有格，不等同于普通名词，不能简单修饰
（四）当修饰一个集合名词的时候，有三种常见修饰
(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently
discovered.
错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently
discovered.
错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which only recently discovered.
(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently
discovered.
错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only
recently discovered.
(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.

其中的 some，可能被替换成 any, none, all, more/most，many, each, either, neither, half, one

（五）Absolute Phrase 独立主格

Ex: His head held high, Tom walked out of the store.
其中，his head held high 作为独立主格修饰后面整个 Tom walked out of the store.句子
1. 独立主格的结构: n. +n. modifier，如 his head held high，his head (n.)+held high (n. modifier)
2. 独立主格不是同位语，它可以移动，而同位语不行；此外还能给用 with 连接:

3. 另一个例子: 整个句子作为独立主格，修饰前面的发现，这是 which 不能做的：

4. GMAT 不允许 and this，and that 的表达：

5. 当然，灵活的 ing 形式是可以用的：

6. 有时独立主格可以用“—”连接。
习题：
Part1.代词
It 不能指代一个句子，the police 在这里代表一堆警察：

There 的指代要注意：

Those 无先行词，it 不能指代句子：

Part2.修饰语
十三、动词和比较（高阶）
（一）Helping v 助动词：be /do /have
1．Helping v 应当和前面时态保持一致。但当需要时态变化时，不要用助动词，写出新时态的动词。
错 I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did.
对 I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.此处就不能用 has 替代
2．少数情况下时态可以不匹配。助动词后省略的词一定要是原文之前出现过的
错 Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.
对 Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
They do 指代的是“they do inspire”，要用 are 前面就必须出现过 inspring
2.5

3．情态动词
（1）Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,这些词在使用过程中不能
相互替换。
有时候情态动词会与一些具有类似含义的动词发生重复，要避免。比如在有 ensure 等
强调必须、义务的句子，再用 have to/must 显得啰嗦。
Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.
Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.
（2）Be to 在 GMAT 中是被避免使用的，用 will, 或者 should 替代
Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.
Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.
（3）if 引导的条件句中，不能用情态动词,例如 should
Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test ,he will graduate.
Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.

（二）动词的形式
1．不定式：可以做名词，形容词或副词

(1) 不定式的使用要符合逻辑意思：
The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. 错(avoid 的主语变成 building 是错
的)
The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. 对（it 指代的是 building）

(2) 不定式虽然可以做名词，但跟普通名词还是有差别，在前置短语里，最好别用不定式，而用 it 代替。且不定式也不能被形容词修饰(但动名词可

以)。
Awkward: TO ERR is human.
Right: IT is human TO ERR.
2．动名词（可作主语，宾语）
（1）经验：动名词做主语比不定式做主语更为常见，但不绝对！
（2）一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格
Mike’s swimming is the product of new coaching techniques.

（3）尽量避免用动名词所有格， 动词的名词形式要好一些，如 her action>her acting

3．分词（可以用来修是一个词，或者整个句子）
一个特殊的句型： Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.
Having 的逻辑主语是 she
4．根据语义，使用现在分词， 不定式和其他形式

其中，前面两个 conquer 的主语都是 plan，而 plan 本身是无法征服什么的；相对的，第三个 to conquer 的主语是某一个人，不是

plan。
（三）like & as
1．like 可以修饰名词和动词(I danced LIKE you last night.)，但 like 后只能跟名词或代词。
2．as 可以作为连词（包括比较）和介词
（1）as 作为连词
As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during) 当…时候
I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because) 因为
You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 像／相似于
（1.5）做“像／相似于”讲 de 时候，通常和“just ,so ,so too”一起，连接 2 个句子，或者连接一个短语＋句子
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.
Right: AS in the previous case, the judge took an early break.
（3）AS 作为介词，表“作为，当” 而不是“像”
As your leader, I am in charge.
I think you as my friend.
AS a child, I thought I could fly.

（4）as…as 结构
第一个 As 后面跟形容词或副词，第二个 as 后面跟名词，词组或者从句
They are as hungry as they were last night.
（5）举例只能用 As（或 such as），不能用 like
Wrong: I enjoy fast food LIKE hamburgers. (=fast food SIMILAR TO hamburgers)
Right: I enjoy fast food SUCH AS hamburgers.
（四）数字比较
1．对： 3 times as old as 错：3 times older than (怎么能拿是 3 倍更老呢)
对： 3 years older than 错：3 years as old as
2．有时候用 times, 不要 as 或 than, 表示直接修饰
The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.
The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.
3．more, less 很灵活，可作名词，形容词或副词
I own more than I should. 名词 I own more shirts than I should. 形容词
I sleep more than I should. 副词
但是 higher, greater, lower 等只能用作形容词
×I spend lower than I did last year.
√My bills are lower than they were last year.
4．比较双方一定要对等,且一定要清晰
(1) We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊,应改为：
We have even more engines that are efficient than before.
或者 We have engines even more efficient than before.
(2) 一些表示比较词，exceed, surpass，前后比较对象也要对等。
Wrong: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds the incidence among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds its incidence among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds that among women.
(3) In addition to， 通常放在句首，表示另外的一个例子。
IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable. (同类)
IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. (不同类事物)

习题:
现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法

总论

GMAT 语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外
还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词 and 来连接两个动作，可是在 GMAT 语法
中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：

She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)

She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT 语法)

所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语

1、 前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用

2、 两个同时发生的动作

一、正向考法

正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：

He scored 100, making him the best student.

这里的 making 动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状

语。

这样的正向考题非常非常多，ETS 给出的干扰选项也非常有规律。

1、 which 引导的非限制性定语从句

一般语法中可以使用 which 指代前面的整个分句，而 GMAT 语法中不允许。这个选项的干扰性最强。

2、 不定式

考生常常会忽略不定式的逻辑主语是否是句子的主语，所以也有干扰性。不过在 GMAT 里，似乎没有看到过逗号以后使用不定

式仍然是正确答案的先例（平行对称结构除外）。

3、 介词宾语结构

介词宾语结构不如不定式，如果不是固定搭配最好不要用。

二、反向考法之
既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任
何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：

He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以

坐在椅子上)

ETS 的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬

了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)

He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)

ETS 的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.
(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了 100 导致第二次考 99)

来一个实际中的例子，新东方补充教材新版本 204 题：

Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and
hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting
them apart, as in nuclear reactors.

(A) merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in
nuclear reactors

(B) merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like
nuclear reactors

(C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as
nuclear reactors do

(D) and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as
is done in unclear reactors

(E) and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split
them apart

很明显，is 这个动作和 merge 这个动作不可能是同时发生的，也不可能是前一个句子的整体导致后面动作的发生，所以使

用 merge 就错了。大家可以注意到，ABC 三个选项都在引诱你使用伴随状语，这就是 ETS 的险恶用心。所以答案必须
在 DE 中筛选。

Excel in 超过 擅长

Excel at 擅长
Ron:
12.10.25
Sentence Structure：
For overall sentence structure, the hint/clue is split between MODIFIER and ESSENTIAL
ELEMENT (主语、谓语)

Although 开头：Although a sentence, a sentence(要有完整主谓宾).

看到动词，modifier，主谓的 split：注意 modifier 是一个可以去掉的东西，去掉它句子是否还完整？

经典句例：

29. Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were

written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage
to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886,
outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

(A) Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years

before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly
before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering

(B) Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years
before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before
Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

(C) Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years

before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly
before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering

(D) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few

years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly
before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering

(E) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few

years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly
before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

Verb
Modifier/ not verb
这样整体结构很好分析排除了：两个 verbs: My friend is a sales manager, lives in Texas. 错
两个 modifiers: My friend, who is a sales manager and lives in Texas. 错
所以 BCD 错