Major Project-I Report

On

ARDUINO BASED HEALTH MONITORING

SYSTEM

Submitted in Partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted to

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)

Submitted By:
Rahul Kumar 0126EC121074
Ray Sahab Maurya 0126EC121083
Sandeep Kumar 0126EC121089
Sanjeet Tiwari 0126EC121090
Vinay Kumar Singh 0126EC121117

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Praveen Choudhary
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ORIENTAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P.
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
Session: 2023-2024
 ORIENTAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P. & Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Major Project-I, Dissertation
Report entitled as “Arduino Based Health Monitoring System” being Submitted
by Rahul Kumar [0126EC121074], Ray Sahab Maurya [0126EC121083],
Sandeep Kumar [0126EC121089], Sanjeet Tiwari [0126EC121090], Vinay
Kumar Singh [0126EC121117] in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of “Bachelor of Technology” in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
discipline to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during
the academic year 2023-24 is a record of bonafide piece of work, carried out
under my supervision and guidance in the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal.

Approved by

Guide Head of Department

EX, OCT EX, OCT

Dr. K.K. Dwivedi

Director, OCT

i
 ORIENTAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P. & Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This dissertation entitled “Arduino Based Health Monitoring System” being
submitted by Rahul Kumar [0126EC121074], Ray Sahab Maurya
[0126EC121083], Sandeep Kumar [0126EC121089], Sanjeet Tiwari
[0126EC121090], Vinay Kumar Singh [0126EC121117] has been examined by
us & hereby approve for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of “Bachelor of Technology” in Electrical & Electronics Engineering for which
it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not
necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expresses or
conclusion draw there in, but the dissertation only for the purpose for which it has
been submitted.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Date: Date:

ii
 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Major Project-I report on “Arduino Based Health
Monitoring System” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering of Oriental College of Technology is an authentic record of our
own work.
We have not submitted the part and partial of this report for the award of any
other degree or diploma.

Rahul Kumar 0126EC121074

Ray Sahab Maurya 0126EC121083
Sandeep Kumar 0126EC121089
Sanjeet Tiwari 0126EC121090
Vinay Kumar Singh 0126EC121117

Date:

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to
the best of my knowledge.

Prof. Praveen Choudhary

Guide
EX, OCT

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are heartily thankful to the Management of Oriental College of Technology for

providing us all the facilities and infrastructure to take our work to the final stage.
It is the constant supervision, moral support and proper guidance of our respected
Director, Dr. K.K. Dwivedi, who motivated throughout the work.
We express deep sense of gratitude and respect to our learned guide Prof. Praveen
Choudhary, Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
during all phases of our work. Without his enthusiasm and encouragement this dissertation
would not have been completed. His valuable knowledge and innovative ideas helped us to
take the work to the final stage. He has timely suggested actions and procedures to follow for
which we are really grateful and thankful to him.
We express our gratefulness to Head of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department for
providing all the facilities available in the department for his continuous support, advice, and
encouragement during this work and also help to extend our knowledge and proper
guidelines.

Constant help, moral and financial support of our loving parents motivated us to complete the
work. We express our heartily thanks to our all family members for their co-operation.
We really admire the fond support of our class-mates for their co-operation and constant help.
It gives immense pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement and support extended by them.
Last but not the least we are extremely thankful to all who have directly or indirectly helped
us for the completion of the work.

Rahul Kumar 0126EC121074

Ray Sahab Maurya 0126EC121083
Sandeep Kumar 0126EC121089
Sanjeet Tiwari 0126EC121090
Vinay Kumar Singh 0126EC121117

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate…………………………………………………………………………………….. i
Certificate of Approval……………………………………………………………………. ii
Candidate Declaration……………………………………………………………………… iii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………. iv
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………... vii
List of Tables…...…………………………………………………………………………….. viii
List of Abbreviation…………………………………………………………………………. ix
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….…………. x

CHAPTER - 1 Introduction…………………………………………………..... 1-4

1.1 Overview…………………………………………………..... 2
1.2 Peak to Average Power Ratio………………………………. 4

CHAPTER - 2 Basis of OFDM…………………………………………….…… 5-12

2.1 Digital Communication System……………………………… 5
2.2 Multipath channels…………………………………………… 6
2.3 Multicarrier transmission scheme…………………………... 6
2.4 OFDM………………………………………………………. 7
2.4.1 Cyclic prefix…………………………………………… 8
2.4.2 Schematic of OFDM with Cyclic Prefix………………… 10
2.4.3 Advantages of OFDM…………………………………… 11
2.4.4 4Disadvantages of OFDM……………………………… 11

CHAPTER - 3 Literature Survey……………………………………………… 13-16

CHAPTER – 4 Problem Formulation & Objectives.…………………………. 17-30

4.1 Multicarrier transmission scheme…………………………… 17
4.2 Multicarrier data detection scheme…………………………… 18

CHAPTER - 5 Proposed Methodology………………………………………… 31-36

5.1 Selective Mapping…………………………………………… 31

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 5.2 Implementation of Selective Mapping Technique (Flow chart) 34
5.3 Proposed Methodology: A SLM-Weighted Hybrid……… 35

CHAPTER – 6 Results and Discussion………………………………………... 37-43

6.1 Comparative PAPR performance…………………………... 37

CHAPTER – 7 Conclusion and Future Work………………………………… 44

7.1 Conclusion………………………………………………….. 44
7.2 Future work…………………………………………………. 44

References…………………………………………………………….……………. 45

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Amplifier characteristics 2
Figure 2.1 Block diagram of digital communication system 5
Figure 2.2 Transmitter section of multi carrier modulation scheme 6
Figure 2.3 Receiver section of multi carrier modulation scheme 7
Figure 2.4 Transmitter section of OFDM 7
Figure 2.5 Receiver section of OFDM 8
Figure 2.6 Transmitter Section of OFDM 8
Figure 2.7 Transmitter section of OFDM with CP 10
Figure 2.8 Receiver section of OFDM with CP 10
Figure 3.1 Comparison of the spectral utilization efficiency between FDM and
OFDM schemes 13
Figure 4.1 Sub carrier band 17
Figure 4.2 Figure EChibiting Mutual Probabilities of Random Variables 24
Figure 4.3 Signal crossing fading dip resulting in outage 26
Figure 4.4 Variation of LCR with respect to SNR 28
Figure 5.1 Selective Mapping 31
Figure 5.2 Flowchart of Selective Mapping 34
Figure 5.3 A Typical Sinc Function 35
Figure 5.4 Flowchart of Proposed Technique 36
Figure 6.1 Spectrum of OFDM 37
Figure 6.2 Implementation of Clipping 38
Figure 6.3 Phase Addition in SLM 39
Figure 6.4 Addition of Optimal Phase in SLM 39
Figure 6.5 Original OFDM 40
Figure 6.6 OFDM with Clipping 40
Figure 6.7 OFDM with SLM 41
Figure 6.8 A Typical Sinc(m) Function 41
Figure 6.9 Weights using 1-sinc(m) function 42
Figure 6.10 CCDF of Proposed Technique 42

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Comparative PAPAR Analysis at PAPR=10 -1 43

Table 2 Comparative PAPAR Analysis at PAPR=10 -2 43

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio
CCDF Complementary Cumulative Density Function
BER Bit Error Rate
LCR Level Crossing Rate
QoS Quality of Service
LTE Long Term Evolution
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
TI Tone Injection
PTS Partial Transmitted Sequence
SLM Selective Mapping
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
HPA High Power Amplifier
ACE Active Constellation ECtension
SNR Signal To Noise Ratio
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
FDA Frequency Division MultiplECing
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
HDTV High Definition Television
ML Maximum Likelihood
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BCM Block Coded Modulation
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function

ix
 ABSTRACT

Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing OFDM has emerged has a key enabler in high
speed digital communication. It has found its applications in LTE, WLANs, WiMax systems
etc. It is by far better that Frequency Division MultiplECing (FDM) in terms of spectral
efficiency. One of the major drawbacks of OFDM systems though is its high Peak to Average
Power Ratio (PAPR). Due to high values of PAPR, it becomes impossible to use high power
amplifiers in the piecewise linear region which causes non-linear distortion in the signal at
the receiving end. Non linear distortions result in high bit error rate or BER of the system.
This in turn degrades the Quality of Service (QoS) of the system. Hence to mitigate such
detrimental effects in OFDM, PAPR reduction techniques are used to reduce high value of
PAPR. Out of several PAPR reduction techniques, Selective Mapping is one of the most
potent techniques with high PAPR reduction capability. In the proposed technique, a
weighted selective mapping technique is proposed with windowed weighting unction used for
peak cancellation. In the proposed work, original OFDM, clopping, selective mapping and
the weighted selective mapping techniques are analyzed using the Complementary
Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF). It has been shown that the proposed system
outperforms the conventional Selective Mapping by far. The proposed system attains a PAPR
of 13 dB lesser than the conventional SLM at a PAPR of 10-1 and 10-2, which is a substantial
reduction in PAPR.
Keywords: - Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplECing (OFDM), Peak to Average
Power Ratio (PAPR), Bit Error Rate (BER), Selective Mapping (SLM)

x
 CHAPTER 1

[Link]

1.1 Overview:

Figure 1.1: Block diagram of digital communication system [19]

As proven in fig 2.1, the Analog to digital converter (A/D) converts the analog signal to
virtual signal or within the shape of statistics circulation, then source encoding is used to
compress the digital facts up to an quantity such that it can be obtained with none loss. Then,
the statistics image is acquired from source encoder that is passed thru a channel encoder
which adds the redundant bits to the records collection for reliable conversation or to make
the records transmission robust to disturbances which are gift within the transmission
channel. Now, the facts series at the output of the channel encoder is passed through the
virtual modulator which outputs the sign waveform. The modulation can be binary or m-
array. In Binary modulation, bit 1 and zero makes use of awesome waveform and m-array
modulation (m=2^n), makes use of m number of distinct waveform and this modulated
waveform is transmitted. In the channel, the modulated signal is stricken by the addition of
random noise that's probabilistic in nature.

at the receiver aspect, the demodulator demodulates the acquired sign into binary collection
and coupled filter out is also used at receiver side to growth SNR. Now the output of the
demodulator is surpassed thru the channel decoder to recovers information collection. This

1
facts series is fed to the supply decoder to reconstruct the signal which was truely transmitted
by means of source. Then that sign is converted to analog signal and received by the person.

Table.1 Comparative PAPAR Analysis at PAPR=10-1

[Link] Technique Pr(PAPR>PAPR0) PAPR

1 Original form of OFDM 10-1 21.35 dB
2 OFDM form with Clipping 10-1 17.4 dB
3 OFDM with SLM 10-1 15 dB
4 Technique proposed 10-1 1.9 dB

Table.2 PAPAR Analysis in a comparative form at PAPR=10-2

[Link] Technique Pr(PAPR>PAPR0) PAPR

-2
1 Original OFDM 10 21.5 dB
-2
2 OFDM with Clipping 10 17.75 dB
3 OFDM with SLM 10-2 15.2 dB
4 Proposed Technique 10-2 2.25 dB

2
 REFERENCES

[1] Marco Breiling, Stefan H. Muller and Johannes B. Huber, “SLM Peak-Power
Reduction without ECplicit Side Information”, IEEE Communications Letters, 5, 6,
(2001).
[2] Hideki Ochiai and Hideki Imai, “Performance Analysis of Deliberately Clipped
OFDM Signals”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 50, 1, (2002).
[3] Tao Jiang, Yang Yang and Yong-Hua, “ECponential Companding Technique for
PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 51, 2,
(2005).
[4] D. S. Jayalathand C. Tellambura, “SLM and PTS Peak-Power Reduction of OFDM
Signals without Side Information”, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,
4, 5, (2005).
[5] Houshou Chen and Hsinying Liang, “Combined Selective Mapping and Binary Cyclic
Codes for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, 6, 10, (2007).