International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 12 (2017) pp.

3387-3393
© Research India Publications. [Link]

A Comprehensive Review of DSTATCOM: Control and Compensation

Strategies

G. Gupta1, W. Fritz2 and M.T.E. Kahn3

Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,

Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa, Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.

1ORCID: 0000-0001-9437-0667

Abstract techniques are compared. The conclusion of the literature

reviewed in the paper is concluded in section 6.
Due to rapid increase in utilization of power electronics,
appliances for energy distribution and generation is in
demand. The traditional devices provide degraded
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MITIGATED PQ
performance, which pave the path for advanced compensated
PROBLEMS
devices. Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator
(DSTATCOM), which can be dynamically controlled and The DSTATCOM is mainly used to compensate the PQ
helps to improve power quality (PQ) problems. This paper problems. This includes voltage and current quality,
discusses the various control methods required to improve harmonics distortion and load unbalanced problems like
dynamic capabilities of DSTATCOM for various applications. currents reactive component, unbalance and neutral current at
PCC. The DSTATCOM can be made to function in two
modes: single and dual. In this paper, two modes of operation
INTRODUCTION are used. The single mode provides compensation to any one
of current or voltage while dual mode provides compensation
All electronics and electrical equipment suffers from power
for both current and voltage.
quality (PQ) issues, when connected to a distribution system.
This leads to currents distortion and voltage collapse [1-2],
resulting in poor performance of the equipment and power
DSTATCOM and its Operating Principles
losses. The rapid growth in use of power electronics devices
for utility grid and industries impose the providers to select a The DSTATCOM is one of power device which is connected
device carefully. Among all controllers, Distribution to shunt. Its components are VSI, a DC-link device which is
compensator is the most effective and powerful device device required for energy storage, a filter in output stage and with a
to address the issues associated with power quality. [3-10]. coupling transformer as shown in Figure 1[11].
A Distribution compensator is the power device which is
implemented in shunt configuration to improve the problems
related to quality of the power. It provides stability in the
voltage by controlling reactive power, suppresses flicker noise
and also does compensation. The DSTATCOM can operate in
two modes namely: voltage and current. The control
algorithm which is used for voltage source inverter (VSI)
switching [3] decides the effect of compensation. The
DSTATCOM’s performance depends upon the control
algorithms which are generally used to generate source
current. An overview of recent control techniques which are
available in literature used for DSTATCOM is described in
this paper.
The structure of the paper is described. The operation
principle of shunt compensator is described in Section 2 and Figure 1: DSTATCOM Schematic diagram
current control techniques in Section 3. Voltage current
techniques are described in section 4. In section 5, the control

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A VSI is used to convert DC voltage stored in energy devices In Figure 3, Voltage-current and V-Q characteristics of shunt
into output voltages, AC in three phases. The voltages which compensator are shown, demonstrating the exchange of the
are generated are in phase with each other, using coupling reactive power between utility grid and compensator, where
transformer and connected to the utility grid. By using Vref : the nominal voltage at PCC.
relevant setting of the magnitude and phase across output of
The phase angle between the voltages in utility grid and the
the shunt compensator, the control of the active and reactive
distribution compensator output control the active power flow,
power flow between compensator and its grid [12-14] is
which results in further reduction of the losses inside the
provided.
inverter. It maintains charging of DC capacitor and adjusts
magnitude of DSTATCOM output voltage. The Distribution
compensator representation of vector at the fundamental
frequency is shown in Figure 4, showing an inductive to the
capacitive mode transition and vice versa.

Figure 2: A DSTATCOM with a single phase

power system.

Figure 2 shows the structure using single phase of a shunt

compensator. Here : inverter output voltage, :
coupling impedance voltage drop, : voltage of common
coupling point (PCC) , : voltage of the source. If =
, Shunt compensator will not exchange any reactive
power with its utility grid, also reactive power is neither
absorbed or generated by DSTATCOM. For > ,
Figure 4: DSTATCOM different modes vector diagrams
DSTATCOM behaves as if a reactance which is inductive in
(a) Capacitive mode (b) Inductive mode (c) Active power
nature, is connected to its terminal. From transformer release(d) Active power absorption.
reactance of DSTATCOM, there is a flow of current in utility
By changing angle δ= 0 to δ= positive value, the switching
grid and power generated is capacitive. If < , the
from an inductive mode to capacitive mode is achieved. The
DSTATCOM performs operation as if a reactance which is power which is active, from the utility grid is transferred using
capacitive in nature, is connected to its terminal. In this a DC capacitor, which also brings drop in DC link. When
condition [11, 15], the inductive power is absorbed by the angle “δ” is varied to a negative value from zero, there is a
device and the direction of flow of current is from the grid to mode change from an inductive to the capacitive mode. There
the compensator. is an increase in DC link voltage, when there is a transfer of
active power to the capacitor from the utility grid [16].
The active power (P) and reactive power (Q) variation
between shunt compensator and its grid can be shown as
follows in (1) and (2).

(1)

(2)

CONTROL AND COMPENSATION

Voltage control Strategies

Figure 3: Shunt compensator operational characteristics A voltage control strategy which uses multiple DSTATCOMs
(a) V-I (b) V-Q applied to a low voltage (LV) network in order to anticipate

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voltage support. The multiple DSTATCOMs shared the

required reactive power; the approach is promising as it
requires minimum reactive power [17].
A voltage controlled hybrid DSTATCOM of reduced rating,
multiple features and with the ability of a single shunt
compensator to alleviate several PQ problems are investigated
in [18]. There is a connection of an external inductor between
source and the load, which reduces the current requirement for
mitigation of voltage sag and enhances the DSTATCOM
voltage regulation bandwidth. An algorithm is proposed
which is multi- functional and has an indirect control of the
source currents while operating normally in order to mitigate
PQ problems arise due to current and load terminal voltage. It Figure: 5 DSTATCOM structure for HV
is constant at the instances of voltage disturbances. distribution system [28]

A stiff source connected load using a DSTATCOM is likely to In order to produce DSTATCOM reference voltage in voltage
have voltage disturbances. This is done by joining source, an control mode operating condition, a new control scheme is
external inductance and the load of suitable value in series. A proposed in [22]. There are several advantages of this scheme
multiple feature DSTATCOM with stiff source and which over existing DSTATCOM, which is voltage controlled,
operates in voltage control mode. Also, it provides fast DSTATCOM for which 1.0 p.u is taken randomly as the
regulation of voltage at the time when disturbance in voltage reference voltage. The injection of lower currents in
appear across load terminals defined in [19]. It protects compensator and at the load terminal, unity power factor
critical loads and during normal operating conditions, source (UPF) under normal condition can be achieved. The later
currents can also be controlled by generated reference load leads to reduce losses of the feeder and VSI. An uphold in the
voltages. In order to achieve source power factor to unity, DSTATCOM rating is achieved resulting in increase of its
DSTATCOM also provides the load current reactive and ability in mitigating voltage sag. The scheme has advantages
harmonic components. The outcomes are able to address PQ of providing correction in power factor, elimination in
issues related to voltage and current. harmonics, balancing loads and regulation of voltage
proportional to the load requirement.
A resilient voltage support strategy which uses multiple
DSTATCOMs based on distributed coordination is given in
[20]. It is applied to a low voltage (LV) networks
accompanied by Photo Voltaic which acts as the renewable
source for consumers. A DSTATCOMs share the required
reactive power taking into account their effectiveness on
voltage support and also matches its operation with the
neighboring DSTATCOM by using its state information. The
resilient voltage support strategy requires less reactive power
as compared to other voltage support strategies.
For application in low voltage distribution grids, a voltage
regulator using DSTATCOM is proposed in [21] .The low
pass filter (second order) is used to connect the DSTATCOM. Figure 6: DSTATCOM (Three leg three phase
Its control structure provides active damping with the help of inverter with a single dc capacitor) [28]
the two dc bus loops and three output voltage loops. The
DSTATCOM is forced to operate with minimum power due to A three phase DSTATCOM which is based on modular
introduction of new idea to bring no compensation in certain multilevel converters (MMC), uses voltage control strategy, is
conditions or in other words Minimum Power Point Tracking described in [23]. The method to solve the unknown
(MPPT). These three output voltage loop reduces apparent modulation index and circulation current of the electrical
power processed by converter to nearly about 32 % and with quantities is also illustrated in this paper. The sets of phase
the use of light load (95 %). messages are used as compared to output current across each
in voltage control loop which leads in reduction of number in
data communication resources and current sensors. It is
advantageous as number of MMCs module increases in the
actual engineering application.

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The paper in [17, 20] uses multiple DSTATCOMs to share the

reactive power and for providing the voltage control. Multiple
feature DSTATCOM are proposed in [18-19] which provides
both voltage and current source control in order to mitigate
PQ problems and voltage control for three phase is provided
in [23] using single DSTATCOM to generate reference of a
voltage controlled [22] source. The voltage regulation
generated in [17, 20-21] is applied to a low voltage grid. The
voltage regulation of stand-alone generation systems is
provided in [24-25].

Figure 7: Split capacitor based DSTATCOM [28]

An adaptive control system is developed in [24] for a

standalone power generation system (distributed) fed by a
induction generator (self-excited). This is applied to regulate
voltage. A four-leg shunt compensator is connected to the AC
bus, used to perform the voltage regulation. The proposed
adaptive controller provides voltage regulation with respect to
parameters variations like connecting and disconnecting of
load, also variation of induction generator's parameters.
The paper in [25] proposes a control system which brings
voltage regulation using an induction generator (self-excited) Figure 9: Three phase four leg inverter based
in generation systems which are standalone. It’s a hybrid DSTATCOM [28]
technology of four wires which contains capacitor banks that
are switchable and DSTATCOM. Switchable capacitor banks
supplies the reactive power which is required for voltage Current Control Strategies
regulation and the reactive power which is remained is
accumulated from the control of DSTATCOM to bring An id-iq based control algorithm is proposed in [26] for the
balance of IG currents and also to compensate harmonics active and the reactive power control in time varying
which are present in load currents. The proportional resonant environment. The load fluctuations are compensated by
derivative (PRD) controller when liked with proportional DSTATCOM. This scheme of control algorithm enhances
integral controller, used to compensate currents control and is steady state performance and useful elimination of PQ
done by shunt compensator. The generator voltages and disturbances. In order to regulate time varying active and
currents are in sinusoidal form with less distortion in reactive power control, an extra current control loop system is
harmonics, which is desirable for generator safety. This used under the fluctuations of load.
allows the use of voltage source converter (VSC) for low A DSTATCOM (3-phase 4-wire) configuration in current
power rate. control mode containing an inverter andneutral points (three
level) clamped is proposed in order to compensate load and to
enhance the PQ [27]. The synchronous detection method is
used to analyze the shunt compensator characteristics. This
scheme provides complete sinusoidal source currents, in
presence of distorted conditions. All three different
approaches are analyzed for both unbalanced and non-linear
load conditions with equal power, equal current and modified
equal current. This modified equal current approach is better
as compared to others even in the presence of highly distorted
and unbalanced source voltages.

Inverter Technologies for DSTATCOM

Figure 8: 3-independent single phase inverter The paper in [28] and [29] implements different inverter
with single dc capacitor based DSTATCOM topologies under non-linear load conditions for high voltage
[28]

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distribution system shown in Figure 5. The high voltage and factor of three phase load current and hysteresis switching
low voltage distribution system using single dc capacitor are algorithm for driving the VSC of DSTATCOM. The
not capable of providing full compensation with three phase compensator is optimized using an ANN with suitable
and three legs VSI as shown in Figure 6. This drawback is learning rate.
overcome by using neutrally clamped DC capacitor topology.
The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system which is least-
It still suffers from unbalanced capacitor that brings the
mean-square based (ANFIS-LMS) is proposed in [34]. This
requirement of an extra circuit for balancing and affects the
algorithm is used to implement a three phase DSTATCOM in
overall cost of compensator cost given in Figure 7. An
order to compensate PQ problems related to current. This
alternative solution to the problem is using three single phase
algorithm addresses many problems like harmonics
inverter which are independent along with single DC
compensation, correction of power factor, balancing of loads,
capacitor which is given in Figure 8,that suffers from
and regulation of voltage. In order to estimate supply currents
requirements of more switches which in turn again increases
using the proposed algorithm, active and the reactive power
cost. The load neutral current is compensated using a 3-phase
components are extracted from non-sinusoidal load currents.
4-leg VSC with the requirements of coordination between
The voltage regulation modes under varying load conditions
third leg and fourth leg as shown in Figure 9.
are also achieved.
The DSTATCOM, five level inverter configuration uses a
A 3MVA DSTATCOM controller based on fuzzy logic is
fuzzy logic controller that improves the PQ as done in [30].
proposed which is used for improvement of the PQ and to
The inverter with five level switching signals is generated
stabilize the distribution power system [35]. The grey wolf
using space vector modulation (SVM) method. The fuzzy
optimization (GWO) algorithm is used to tune the controllers
controller uses operator’s knowledge which is different from
(fuzzy logic) scaling factor. When the voltage sag and load
conventional controller that uses mathematical equations that
variations at grid end occurs, the DSTATCOM controllers are
significantly increases the stability of power system.
evaluated. It improves dynamic response and hence improves
PQ.
Voltage and Current Control Strategies Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) Takagi Sugeno (TS) [36] based
on DSTATCOM is proposed which is used for elimination of
The linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) control algorithm is
harmonics, correction of power factor, balancing of loads and
improved in [31] to achieve the reactive compensation of
voltage regulation. The requirement of a mathematical model
power for the linear and the nonlinear loads. The
is eliminated as this controller uses linguistic variables. In
compensation of parameters like elimination of harmonics,
place of DSTATCOM, a voltage source converter which is
correction of power factor, and regulation of voltage, which
current controlled (CC-VSC) and is 3- phase insulated gate
uses adaptive theory for hardware implementation of three
bipolar transistors (IGBTs) based, is used. The control
phases DSTATCOM is achieved. The digital signal processor
algorithm uses two FLCs. The DSTATCOM DC link and
is used to compare performance analysis of DSTATCOM
phase voltages amplitudes are the FLC’s input signals. The
model. The DSTATCOM with both PCC and DC bus
TS-FLC is made using only two functions of membership
voltages are regulated while using unbalanced loads.
which results in less complexity. This algorithm addresses and
For power conditioning applications [32], an efficient control performs as a good harmonic eliminator, a voltage regulator
algorithm is used to implement three phase DSTATCOM, this and a load balancer.
proves to be an effective way for suppressing harmonics and
It brings needed dynamic voltage control in DSTATCOM. A
balancing of loads. The scheme makes the uses of a double
fuzzy logic approach is used in order to improve PQ problems
toned filter, a zigzag transformer, rectifiers and
and the stability in distribution power system. The Genetic
DSTATCOM’s with VSC. In the presence of voltage
Algorithms (GA) is used to optimize the FLC scaling factors.
distortion, this derives the fundamental component of current.
[37].

Artificial Neural Networks

CONCLUSION
An excellent hybrid control approach [33] which uses an
The paper is a comprehensive review on the DSTATCOMs in
artificial neural network (ANN) with a zigzag transformer and
order to improve the PQ problems. The DSTATCOM offers
hysteresis current controllers (HCC) for a DSTATCOM is
many advantages and addresses many issues. The review of
proposed. The power factor and reduction in line current
DSTATCOM papers in literature are valuable to reduce both
harmonics of the network is reduced using a hybrid controller.
current and voltage generated PQ problems. The voltage
To push the source current into a sinusoidal one and tries to be
strategies, control strategies, voltage and control both are
in phase with line voltage the controller is used in the
reviewed. The ANN based control strategies are reviewed.
network. It provides two controls estimation of weighting

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Evolution of control strategies and their execution with [10] Soo-Young Jung, Tae-Hyun Kim, Seung-II Moon,
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[11] Masdi, H., Mariun, N., Bashi, S.M., Mohamed, A.,
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