The Potential of Lakatan (Musa acuminata) Banana Peel

and Egg Shells of White Shaver Chicken

in Paper Bag Production

In fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research IISS in

Notre Dame of Abuyog, Inc.

Members:

Arce, Dianzy A.

Duavis, Jasper L.

Mission, Jim Kenneth T.

Japon, Adelyn B.

Jones, Diego Santiago L.

Suganob, Melarchie B.
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Paper bags have become a popular eco-packaging choice due to their

biodegradability, recyclable nature, and natural origin. However, they are not entirely

eco-friendly due to their production process, which takes four times as much energy as

plastic. Most paper bags are made by heating wood chips under high temperatures, a

toxic chemical solution that contributes to air and water pollution. This results in 70%

more air and 50x more water pollutants than plastic bags. Additionally, 15 billion trees

are cut down globally each year, further harming the environment (Sarahh, 2021).

In the Philippines, one of the major fruits is Lakatan Banana (Musa acuminata) it

is considered as the most important fruit crop in the country because it has the most

quantity in both production and total land area coverage, as well as export earnings.

The most widely used part of banana is the flesh of the fruit, meanwhile, the outer skin

is only used for animal feed and organic fertilizer. It indicates that the banana peel

waste has not been optimized yet (Agustina & Susanti, 2018). Because of the favorable

climate in the country, the Philippines produces about 8.9 million metric tons of bananas

yearly and is one of the five largest exporters of bananas in the world (Philippine

Statistic Authority, 2016). The Institute for Research and Development of Cellulose

Industries (2018) reports that banana peel waste contains more fine fibers than

traditional wood, with higher cellulose content and lignin content. This suggests that

banana peel could be a potential raw material for papermaking, reducing wood

dependence and increasing waste optimization and economic value.

 This study aims to use eggshells instead of disposing of them in the garbage,

using them as a primary strengthening agent in a sealant. The Philippine Statistics

Authority reported a significant increase in shaver white egg production from January to

March 2019, reaching 142.01 metric tons, a significant increase from the previous years'

121.54 and 130.55 metric tons. Kitchen scraps contribute to 45% of the country's

household solid waste generation, with 4,020 metric tons collected daily. Eggshells, a

semipermeable membrane made of 94% calcium carbonate crystals, have potential for

paper production. By adding inorganic fillers like calcium carbonate, eggshells can

improve paper properties and retain inorganic fillers, making them a promising material

for paper production. The presence of calcium carbonate, proteins, and carbohydrates

in eggshells enhances optical properties, while proteins and carbohydrates counteract

mechanical deterioration, suggesting potential for paper bag production (Fahmy et al.,

2020).

The goal of this study is to create an alternative to paper bags that could be

made using Lakatan (Musa acuminata) banana peels and white egg shells from Shaver

White Chicken, which are eco-friendly and contain beneficial substances that contribute

to the environment. By incorporating these eco-friendly materials into paper bags, we

can create an alternative to plastic bags (Sarah, 2021). Researchers aim to provide

sustainability by reducing the impact of wood-based paper bags. Using waste materials

such as Lakatan (Musa acuminata) banana peels and chicken egg shells from shaver

chickens instead, which are biodegradable and eco-friendly. These materials are often

discarded by people without realizing their beneficial effects on the environment. By

promoting the use of these alternatives, researchers hope to reduce the negative impact

of paper bags on the environment (Bailey, 2022).

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the potential of Lakatan (Musa acuminata) banana

peels and White Shiver Chicken egg shells in producing durable and eco-friendly paper

bags. Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:

1). What is the appropriate percentage to use in producing a paper bag;

1.1) 50% eggshells and 50% banana peels

1.2) 60% banana peels and 40% eggshells, and

1.3) 60% egg shells and 40% banana peels

2.) What are the physical changes of the paper bag that is made out of banana peels

and eggshells based on their;

2.1) color

2.2) durability, and

2.3) texture
 Significance of the study

This study will investigate the banana peels and egg shells as alternatives by

testing its quality of paper bags. This study may benefit the following:

Government. This study will benefit different governments and institutions of the

Philippines, such as the Department of Science and Technology, which is one of the

institutions that is mainly responsible for formulating policies and projects in the fields of

science and technology in which they are able to promote this study as a way to reduce

organic waste, supporting local communities in managing their waste more effectively

and can facilitate technology transfer to local manufacturers, fostering innovation in the

packaging industry and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources is

mainly responsible for the conservation, management, and development of the

country’s environment and natural resources, in which the DENR can advocate for eco-

friendly practices that minimize deforestation and the use of non-renewable resources

using this study.

Consumers. Conducting this study will benefit the consumers by reusing the

paper bag, making it easy for them to recycle and decompose. Reusable paper bags

can also reduce the amount of waste, including plastic, that is produced at home.
 Researchers. As researchers, conducting this study will be beneficial as a STEM

student because researchers will be able to evaluate what is the significance of using

an eco-friendly paper bag in the environment. Moreover, to understand that a variety of

waste materials, including egg shells and banana peels, are frequently used in our

homes, can be reused.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally to help you

understand more about the study.

Alternative. In this study, it observes the potential of replacing the modern paper

bag by a recycled paper bag that is made out of banana peels and egg shells. It also

measures the potential of this study on creating a product that would replace the

modern paper bag. It defines as a need to choose one and reject another possibility if

you do not want to use the other.

Cellulose. In this study, cellulose observes the durability and strength of the

paper bag in which it also measures the probability of how durable the paper bag is if

this substance is present in the product. It is defined as an insoluble substance which is

the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a

polysaccharide consisting of chains and glucose monomers

Durability. In the study, it refers to the longevity of the paper bag overtime while

being used and that it contains Lakatan (Musa acuminata) banana peel and white

shaver chicken egg shells. It is conceptually defined as the quality of being able to last

over time without being damaged and the ability to resist wear, tear, or decay.
 Lakatan Banana (Musa acuminata). In the study, it refers to the measurement

of a banana and the banana peel of a fruit that is an ingredient of making paper bags.

This is used as one of the components in paper bag production. It is defined as the

most common cultivar variety of banana originating in the Philippines and is grown all

over the country. It has a bright, highly saturated yellow hue on its just-thick-enough

peel, with an easy-to-separate, relatively flavorful inner lining

Potential. In the study, it refers to the level of capacity of the paper bags in order

to create a better product than the current paper bag. It defines as having or showing

the capacity to achieve or develop into something in the future.

CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

This study builds on creating paper bags which contain Lakatan (Musa

acuminate) banana peels and white egg shells from Shaver White Chicken that

contribute to the environment. The review related literature of this study focuses on the

quality of a paper bag depending on the amount of banana peels and egg shells, it will

also depict how it affects the environment in terms of using biodegradable waste and

determine if these has the accurate components that enables to create a durable and

good quality paper bag.

According to Hikal et al. (2022), it is discovered that banana peels contain useful

and nourishing compounds that have helped people, and this is just one advantage of

scientists' research on plant waste. Because banana peels contain biologically active

compounds, this work focused on their biological properties as antioxidants and

antimicrobials. There have been reports of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

found in phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides,

carotenoids, sterols, triterpenes, and catecholamines that were isolated from banana

peels. The banana peel proved to be a very encouraging finding for further research in

the future. Future research is necessary to identify the biologically active substances,

potentials, and numerous advantages of banana peels beyond their current status as a

waste product.

There is a remarkable increasing interest in using non-woody fibers as raw

materials for pulp mills nowadays (González, 2010). Thus, it has been discovered that

paper can be made from banana peels that have a sufficient amount of cellulose that

can be used as a raw material for paper production due to their rapid growth and

biomass production, reducing waste and insufficient raw materials for pulp production

(Amit, 2017).

In the study of Fahmy et.al. (2020), it states that a “major industrial crop waste

was chosen as a model to uncover the potential of eggshell waste for paper production;

namely bagasse”. It is well established in the paper industry to add inorganic fillers such

as calcium carbonate to improve paper properties. Eggshell is mainly composed of

calcium carbonate. Moreover, eggshell contains small amounts of proteins and

carbohydrates. Proteins and carbohydrates have recently been proven to improve

mechanical strength properties of paper while increasing retention of inorganic fillers.

These facts motivated the authors of the present work to introduce eggshell for the

paper industry. Paper composites produced, in the present work, involving eggshell,

show that eggshell succeeds to improve optical properties of paper while minimizing the
deterioration of mechanical properties of paper, which normally occurs due to adding

inorganic fillers. Thus, eggshell shows potential promise for application in the paper

industry

The study of Mohammad et al. (2018) stated the possible procedure in turning

egg shells into paper. Their eggshell waste was gathered from the Pasir Gudang

Campus food court at UiTM Johor. To get rid of the dirt, it was first cleaned with running

pipe water. The waste eggshell was then isolated from its membrane. Next, the waste

eggshell was exposed to the sun to dry it. The eggshell waste was ground using a

mechanical grinder until the tiny particles took on the consistency of powder after it had

completely dried. Using a Winchester bottle, the eggshell fiber was gathered and

securely kept at room temperature. For measurement accuracy, the eggshell fiber and

recycled paper were weighed according to the ratio. Using a mechanical grinder, the

eggshell waste was combined with water and recycled paper. Finally, the mixture was

left in the paper mold until it had dried completely. These procedures were repeated, but

with varied ratios. The mechanical strength of each sample was subsequently examined

at the Universal Testing Machine.

In the study of Tibolla et al. (2018) discovered that alkaline treatment, also known

as bleaching of banana peel removes an amorphous compound that is responsible for

faster degradation of the cellulose of banana peel. Moreover, Narayan & Rao (2021)

found that alkaline treatment will improve the thermal stability and reduce the tendency

to absorb water. Thus, the use of eggshell as an additive coating and ingredient will

produce a water-resistant paper (Kóczán & Pásztory, 2024). Furthermore, the utilization
of proteins and carbohydrates that are present in eggshell will counteract the

deterioration in mechanical properties of paper (Fahmy et al., 2020).

According to Kóczán & Pásztory (2024), natural fibers like banana fiber and

bagasse like eggshell (Milkman, n.d.) can break down more quickly when decomposed

properly (Abdullah & Yuke, 2018). Moreover, decomposition of paper bags that are

made up of natural fiber and bagasse is essential to crop growth (Pandey & Mahajan,

2024) and improves soil structure (Iqbal et al., 2021).

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