Science 9 | Circulatory System

LESSON 1.1: ORGANS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory System/Cardiovascular Superior vena cava - drains blood from
System - transports nutrients, gases, the head and neck region to the right
hormones, and other materials to and atrium.
from the cells of the body.
- is described as a closed circulatory Inferior vena cava - drains blood from the
system. lower parts of the body to the right atrium.

Heart - is the organ that pumps blood to Pulmonary Artery - sends blood from the
different parts of the body. right ventricle to the lungs for
-is said to be the size of a clenched fit. oxygenation.
-has 4 chambers
-located at the center of the chest Pulmonary veins - send oxygen-rich
blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Septum - A muscular wall that partitions
the heart chambers Aorta - the largest artery in the body
- sends oxygen-rich blood from the left
Artia - receiving chambers of the heart atrium to all the parts of the body.

Right Atrium - receives oxygen-poor Coronary arteries - a branch of the aorta

blood coming from all parts of the body that supplies blood to the heart.

Left atrium - receives oxygen-rich blood Valves -Flaps of tough muscles that
from the lungs. prevent the backflowing of the blood
which can be painful and life-threatening
Ventricles- are the pumping chambers
Atrioventricular (AV) or Cuspid Valves -
Right Ventricle - pumps blood to the found between the atria and the
lungs for oxygenation ventricles

Left Ventricle - pumps oxygen-rich blood Tricuspid Valves - found between the
to all parts of the body. right atrium and right ventricle

Blood vessels - connected to the heart Bicuspid or Mitral Valves - found

between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Vena Cava - largest vein in the body
-sends oxygen-poor blood back to the Semilunar (SL) Valves - found within the
heart. openings of the vena cava and aorta.
Pulmonic Valves - found within the of water, blood proteins, and small
opening of the pulmonary artery amounts of inorganic materials

Aortic valves - found within the opening About 7 % of your body mass
of the aorta. About 4.5- 5.6 Liters in an adult human
Men = 5.6 Liters
Arteries - thick-walled to cope with the Women = 4.5 Liters
high pressure of the blood flowing through Pregnant woman = 5.0 Liters
them
Corpuscles - a solid part of the blood.
Arterioles - smaller arteries -is suspended in the plasma.
-comprises 45% of the blood by weight.
Veins - have thinner walls than arteries -are manufactured within the red bone
-collapses easily when cut marrow(myeloid tissue) within the flat and
-convey blood coming from all parts of long bones.
the body back to the heart.
Red blood cells(RBCs) - transport gases,
Venules - Smallest veins in the body. especially oxygen, to all the parts of the
body.
Capillaries -smallest blood vessels that -are shaped like a biconcave disk and
are just one cell thick. DO NOT have a nucleus.
-located between arterioles and venules. -the red color is due to the pigment
Hemoglobin.
Cardiologists -highly trained heart -the rate of production of RBCs is
medical specialists who diagnose, controlled by the hormone
assess, and treat diseases of the heart erythropoietin
and blood vessels and the different
conditions that affect the cardiovascular Hemoglobin- enables the RBCs to carry
system as a whole. and transport oxygen.

Lesson 1.2 : The Different Blood White blood cells (WBCs) - fight
Groups. infection by producing antibodies and
engulfing foreign bodies( phagocytes).
Blood - is a liquid tissue.
-is irregular in shape.
- is the medium of the circulatory system.
-unlike RBCs, they have a nucleus.
-transports materials and fights infection.
-is made up of 2 parts Plasma and
Granulocytes – WBCs that have granules
Corpuscles.
in the cytoplasm.
-Has a span of 120 days
Agranulocytes- WBCs that lack granules
in their cytoplasm.
Plasma - is the liquid part of the blood.
-comprises 55% of the blood by weight.
Blood Platelets – are amorphous like
-is a pale-colored fluid composed mostly
WBCs.
- are not real cells
-are fragments of the stem cell in the red - He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
bone marrow 1930 for his work
-platelets disintegrate, and the blood-
clotting process begins. Antigens and Antibodies – used to
determine the kind of blood type
(1900) Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian O blood type
scientist at the University of Vienna, - universal blood donor
discovered four different blood -universal recipients.
groups(A,B, AB,O) that characterize the
human population.
ALWAYS REMEMBER!!
Antigens- any substance that stimulates Ventricle(V-VAVA)
the body to exhibit an immune response. Pumps
Atrium (As Taas)
Antibodies - are blood proteins that are Receives
produced by the body to counteract Three types of Circulation:
specific antigens like bacteria, viruses, 1. Pulmonary Circulation-
fungi, and any foreign substance that Movement of blood from the heart,
accidentally mixes with the blood. to the lungs, and back to the heart
again
Rh factor 2. Coronary Circulation -Movement
- is the second most significant blood of blood through the tissues of the
group in humans heart
- Consist 50 antigens 3. Systemic Circulation -Supplies
nourishment to all the tissue
KEY TERMS! located throughout the body,
1. Sphygmomanometer - used to except for the heart and lungs.
measure blood pressure.
2. Pericardium - the thin, tough sac REMEMBER!
that covers the heart Plasma =carries everything
3. Epicardium- the outermost layer Red Blood Cells =(RBC) gas exchange
of the heart White blood Cells =(WBC) fight infection
Platelets = clotting
4. Myocardium- the inner layer of the
heart muscles.
5. Endocardium- the innermost layer
of the heart
6. 100,000 beats/day
7. 35M beats/yr
8. Heartbeat is simulated by an
electrochemical impulse.
9. Pacemaker - in the right atrium
- Initiates the heartbeat

CHECKPOINT
What are the different types of
Blood vessels?
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

2. Why make capillaries perfect for

gas exchange?
They are the finest and thinnest of
all the blood vessels.

3. How many days do Red Blood

cells live?
120 days

Lesson 1.3: Diseases of the Circulatory

system.

Hypertension - the pressure in the blood

vessels is too high.
-known as the “silent killer ‘’

Atherosclerosis - is the buildup of fats,

cholesterol, and other substances in and
on the artery walls.
-can lead to complications like heart
attacks and strokes.

Heart attack - occurs when an artery that

sends blood and oxygen to the heart is
blocked by cholesterol or any build-up.

Stroke- interruption of the blood flow by

blockages or ruptures.
Ischemic - loss of blood supply in the • MVP- prolapsed mitral valve
brain. • Pericarditis- inflammation of outer
membrane covering the heart.
Hemorrhagic- bleeding into the brain due • Leukemia - cancer of the blood,
to ruptures. elevated WBC count.
• Varicose veins - enlargement of
Peripheral Artery Disease - the restriction veins
of blood flow in the limbs(lower extremity- • Arrhythmias- irregularities in the
legs; upper extremity-arms) heart rhythm
-caused by atherosclerosis. • Endocarditis- inflammation of
inner lining of the heart.
• Cardiomyopathy- weakening of the
heart muscles.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Lesson 1.4: Respiratory System
Causes: Respiratory System
1. Excess sodium - Delivers oxygen to the body and
2. Stress removes carbon dioxide.
3. Cigarettes
4. Saturated fats Nose
5. Alcohol & caffeine - Warms, conditions, and filters the
6. Obesity air.
7. Heredity & Aging - Contributes to how you sound
when you speak.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE HAS NO CURE
But can be maintained with MEDICATION KEY TERMS!
& DIET. • Nares
- also known as nostrils
Other diseases: - are the holes that lead to
• Myocardial Infraction - heart attack our nasal cavities.
• Hypertension - High blood • Nasal Septum
pressure - The bone and cartilage that
• Hypotension- Low blood pressure separates our nasal
• Stroke- clot in the brain cavities.
• Angina Pectoris- severe pain in the • Paranasal Sinuses
chest - The air-filled pockets
• Sickle cell Anemia - sickle shaped connected to the nasal
RBCs cavities.
• Pernicious Anemia- Very low RBC • Turbinates or Conchae
count. - Fold warm and moisten air
• Thalassemia-low RBC, genetic after we breath in.
• Hemophilia- no clotting factor in • Cilia
the blood.
 - Tiny, hairlike structures - A hollow tube that’s about
that trap dirt and particles 4 to 5 centimeters in length
inside the nose. and width.
• Nose hairs - Also called voice box
- Traps dirt and dust that
would potentially end up in Trachea
our nasal cavities. - A long, U-shaped tube that
• Nasal Cavities connects your larynx to
- The hollow spaces where your lungs.
air flows in and out. - Called windpipe
- We have nasal cavities on - lined with cilia, which
each side of our nose. sweep fluids and foreign
particles out of the airway
to keep them out of the
lungs.
• Goblet cells Bronchi
- Produce mucus to protect - Two large tubes that carry
and keep mucous air from your windpipe to
membranes moist. your lungs
• Nerve cells
- Cells that communicate  Left bronchus – carries air to your
with our brain and give us left lung
the sense of smell.  Right bronchus – carries air to your
right lung
Pharynx
- Is a multitasking muscular Lungs
funnel that helps you - Network of organs and
breath and directs food. tissues that allows you to
- It supports your respiratory breath
system and digestive - Available to your body and
system remove gases
- Is in the middle of your - Are covered with a
neck. protective covering called
- PLEURAL TISSUE
3 parts of the pharynx:
 Nasopharynx – is at the top of your REMEMBER
throat. - the right lung is shorter but
 Oropharynx – is in the middle of wider than the left lung
your throat. - the left lung is smaller than
 Hypopharynx – is at the bottom of the right lung
your pharynx. - Lungs are the only internal
organs that can float
Larynx
 - Inspiration – taking air into
the lungs (inhalation)
- Expiration – the act of 3 layers of intercostal muscles
breathing out (exhalation)  External intercostal muscles
- Outmost layer
- Increasing the size of the
Alveoli chest cavity
- Are tiny air sacs located in - Helps with inhalation
the lungs  Internal intercostal muscles
- Are responsible for the - Lies just beneath the
exchange of oxygen and external intercostal
carbon dioxide in the muscles
bloodstream - Aids in exhalation
Epiglottis  Innermost intercostal muscle
- - Deepest layer and assist
the internal intercostals
KEEP IN MIND! - Active during heavy
 These tiny structures form a large breathing
surface area at the end of the
bronchioles
 The human body has an average of
480 million alveoli in the lungs.
 Tiny blood vessels called Lesson 1.5 : Diseases of the RS
CAPILLARIES surround allowing
gas exchange between the lungs
and bloodstream. Bronchial Asthma (Asthma)
- A long-term lung disease
Diaphragm that affects people of all
- Is a dome-shaped muscle ages
under the lungs - Caused when our airways
- It expands the chest to pull tighten and swell which
in air when you inhale. may produce extra mucus.
- It relaxes and pushes air - Is usually developed with
out when you exhale family history, allergies,
respiratory infections, and
Intercostal muscles smoking.
- Group of muscles located
between the ribs that play Pulmonary Fibrosis
a key role in breathing - Lifelong disease where
- work with the diaphragm to tissues from our lungs get
control rib cage damaged and scarred
movement, enabling the overtime making it difficult
lungs to expand and to breath and such.
contract during breathing.
 - Fibrosis mainly affects Tuberculosis
men, elderly, and those - also known as TB, is a
who work around dust or highly infectious disease
fumes. caused by the bacterium
- The cause of Pulmonary “Mycobacterium
Fibrosis is still unknown, Tuberculosis”.
but some medical experts - is transmitted through the
believe it may be inherited air when an infected
through genes. person coughs, sneezes or
spits, which leads to the
Pneumonia spread of bacteria.
- Lung acute respiratory -
infection that babies, kids,
and adults can have. Lesson 1.6 : Genetics
- Affects one or both of our
lungs.
- Happens when the alveoli Heredity
get filled up with fluid or - It is the transmission of
pus. genes from parents to the
- Pneumonia on both lungs offspring.
is called Bilateral or double Genes
pneumonia - Gene is the basic physical
and functional unit of
Emphysema heredity.
- Emphysema is a condition - Made up of DNA or
that causes irreversible Deoxyribonucleic acid
damage to air sacs in the DNA
lungs, making it harder to - Acts as instructions to
breathe. make molecules called
- The damage leads to proteins.
impaired oxygen transfer
and carbon dioxide Haploid cells (N)
elimination, resulting in - Cells containing a single
shortness of breath and set of chromosomes (half
the like. the total number in diploid
- is linked to long-term cells).
exposure to tobacco - 23 chromosomes in
smoke and irritants, with humans.
environmental and genetic Diploid cells (2N)
factors also involved. - Cells containing two sets
- Symptoms typically begin of chromosomes, one from
after age 40. each parent.
- 46 chromosomes in
humans
Johann Gregor Mendel
- An Austrian monk
- The father of modern
genetics.
- Discovered the basic
principles of heredity
through experiments with
pea plants.
- Formulated the laws of
inheritance: Law of
Segregation and Law of
Independent Assortment.