L4- Carbon and its compounds

Atomic Number: 6 Electronic configuration: 2, 4

Valence electrons: 4 Non-metal
Bonding In Carbon:
Covalent Bond Bond formed by sharing of electrons between atoms is called covalent bond. Compounds which are formed because of
covalent bond are called Covalent compounds.Covalent bonds are of three types: Single, double and triple covalent bond.
Single Covalent Bond is formed because of sharing of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms.
(DISCUSS THE FORMATION OF H2 , CH4 , HCl , H2O , C2H6 , S8)
Double covalent bond: Double bond is formed by sharing of four electrons(two pairs), two from each of the two atoms.
(DISCUSS THE FORMATION OF O2 , C2H4 , CO2 )
Triple Covalent Bond: Triple covalent bond is formed because of the sharing of six electrons, three from each of the two atoms
(DISCUSS THE FORMATION OF N2 , C2H2 )
Properties of Covalent Bond:
1. Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds because of weaker intermolecular force.
2.. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points because of weak intermolecular force. .
3.Covalent compounds are poor conductor of electricity as no charged particles are formed in covalent bond.
4.Since, carbon compounds are formed by the formation of covalent bond, so carbon compounds generally have low melting and boiling
points and are poor conductor of electricity.
5. Covalent compounds are soluble in non polar solvents like petrol , kerosene , ether , etc.
Initially, compounds of carbon could only be obtained from living sources, so, carbon compounds are also known as organic compounds.
Carbon forms covalent bonds only (reason pg 59 (i), (ii))
Carbon forms a large number of compounds. Cause of formation of such a large number of compounds by carbon:
1.Carbon can form bonds with other carbon atoms. This property of carbon is known as CATENATION. Because of catenation, carbon can
form long chain, branched chain and cyclic compounds. Carbon can make single, double and triple bonds by catenation.Carbon is a unique
element as it shows the maximum catenation due to its small size. Silicon also shows catenation to some extent but silicon chain does not
extend beyond seven or eight Si atoms as its size is big and Si-Si bonds are weak.
Carbon atom has a small size , so, the nuclei holds the shared pair of electrons tightly.As a result C-C covalent bonds are highly
stable.
2.Carbon is tetra covalent. Carbon has valency = 4 as it shares its four valence electrons with other atoms in order to acquire a stable noble
gas configuration.
3.Carbon can also form strong covalent bonds with other atoms like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. Allotropy is the property of an element
to exist in more than one physical forms having similar chemical properties but different physical properties.
Allotropy: Allotropes are different forms of an element which have identical chemical properties but differ in physical properties because
they have different structures. Diamond , graphite, buckminster fullerene are the allotropes of carbon atom.
Diamond:
Diamond is a rigid, compact, three dimensional structure.It is very hard to break.
Diamond is bad conductor of electricity because in diamond each carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms. There are no free electrons
present in it.
Graphite:
Graphite contains carbon atoms in hexagonal rings, which are joined to form layers.The layers of carbon can slide over each other so it is
soft and slippery.
Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity since it contains free electrons.Since graphite is a good conductor of electricity it is
used as electrode.
Fullerenes :
C60 is the very popular and stable form of the known fullerenes. This consists of 60 carbon atoms arranged in pentagons and hexagons, like
in a standard football.
Fullerenes are also called Buckminster fullerenes as they are shaped like the geodesic dome designed and built by the US
architect Buckminster fuller.
Hydrocarbon:Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon are known as hydrocarbons. Two types are:
a.Saturated hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having single C-C bonds are known as SATURATED HYDROCARBONS. Saturated
hydrocarbons are known as ALKANES.Example: Methane, Ethane, Propane, etc. The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2. If

C = 1, then; CnH2n+2 = C1H2x1+2 = CH4

If C = 2, then; CnH2n+2 = C2H2x2+2 = C2H6

Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Unsaturated hydrocarbons are of two types --- Hydrocarbon with double bond and hydrocarbon with triple bond.
(a)Hydrocarbon with double bond: Hydrocarbons having at least one double C-C bond are known as ALKENES. Example: Ethene, Propene,
Butene, etc. General formula of alkene is CnH2n; where n is number of carbon atoms.
If C = 1 then CnH2n = C1H2x1 = CH2(which does not exist)
If C = 2 then CnH2n = C2H2x2 = C2H4 Name of this compound = ethene. This molecule can be shown by following structural formula.

If C = 3 then CnH2n = C3H2x3 = C3H6 = Propene

(b) Hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms are known as alkynes.
General formula of alkyne is CnH2n − 2. As in case of alkene, minimum two carbon atoms are required to form alkyne
If C = 2, then; CnH2n − 2 = C2H2x2 − 2 = C2H2 The name of this compound is ethyne. This can be shown by following structural formula.
 If C = 3, then; CnH2n − 2 = C3H2x3 − 2 = C3H4 The name of this compound is propyne. This can be shown by following structural formula.

If C = 4, then; CnH2n − 2 = C4H2x4 − 2 = C4H6 The name of this compound is butyne. This can be shown by following structural formula.

Cyclic Hydrocarbon:
Carbon can form cyclic structure combining with carbon atoms. Such hydrocarbons are known as cyclic hydrocarbon.
For example:

Benzene(C6H6) Cyclo pentane(C5H10)

Functional Group: Single atom or group of atoms which makes an organic compound reactive and decides its chemical properties is called
functional group. For example: Halogen group, Carboxyl group, Aldehyde group, etc.
Alkyl group: −R is known as alkyl group. Examples: −CH3 (Methyl) −C2H5 (Ethyl), −C3H7 (Propyl)
Prefix Suffix
Functional group

Alkyl (CnH2n+1) Alkyl ------

Chloro− for chlorine,

Halogen Bromo− for bromine -----------
Iodo− for iodine

Alcohol (----OH) -------------------- ol

Aldehyde (----CHO) ------------------ al

O
------------------ one
Ketone (-----C------)

Carboxylic acid O
--------------------- oic acid
(-----C------
OH)

Double bond ( ) --------------------- ene

Triple bond ( ) ------------------------ yne

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decided some rules to name the carbon
compounds. Names which are given on this basis are popularly known as IUPAC name.

Homologous Series:Series of organic compounds with similar structures , same general formula and functional group is known as homologous
series. Compounds belonging to the same homologous series show similar chemical properties and differ by CH2 from their consecutive
members. Each subsequent compound differs by a molecular mass of14 u.

Compounds of same homologous series differ by physical properties with increase or decrease in molecular mass
The melting point, boiling point, density increase with the increase of molecular mass.
Example: Alkanes such as Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, etc. belong to same homologous series.

Structural isomers : Compounds having same molecular formula but different molecular structures are known as structural isomers.
Structural isomerism is not possible for the first three alkanes because they cannot be arranged in any other possible manner.
DRAW THE STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF BUTANE , PENTANE AND HEXANE

Aldehydes and ketones are isomers .For e.g. propanal is an isomer of propanone .
Their molecular formula is C3H6O but have different functional groups and different structures.
(DRAW THE STRUCTURES )

Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds:

1. Combustion Reaction: Carbon and carbon compounds produce carbon dioxide, water, heat and light on burning in air.
Following are some of the examples of combustion reaction of organic compounds:
C + O2 CO2 + Heat + Light
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light
 The percentage of carbon in saturated hydrocarbons is comparatively lower than unsaturated hydrocarbons so
they undergo complete combustion.
 Saturated hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion giving a clean , blue flame. For e.g. LPG ( main component is
butane) , CNG( main component is methane). But in the presence of limited supply of air hydrocarbons produces a
sooty flame as a result of incomplete combustion.
 Gas stove at home has inlets for sufficient supply of oxygen and hence the mixture burns giving a clean blue flame. But
if the inlets get blocked the fuel remains unburnt and hence the bottom part of the cooking vessels gets blackened.
 Unsaturated carbon compounds (alkenes , alkynes) will give a yellow , sooty flame releasing an enormous amount of
black smoke. But if unsaturated carbon compounds are burnt in pure oxygen ,they undergo complete combustion giving
a clean , blue flame.
 Acetylene (ethyne) burns in pure oxygen giving a clean , blue flame due to complete combustion.The oxy-acetylene
flame is extremely hot and produces a very high temperature which is used in welding.A mixture of acetylene
(ethyne) and air is not used for welding because it produces a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion , which is not
hot enough to melt metals for welding.
2.Oxidation: Carbon compounds are oxidized by using acidified K2Cr2O7 or alkaline KMnO4 as the oxidizing agent .
CH3CH2OH +2[O] (Alkaline KMnO4/Acidified K2Cr2O7) CH3COOH
3.Addition Reaction: Addition Reaction is a characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons.Addition of a molecule
( H2 , Br2 , Cl2) to an unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst to give a saturated compound is known as addition
reaction. Addition of H2 to an unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst( Nickel , palladium) to give a saturated
compound is known as hydrogenation. For example; ethene is converted into ethane when heated with the catalyst nickel.
CH2=CH2 + H2 Nickel CH3−CH3
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils results in the formation of vegetable ghee.(industrial application of hydrogenation)
CR2=CR2 + H2 Nickel H R2 C CR2H
Vegetable oils contain healthy unsaturated fatty acids while vegetable ghee contains unhealthy saturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons decolorize bromine water (reddish brown to colourless) due to addition of bromine.
(Identification test of alkenes/alkynes)
For eg. CH2=CH2 + Br2 Nickel CH2Br−CH2Br
4.Substitution Reaction: Replacement of a functional group or any atom by another atom or functional group is known
as substitution reaction.
Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction with chlorine in the presence of sunlight .When methane reacts with
chlorine gas in the presence of sunlight, it gives chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.
CH4 + Cl2 sunlight CH3Cl ( Chloro methane) + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 sunlight CH2Cl2 (Di chloro methane) + HCl
CH2Cl2+ Cl2 sunlight CHCl3 (Tri chloro methane/ chloroform) + HCl
CHCl3+ Cl2 sunlight CCl4 (Tetra chloro methane/carbon tetra chloride) + HCl
Some Important Organic Compounds Ethanol (C2H5OH) Molecular formula: C2H6O
Ethanol is commonly known as ethyl alcohol , alcohol and spirit. Ethanol is the main constituent of all alcoholic drink.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES : 1. Ethanol is soluble in water.
2. Melting point of ethanol is 156K and boiling point is 351K.
3. Ethanol is a very good solvent.
4. Ethanol has no action on litmus.
5. Ethanol is used in manufacturing of medicines, such as tincture iodine, cough syrup, etc.
6. Taking even small quantity of pure ethanol ( ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL)may prove lethal.Taking dilute ethyl alcohol can cause
drunkenness.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
1. Reaction of ethanol with sodium metal: When ethanol reacts with sodium, it gives sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na ⇨ 2CH3CH2ONa + H2
2. Oxidation of ethanol: Ethanol gives ethanoic acid on oxidation.
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] (Alkaline KMnO4/Acidified K2Cr2O7) CH3COOH + H2O
3. Dehydration of ethanol (Removal of water) : Ethanol gives ethene and water when it is heated with concentrated
sulphuric acid at 443 K. Conc H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent.
CH3CH2OH Conc. H2SO4 ( 443 K) CH2=CH2 + H2O
4. Combustion:
CH3CH2OH + 2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + Heat + Light
Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH) Molecular formula : C2H4O2)

Common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid.

 It is a carboxylic acid . Carboxylic acids are weak acids because they do not ionise completely while mineral acids
(HCl , H2SO4 , etc.) ionise completely to furnish large amount of H+ ions.
 Melting point of ethanoic acid is 290K.
 Ethanoic acid turns blue litmus red and pH strip turns orange because it is a weak acid with pH=4.
 Ethanoic acid freezes in winter in cold climate because of low freezing point and hence it is also known as
glacial acetic acid.
 Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid.
 5% to 8% solution of acetic acid in water is known as vinegar.Vinegar is used as preservative in pickles.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :
1.Reaction of ethanoic acid with base: Ethanoic acid gives sodium acetate when it reacts with sodium hydroxide.
CH3COOH + NaOH ⇨ CH3COONa + H2O
(Sodium ethanoate)
2. Esterificaiton of ethanoic acid: Ethanoic acid gives ester when it reacts with absolute ethanol in presence of conc.
sulphuric acid. This reaction is called esterification reaction.

CH3COOH + C2H5OH conc H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

(Ethyl Ethanoate)
Ester is a sweet smelling compound. It is used in making perfumes and as a flavouring agent.
When ethyl ethanoate reacts with a base or acid, it gives back ethanol and ethanoic acid.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ⇨ CH3COOH + C2H5OH
This reaction is called saponification, since it is used in making of soap.
Ester of higher fatty acids gives sodium salt of higher fatty acid; when heated with glycerol and sodium hydroxide.
Sodium salts of higher fatty acid are known as soaps. This reaction is called saponification (soap making).
4. Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate:Ethanoic acid gives sodium acetate, water and
carbon dioxide when reacts with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate).
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ⇨ 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ⇨ CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Soaps and Detergents: Soap: Sodium salt or potassium salt of higher fatty acids is called soap. For eg.
Sodium stearate ( C17H35COONa) , Sodium palmitate( C15H31COONa).It is manufactured by the reaction of ester of higher fatty
acid with sodium hydroxide. Soap turns red litmus blue due to alkaline nature.
Detergent: Soap cannot form lather in hard water. To overcome this problem, detergents were introduced. Detergent is also
known as soapless soap. Detergent is ammonium or sulphonate salt of long chain carboxylic acids .
Cleansing action of soap:

 Soap molecule has two ends. The ionic end is hydrophilic and the long hydrocarbon chain end is hydrophobic.

When soap is dissolved in water and clothes are put in the soapy solution, soap molecules gather together as
clusters to make a spherical structure called micelle.
 The hydrophilic end is outside the sphere attached to water and hydrophobic end is towards the centre of the sphere
where particles of oily dirt or grease are trapped.
 When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the dirt particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap
micelles get dispersed in water due to which soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned.
 That is how, soap molecules wash away dirt and grease by making micelles around them.
Soap and Hard Water:
 Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium.
  Soap molecules react with the salts of calcium and magnesium and form a precipitate. This precipitate begins floating
as an off-white layer over water. This layer is called scum.
 Soaps lose their cleansing property in hard water because of formation of scum.Soap is wasted in neutralizing the
calcium or magnesium ions and after the neutralization is over ,then soap forms lather with hard water.
 Detergents are used instead of soaps in hard water to overcome the problem. The charged ends of these compounds do
not form precipitate with calcium or magnesium salts in hard water. Hence, detergents retain their cleansing property
in hard water.The cleansing action of detergents is similar to soaps.
Advantages of detergents:
1. Detergents can be used even with hard water.
2. Detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.
3. They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
Disadvantages of detergents :
1. Detergents are non biodegradable and cannot be decomposed by microorganisms and hence cause water pollution in lakes and
rivers.
WORKSHEET

1. Draw the electron dot structure and structural formula of:

a) Ethyne b) Butanone c) Methanal d)Ethanoic acid
e) Chlorine molecule f) Cyclo pentane g) Carbon tetrachloride h) N2
2. Identify the functional group in the following compounds and name them:

a. b.

c. d.
3. How many covalent bonds are present in (a) propane (b) butane
4. Compare the catenation ability of the two elements - C and S.
5. Define structural isomers and write two characteristics.
6. Define functional group. Give two examples.
7. Write four differences between ionic and covalent compounds.
8. Draw the two possible isomers of compounds with molecular formula C3H6O and write their names.
9. Arrange the following homologues in increasing order of boiling point or melting point.Why do they follow that order?
C3H4 , C4H6 , C5H8
10. Write the name and formula of the third member of homologous series of general formula
(a) CnH2n (b) CnH2n+1OH
11. Draw the structure and write the formula of (a) simplest alkene (b) simplest aldehyde
12. State the number of valence electrons and valency of carbon atom.
13. Write the name and the structure of an alcohol with three carbon atoms in its molecule.
14. Name the following: (a) simplest ketone (b) An acid with four carbon atoms.
15. Which is the next homologue of the following compounds:
16. (a) C3H8 (b) C4H9OH (c) C5H8 (d) CH2O
17. Write the possible isomers of a) butane b) pentane c) hexane.
18. Write two isomers of Chloro pentane.
19. Why the first three members of alkane series do not show isomerism?
20. Write the general formula of alkynes . Which is the first alkyne?
21. Write the name and structure of (a) alcohol derived from butane. (b) aldehyde with five carbon atoms.
22. Classify the following organic compounds into two homologous series and name them:
C3H4 C3H6 C4H6 C4H8 C5H8 C5H10
23. Write the name and structure of a saturated compound in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a
ring. Give the number of single bonds present in this compound.
24. Draw the structure of benzene.
25. Give reasons:
a. Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.
b. Carbon compounds have low melting and boiling points.
c. Carbon compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.
d. Gradation of physical properties occurs on moving down a homologous series.
e. Diamond has high melting point.
f. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
g. Carbon compounds are used as fuels for most applications.
h. Carbon forms large number of compounds.(explain the two properties) (2)
i. Carbon does not form C4+ cation or C4- anions , but forms covalent compounds. (3)
26. Define homologous series and write the two main characteristics. Write chemical formula of two consecutive members
of
 a homologous series and state the part of the compound which determines their
(i) physical properties (ii) chemical properties
27. What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrows in the given chemical reactions?
(a) CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH conc H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

(b) CH3CH2OH alk KMnO4 CH3COOH

(c) CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

C C Ni CH3 C C CH3
CH3 CH3 H H
28. Which of the following hydrocarbons will show addition reaction: C3H8 C4H8 C3H4 C2H4
29. Which chemical test is used to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons/butter and oil/propene and
propane?
30. How carboxylic acids are generally categorized? How are these acids different from mineral acids?
31. Write the name and structure of organic compound which is constituent of beer and produces intoxicating effect.
32. An organic compound ‘A’ of molecular formula C2H4O2 is widely used as a preservative in pickles. This compound
reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling compound ‘B’.
(a) Identify the compound ‘A’ and ‘B’. (b)Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(c) Name the reaction.
(d) Name the gas formed when compound ‘A’ reacts with washing soda . Write the chemical equation for reaction.
33. A carboxylic acid (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a
compound ‘D’.The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 gives the same carboxylic acid C2H4O2.
(a)Write the name and structure of carboxylic acid, alcohol and ‘D’. (b) Write the involved chemical reactions.
34. Define along with examples :(a) substitution reaction (b) saponification reaction (c) Addition reaction
(d) Esterification (e) Hydrogenation (f) Combustion reaction
35.On dropping a small piece of sodium in a test tube containing carbon compound ‘A’
(molecular formula = C2H6O) , a brisk effervescence is observed and a gas ‘B’ is produced , which burns with a pop
sound on bringing a burning splinter at the mouth of the test tube. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’. Also write the chemical equation
for the reaction.
35. Write the name and structure of the product formed, when you heat ‘A’ with excess of conc sulphuric acid along with a
chemical equation.
36. An organic compound ‘A’ is an essential constituent of wine and beer. Oxidation of ‘A’ yields an organic compound ‘B’
which is present in vinegar. Name the compound ‘A’ and ‘B’ and write their structural formula. What happens when ‘A’
and ‘B’ react in presence of an acid catalyst? Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
37. Write chemical equations for what happens when
(a) sodium metal is added to ethanoic acid.
(b) solid sodium carbonate is added to ethanoic acid.
(c) ethanoic acid reacts with a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide.
38. An ester has a molecular formula C4H8O2.Write its structural formula. What happens when the ester is heated in the
presence of sodium hydroxide solution? Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the products.
40.What is ethanol? State its two properties. What happens when it is heated with conc H 2SO4 at 443K? What role does conc
H2SO4 play in this reaction? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved and the structural formula of the main
product formed.
41. RCOOH + ROH H2SO4 RCOOR (‘X’)
(a) Identify the functional group present in ‘X’.
(b) Frame the chemical equation for the given reaction where R=C 2H5. Name the product formed.
42. How would you bring about the following conversions? Name the process and write the reaction involved.
(a) Ethanol to ethene. (b) Propanol to propanoic acid.
43. What are esters ? How are they prepared? List two uses of esters.
44. To which group ethanoic acid belongs to? How is it different from vinegar?
45. What is the difference between the molecules of soaps and detergents, chemically? Explain the cleansing action of soaps
along with a well labelled diagram.
46. Give an example of dehydrating agent. Give a chemical reaction to illustrate this property.
Write the physical and chemical properties to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid? (5)
47. Give reasons:
a. Ethene is more reactive than ethane.
b. A mixture of ethyne and air is not suitable for welding.
c. Unsaturated hydrocarbons give a yellow sooty flame.
d. Vegetable oil is healthier than vegetable ghee.
e. Soaps form scum with hard water.
f. Micelles are not formed when soap is added to ethanol.
g. Detergent cannot check the hardness of water.
h. Detergents are harmful to the environment.
i. Detergents are preferred over soaps for washing clothes in hard water.
48. List two merits and demerits of using detergents for cleaning.