Procedures And Functions
Procedures and Functions
• Procedures and functions:
• Normally stored in the database within package specifications – a package is a sort of
wrapper for a group of named blocks.
• Can be stored as individual database objects.
• Are parsed and compiled at the time they are stored.
• Compiled objects execute faster than nonprocedural SQL scripts because
nonprocedural scripts require extra time for compilation.
Procedures
• Procedures are named PL/SQL blocks.
• Created/owned by a particular schema
• Privilege to execute a specific procedure can be granted to or revoked from
application users in order to control data access.
• Requires CREATE PROCEDURE (to create in your schema) or CREATE ANY
PROCEDURE privilege (to create in other schemas).
CREATE PROCEDURE Syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE <procedure_name> (<parameter1_name> <mode>
<data type>, <parameter2_name> <mode> <data type>, ...) {AS|IS}
<Variable declarations>
BEGIN
Executable statements
[EXCEPTION
Exception handlers]
END <optional procedure name>;
• Unique procedure name is required.
• OR REPLACE clause facilitates testing.
• Parameters are optional – enclosed in parentheses when used.
• AS or IS keyword is used – both work identically.
• Procedure variables are declared prior to the BEGIN keyword.
• DECLARE keyword is NOT used in named procedure.
Parameters
• Both procedures and functions can take parameters.
• Values passed as parameters to a procedure as arguments in a calling statement are
termed actual parameters.
• The parameters in a procedure declaration are called formal parameters.
• The values stored in actual parameters are values passed to the formal parameters – the
formal parameters are like placeholders to store the incoming values.
• When a procedure completes, the actual parameters are assigned the values of the
formal parameters.
• A formal parameter can have one of three possible modes: (1) IN, (2), OUT, or (3) IN
OUT.
Defining the IN, OUT, and IN OUT Parameter Modes
• IN – this parameter type is passed to a procedure as a read-only value that cannot be
changed within the procedure – this is the default mode.
• OUT – this parameter type is write-only, and can only appear on the left side of an
assignment statement in the procedure – it is assigned an initial value of NULL.
• IN OUT – this parameter type combines both IN and OUT; a parameter of this mode is
passed to a procedure, and its value can be changed within the procedure.
• If a procedure raises an exception, the formal parameter values are not copied
back to their corresponding actual parameters.
Procedure to find square of a given number
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE squareNum(x IN number ,square out number) IS
BEGIN
square := x * x;
END;
/
To compile the procedure:
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\proc_sqr.sql;
OR
SQL> @ F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\proc_sqr.sql;
Procedure created.
Showing errors
Warning: Procedure created with compilation errors.
SQL> select * from user_errors;
NAME TYPE SEQUENCE LINE POSITION TEXT ATTRIBUTE MESSAGE_NUMBER
--------- --------------
SQUARENUM PROCEDURE 1 7 1
PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";"
ERROR 103
SQL> show errors;
Errors for PROCEDURE SQUARENUM:
LINE/COL ERROR
-------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
7/1 PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";"
To execute Procedure
• Call procedure in a PL/SQL Program
DECLARE
sq number:=0;
x number:=&x;
BEGIN
squareNum(x,sq);
dbms_output.put_line(' Square is:'||sq);
END;
/ SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\call_sqr.sql;
Enter value for x: 4
old 3: x number:=&x;
new 3: x number:=4;
Square is:16
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
To execute Procedure
• Use Exec/Execute
SQL> var sqr number;
SQL> exec squarenum(8,:sqr);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> print sqr;
SQR
----------
64
Procedure with No Parameters
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DisplaySalary IS
temp_Salary NUMBER(10,2);
temp_name [Link]%type;
BEGIN
SELECT Sal,ename INTO temp_Salary,temp_name FROM emp WHERE
empno=102;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Salary of '||temp_name||' is
'||temp_salary);
END;
/
Executing DisplaySalary Procedure
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\proc_dissal.sql;
Procedure created.
SQL> execute displaysalary;
Salary of Ramesh is 35000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Passing IN and OUT Parameters
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE displaysalary1(p_eno in number,p_sal
out number) IS
BEGIN
SELECT Sal INTO p_sal FROM emp WHERE empno=p_eno;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Employee not found.');
END displaysalary1;
/
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\proc_dissal1.sql;
Procedure created
Calling DisplaySalary1
DECLARE
v_sal [Link]%type;
v_eno [Link]%type:=&v_eno;
BEGIN
displaysalary1(v_eno,v_sal);
dbms_output.put_line('Actual salary of employee '||v_eno||' is
'||v_sal);
END;
/
Executing
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\call_dissal.sql;
Enter value for v_eno: 101
old 3: v_eno [Link]%type:=&v_eno;
new 3: v_eno [Link]%type:=101;
Actual salary of employee 101 is 30000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\call_dissal.sql;
Enter value for v_eno: 102
old 3: v_eno [Link]%type:=&v_eno;
new 3: v_eno [Link]%type:=102;
Actual salary of employee 102 is 35000
Executing using bind variables
SQL> var v_sal number;
SQL> execute displaysalary1(103,:v_sal);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> print v_sal;
V_SAL
----------
55000
SQL> var v_sal number;
SQL> execute displaysalary1(100,:v_sal);
Employee not found.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Cursor in Procedure
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE displaysalary2(p_dno in varchar2) IS
cursor cur_dis is select ename,sal from emp where deptno=p_dno;
BEGIN
for i in cur_dis
loop
dbms_output.put_line([Link]||' earns '||[Link]);
end loop;
END displaysalary2;
/
Executing
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\proc_dissal2.sql;
Procedure created.
SQL> execute displaysalary2('D1');
Sona earns 55000
Tina earns 25000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Dropping a Procedure
• The SQL statement to drop a procedure is the straight-forward DROP
PROCEDURE <procedureName> command.
• This is a data definition language (DDL) command, and so an implicit commit
executes prior to and immediately after the command.
SQL> DROP PROCEDURE DisplaySalary2;
Procedure dropped.
Create Function Syntax
• Like a procedure, a function can accept multiple parameters, and the data type of the
return value must be declared in the header of the function.
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION <function_name>
(<parameter1_name> <mode> <data type>,
<parameter2_name> <mode> <data type>, ...)
RETURN <function return value data type> {AS|IS}
<Variable declarations>
BEGIN
Executable Commands
RETURN (return_value);
. . .
[EXCEPTION
Exception handlers]
END;
• The general syntax of the RETURN statement is:
RETURN <expression>;
Example1-To retrieve salary
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
CREATE OR REPLACE function Display_Salary(v_eno in number)
Return number IS
temp_Salary NUMBER(10,2);
BEGIN
SELECT Sal INTO temp_Salary FROM emp WHERE empno=v_eno;
return temp_salary;
END;
/
Executing Functions
PL/SQL Block
DECLARE
v_sal [Link]%type;
v_eno [Link]%type:=&v_eno;
BEGIN
v_sal:=display_salary(v_eno);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary of '||v_eno||' is '||v_sal);
END;
/
Executing Functions
PL/SQL Block
DECLARE
v_sal [Link]%type;
v_eno [Link]%type:=&v_eno;
BEGIN
v_sal:=display_salary(v_eno);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary of '||v_eno||' is '||v_sal);
END;
/
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\call_func.sql;
Enter value for v_eno: 103
old 3: v_eno [Link]%type:=&v_eno;
new 3: v_eno [Link]%type:=103;
Salary of 103 is 55000
Executing Functions
SELECT
SQL> select display_salary(103) from dual;
DISPLAY_SALARY(103)
-------------------
55000
Executing Functions
EXECUTE/EXEC
SQL> var v_sal number;
SQL> exec :v_sal:=display_salary(103);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> print v_sal;
V_SAL
----------
55000
Dropping a Function
• As with the DROP PROCEDURE statement, the DROP FUNCTION <functionName> is also
straight-forward.
• As with DROP PROCEDURE, the DROP FUNCTION statement is a DDL command that
causes execution of an implicit commit prior to and immediately after the command.
SQL> DROP FUNCTION FullName;
Function dropped.
Write a function to display the name of the employee drawing less salary in a
given department
--function to display the name of employee earning less salary
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
CREATE OR REPLACE function Display_ename(d_no in varchar2)
Return varchar2 IS
v_ename [Link]%type;
BEGIN
SELECT ename INTO v_ename FROM emp WHERE sal=(select min(sal) from emp
where deptno=d_no);
return v_ename;
END;
/
SQL> start F:\advdbms\2020\lab\program\procedure\func_dispename.sql;
Function created.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPT NO
---------- --------------- ---------- --
101 Ravi 30000 D2
102 Ramesh 35000 D2
103 Sona 55000 D1
104 Tina 25000 D1
105 Bindu 35000 D3
106 Bahabur 35000 D4
6 rows selected.
SQL> select display_ename('D2') from dual;
DISPLAY_ENAME('D2')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ravi
SQL> select display_ename('D1') from dual;
DISPLAY_ENAME('D1')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tina
Function Vs Procedure
Stored Procedure Function
May or may not returns a value to the calling Returns a value to the calling part of the
part of program. program.
Uses IN, OUT, IN OUT parameter. Uses only IN parameter.
Returns a value using “ OUT” parameter. Returns a value using “RETURN”.
Does not specify the datatype of the value if Necessarily specifies the datatype of the
it is going to return after a calling made to it. value which it is going to return after a
calling made to it.
Cannot be called from the function block of Can be called from the procedure block of
code. code.
