Intensive Training to Strengthen the Competency of IMS state of eLearning

e-Learning Content Development

Manuscript Writing Form

Country Vietnam
Language English ■ Local Language

Course Title Electrical Engineering

Lesson Title Synchronous Machines
SME Dr. Nguyen Nga Viet
Submission Date 2015

Version 1.0
Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Intro > Overview

□ A : Voice and PPT Overview
□ B : Text-based Overview
■ C : Video and PPT Overview

 Today’s lesson is “Synchronous Machines”.

Opening
Message

1. Introduction and Construction

2. Alternator Operation
3. Alternator Equations
Lesson
4. Alternator Power
topics
5. Voltage Regulation
6. Parallel Operation of Alternators
7. Synchronous Motors

At the completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

+ Identify and describe the construction of synchronous machines
+ Describe working principle and operation of an alternator

Learning + Model a synchronous machine and derive alternator equations

Goals + Formulate active power and reactive power for alternators
+ Draw alternator’s external characteristics and control characteristics
+ Describe the parallel operation of alternators
+ Describe a synchronous motor in terms of working principle, equations and methods of starting

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Keywords
Electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical
Alternator
energy in the form of alternating current.
An electromagnet used to generate a magnetic field in an electro-
magnetic machine, typically a rotating electrical machine such as a
Field coil
motor or generator. It consists of a coil of wire through which a
current flows.
A generator or battery that supplies the electric current used to
Exciter
produce the magnetic field in another generator or motor
The part of an electric motor or generator that produces an electric
Armature current when it turns in a magnetic field. For a synchronous
machine, it is the stator.
Device that indicates the degree to which two systems (generators
Synchroscope or power networks) are synchronized with each other.

Device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not

Synchronous connected to anything but spins freely. Its field is controlled by a
condenser voltage regulator to either generate or absorb reactive power as
needed to adjust the grid's voltage, or to improve power factor.
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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

Identify and describe the construction of synchronous

machines

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Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.1 Synchronous machines

• AC electrical machine: n = n1
• Two windings:
‒ Stator windings (armature windings):
to grid with constant frequency
‒ Rotor windings (field windings):
to DC source

n = n1

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Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.2 Applications
• Alternators:
‒ Primary source: 3-phase power from mechanical power
• Synchronous motors:
‒ 10MW range drive crushers, variable-speed ball mills
‒ Synchronous motors for low speeds (<300 r.p.m.), power
factor adjustable to unity, high efficiency
‒ Over-excited synchronous motors improve power factor
of a plant
‒ Improve the voltage regulation of transmission lines

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Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.3 Construction
• Stator
‒ Stationary part
‒ Sheet-steel laminations
having slots on its inner
periphery
Stator of a large water pump
‒ Three-phase windings in the slots
 armature windings

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Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.3 Construction
• Rotor
‒ Field winding supplied by a DC source (exciter)
‒ Two types:
• Nonsalient (or cylindrical) pole type
• Salient (or projecting) pole type

Stator q
d

Exciter

Rotor

Nonsalient pole type Salient pole type

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

Describe working principle and operation of an

alternator

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.1 Working Principle

• Induction
‒ DC exciter energizing rotor windings  field flux
‒ Rotor rotates
 Stator conductors cut by the field flux
 Induced e.m.f is alternating

Phase A Phase B Phase C

1.0

0.5

0 90° 180° 270° 360°

-0.5

-1.0
120° 120°

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

U
2.1 Working Principle
CB
• EMF & frequency
‒ EMF: Eo  4.44fw1k w o
I Eo
Eo : emf per phase
S
w1 : number of turns per phase
kw : winding factor φo
φo: field flux
N
U=
‒ Electrical frequency synchronized n
with mechanical rate of rotor rotation
pn
f (Hz)
60
‒ Induced currents create rotating field
with the same speed n
n1 = n

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator

• Load  current I in stator Eo
‒ produce its own magnetic field 𝜙a
a
‒ distort rotor magnetic field
‒ change the resulting voltage o I
• When load p.f. is unity (𝜓 = 0) N S
n
‒ Pure resistive load is connected
‒ Armature flux is at 90o behind the main flux
‒ Armature flux distorts main flux, no weakening

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator

• When load p.f. is zero-lagging (𝜓 = 90o):
‒ Pure inductive load is connected
‒ Current lags behind the emf by 90o
• Current is maximum at zero emf and vice-versa
‒ Armature flux opposes and weakens main flux
Eo

o a
I
N S
n

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator

• When load p.f. is zero-leading (𝜓 = −90𝑜)
‒ Pure capacitive load is connected
• Current leads the voltage by 90o
• Current is maximum at zero e.m.f. and vice-versa
‒ Armature flux strengthens the main flux

Eo

o a
N S

I n

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator Eo

• For immediate values of load p.f.
Iq I
‒ Two current components: 
o aq
• Direct-axis component Id N S
• Quadrature-axis component Iq
Id
‒ Effect is partly distorting , n
ad
‒ partly weakening (inductive load),
‒ or partly strengthening (capacitive load)

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Lesson > Topic 3 Alternator Equations

Model a synchronous machine and derive alternator

equations

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Lesson > Topic 3 Alternator Equations

3.1 Synchronous machine model Rotation

φo Xs
Ia

• Voltage drop Ix Eo
Ra U Load

N2
‒ Armature resistance: 𝐼𝑅𝑎 Ra Eo Eo
Xs
‒ Leakage reactance: 𝐼𝑋𝐿 Ra
Xs Ib
Ic
‒ Armature reaction:
j(Id Xad  Iq Xaq )
• Direct axis magnetizing armature reactance Xad
• Quadrature axis magnetizing armature reactance Xaq
• Xd = Xad + XL : Direct axis synchronous reactance
• Xq = Xaq + XL : Quadrature axis synchronous reactance
‒ For salient-pole rotor: 𝑋𝑎𝑑 ≠ 𝑋𝑎q
‒ For nonsalient-pole rotor: 𝑋𝑑 = 𝑋q = Xs
(Synchronous reactance)
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Lesson > Topic 3 Alternator Equations

E o jI d X d

3.2 Alternator KVL equation jI q X q 

U

 E
U   j(I X  I X )  jIX
o d ad q aq L

  jI (X  X )  jI (X  X ) 
E o d ad L q aq L I q
I
 
  E  jI X  jI X
U o d d q q
I d

• Nonsalient pole type: Xd = Xq = Xs E o

jIX S

U
 E
U   jIX
o S

  I


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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

Formulate active power and reactive power for

alternators

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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

E o jI d X d
4.1 Active power
jI q X q 
U
• Total power developped (m phase):
P  mUI cos 

 mUI cos(  )  mUI cos  cos   mUI sin  sin 
I q
I
U sin  E  U cos   
I cos   I q  ; I sin   I d  o
Xq Xd
I d
Eo U 2  1 1 
P  mU sin   m  sin 2
Xd 
2  Xq Xd  
Eo
P  mU sin 
‒ No saliency, Xd=Xq : Xd
(nonsalient rotor alternator)  1
U 2
 1 
m  sin 2
‒ Second term – reluctance power 2 X
 q X 
d 

due to saliency, independent of the excitation

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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.1 Active power

• Power angle characteristics P=f(θ)
‒ Excitation power Pe ~ sinθ
‒ Reluctance power Pu ~ sin2θ
‒ Total power P = Pe+ Pu P
• Steady-state 1.5

P Pe
1

θ = 0 ÷90o 0.5
Motor Pm
Normal: θ = 20o ÷30o 
0

op
• Motor mode -0.5

Pu
 P< 0, θ < 0 -1
Generator
-1.5
-0.01 -0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01

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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.1 Active power

• Control P
‒ Control mechanical power input
‒ Torque produced P mUEo
T  sin  
mU 2
[
1 1
 ]sin 2
 Xd  2 Xq Xd

Rotation

Eo Eo
U θ
I=0 I>0 U
θ = 0, α = 0 θ =α*p

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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.2 Reactive power

• Formula
‒ Derived the same way as P

Q  mUIsin 

 mUI sin(   )  mUI sin  cos   mUI cos  sin 

Eo U 2  1 1  mU 2  1 1 
Q  mU cos   m    cos 2  
Xd 2  Xq Xd  2  X q X d 


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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.2 Reactive power

• For non-salient rotor
‒ Formula mUEo mU 2 mU
Q cos    (E o cos   U)
Xs Xs Xs
>0
Q
Q ~ (Eo cosθ – U) <0 5

=0 -5

-10


 Excitation
-15

-20

-25
Motor Generator
-30

-35
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Q = f()
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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

 jIXs
4.2 Reactive power  jIXs
Eo
• Control Q
U Eo
mU 
Q (E o cos   U) U
Xs 
ϕ
I I ϕ

E o cos   U Q0 

E o cos   U Q0 Overexcited Underexcited

E o cos   U Q0  Increasing/decreasing excitation

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Lesson > Topic 5 Voltage Regulation

Draw alternator’s external characteristics and control

characteristics

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Lesson > Topic 5 Voltage Regulation

U

5.1 External characteristics R-C

• Voltage regulation: Uo

Terminal voltage
change in terminal voltage R

from no load to full load R-L

% Voltage regulation No-load voltage

0 In
Load current
Uo  U n Eo  Un
U%  100  100%
Un Un U
Uo R-L
Full-load voltage R
Un
• External characteristics R-C
‒ Fixed Ix I
‒ Change Ix to maintain U 0 In

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Lesson > Topic 5 Voltage Regulation

5.2 Control Characteristics Ix

R-L
• Curve of field
current against load current R
at nominal voltage
Ix = f(I) R-C

• Depending on types of load

0 I

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Lesson > Topic 6 Parallel Operation of Alternators

Describe the conditions for parallel operation of

alternators

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Lesson > Topic 6 Parallel Operation of Alternators

6.1 In practice, alternators working in parallel

• Power stations interconnected through grid
• Advantages: Continuity of service, maintenance
and repair, load growth, efficiency

Loads

To other
parallel circuits
Loads
Loads

Busbars Loads
(Voltage U)

E Machine 1

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Lesson > Topic 6 Parallel Operation of Alternators

6.2 Conditions for paralleling alternator with infinite

busbars
• Terminal voltage = Busbar voltage
(use voltmeters)
• Voltages in phase (use synchroscope)
• Same frequency (use synchroscope)
• Same phase sequence
(phase sequence indicator)
Stator Rotor

To busbars To incomming
machine

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

Describe a synchronous motor in terms of working

principle, equations and methods of starting

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.1 Synchronous motor has no starting torque

 3- φ source  rotating field
like rotating magnet
 DC current to rotor
 Fe
 f = 50Hz, poles changed
after 0.01s
 Not enough time for
rotor to rotate a half-turn
due to inertia
 Fe changes direction
 Motor cannot start

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.2 Starting synchronous motors

• Motor starting with an external prime mover
‒ Bring to full speed at no-load using a starting motor
‒ Then turn off, synchronous machine acts as a motor
‒ For many medium-size to large motors

DC
Starting motor Synchronous
motor

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.2 Starting synchronous motors

• Motor starting by reducing electrical frequency
‒ Stator magnetic field at low enough speed
 rotor to accelerate and lock in
‒ Grudually increase the frequency and so, the speed
‒ Variable-frequency drive unit: for both speed control
and motor starting

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.2 Starting synchronous motors

laid into notches Shorting
• Motor starting by using bars

amortisseur (or damper) windings

‒ Most popular way
‒ Damper windings get Rotor close to
synchronous speed
‒ Field current turned off

1 2

RT
1
2

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

I Ra Xs
7.3 Motor KVL equation
• Salient rotor U Eo

   
U  Eo  jId Xd  jIq Xq Stator circuit Rotor
circuit
• Non-salient rotor   
U  E o  jI Xs  jIq Xq

U U  jId Xd

ϕ jI Xs
 Eo
 Eo
ϕ
I I
Iq 

Id
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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.4 Synchronous motor on load

• Working principle

Axis of N pole Axis of S pole Axis of N pole Axis of S pole

of rotor of stator of rotor of stator

No load
On load

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.5 VAr compensation with synchronous motor

• Assumptions:
 P = const
 U = const
I cos   const

A B
UD
 E o sin 
ϕ jIX s  const
m Eo C

I
n

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.5 VAr compensation with synchronous motor

n
• Power factor I3
‒ Lagging
‒ Unity
‒ Leading
• Two zone: A I2 B U D
jI3XS

‒ Overexcited ϕ
‒ Underexcited m Eo C jI X
S E o2 E o3
I
Underexcited Overexcited
Consume Q Generate Q
Ix increased  Eo increased

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.5 VAr compensation with synchronous motor

• Synchronous condenser I

• Synchronous motor V curves

Armature current
Ix

Synchronous condenser, Melbourne Victoria, Australia

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Outro > Summary

No Topic Summary

Introduction and Construction In this topic, an overview of synchronous machines is presented

1 in terms of classification and construction.

Alternator Operation Based on the construction and physical laws, you can explain the
2 working principle of an alternator as well as phenomena such as
the armature reaction.

Alternator Equations Physical phenomena now can be modeled by circuit elements

3 and equations can be derived. Then, analysis can be made
easier with tools such as vector diagram.
Alternator Power Analysis of the machine is used to formulate active and reactive
4 powers for an alternator.

Voltage Regulation Another important characteristics is voltage regulation from

which you can deduce external characteristics and control
5
characteristics.

Parallel Operation of Alternators Paralleling alternators in power systems is important and very
popular due to day-by-day growing of loads. Conditions for
6
alternator parallel operation should be considered.

Synchronous Motors Synchronous motors are important in industries for large power
motors and especially for power factor compensation. As they
7
cannot start themselves starting methods should be considered.

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Outro > Next Lesson Guide

You have learnt about:

1. Introduction and Construction
2. Alternator Operation
Ending Message
3. Alternator Equations
4. Alternator Power
5. Voltage Regulation
6. Parallel Operation of Alternators
7. Synchronous Motors

Next Lesson Title

DC Machines – Part 1
1. Introduction and Principle
2. Construction of DC Machines
3. Magnetic Field & EMF
Next topic 4. Electromagnetic Power &Torque

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References

1. Dang Van Dao, Le Van Doanh, Electrical

Engineering, Science & Technology Publishing
House, 1995.
2. Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of
Electrical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2007.
3. Brian S. Elliott, Electromechanical Devices &
Components Illustrated Sourcebook, McGraw-
Hill, 2007.

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