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 Digital Notes
21CB702 IT Workshop Scilab + Lab
Department: CSBS
Batch/Year: 2021-25/VII
Created by: Dr.G.Amudha
Date: 19.07.2024
 Table of Contents

S NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Contents 5

2 Course Objectives 6

3 Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code) 7

4 Syllabus (With Subject Code, Name, LTPC details) 8

5 Course Outcomes 9

6 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 10

7 Lecture Plan 11

8 Activity Based Learning 12

9 Lecture Notes 13

10 Assignments 30

11 Part A (Q & A) 31

12 Part B Qs 45

13 Supportive Online Certification Courses 47

Real time Applications in day to day life and to 48

14
Industry

15 Contents Beyond the Syllabus 50

16 Assessment Schedule 52

17 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 53

18 Mini Project Suggestions 54

Course Objectives
The Course will enable learners to:

To introduce the students with the basic features of MATLAB/Scilab for problem solving.

To introduce the students about the Mathematical functions like matrix generation.

To introduce the students about the Mathematical functions like Plotting with multiple
data sets, line styles and colors.

To introduce the students about the Array operations and solving Linear equations in
MATLAB/Scilab.

To introduce the students about the control flow and operators using if-end structures
and loops.
Prerequisite

NIL
 SYLLABUS
21CB702 IT WORKSHOP SCILAB + LAB L T P C
3 0 2 4

UNIT I Introduction to MATLAB 9

Introduction to MATLAB: History, basic features, strengths and weaknesses, good
programming practices and plan your code.
Working with variables, workspace and miscellaneous commands: Creating
MATLAB variables, overwriting variable, error messages, making corrections,
controlling the hierarchy of operations or precedence, controlling the appearance of
floating-point number, managing the workspace, keeping track of your work session,
entering multiple statements per line, miscellaneous commands.
UNIT II Matrix, Array and basic Mathematical functions 9
Matrix generation, entering a vector, entering a matrix, matrix indexing, colon
operator, linear spacing, creating a sub-matrix, dimension, matrix operations and
functions matrix generators, special matrices, array and array operations, solving
linear equations, other mathematical functions.
UNIT III Basic Plotting 9
Overview, creating simple plots, adding titles, axis labels, and annotations, multiple
data sets in one plot, specifying line styles and colours.
Unit IV Introduction to programming 9
Introduction to programming: Introduction, M-File Scripts, script side-effects, M-
File functions, anatomy of a M-File function, input and output arguments, input to a
script file, output commands.
Control flow and operators: "if ... end'' structure, relational and logical operators,
"for ... end'' loop, "while ... end'' loop, other flow structures, operator precedence,
saving output to a file.
UNIT V Debugging M-Files 9
Debugging process, preparing for debugging, setting breakpoints, running with
breakpoints, examining values, correcting and ending debugging, correcting an M-file.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
 Course Outcomes
Cognitive/
Affective
Expected
Course Level of
Course Outcome Statement Level of
Code the
Attainment
Course
Outcome
Course Outcome Statements in Cognitive Domain

Write fundamental programs in MATLAB/Scilab,

Understand 90%
CO1 creating variables and mathematical functions. K2
Understand how to program matrix operations,
Analyse 90%
array operations and how to solve the system of K4
CO2 linear equations.
Program the fundamentals concepts of basic
Analyse
Plotting consisting of simple and multiple data K4 90%

CO3 sets in one plot.

Understand how to program M-file scripts, M- file Analyse
90%
K4
functions, Input –output Arguments and
program control flow operators, loops, flow

CO4 structures.

Use the debugging process and debugging M- Apply 90%

K3
CO5 files.
 CO-PO/PSO Mapping

Correlation Matrix of the Course Outcomes to Programme Outcomes and

Programme Specific Outcomes Including Course Enrichment Activities

(CO Programme Outcomes (POs), Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

s)

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PS PS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O1 O2 O3

CO1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2

CO2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2

CO3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2

CO4 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2

CO5 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2

9
 Lecture Plan
UNIT – I

Proposed date
of

pertaining CO
Actual lecture

of
Taxonomy

delivery
S No Topics

Periods

Mode
Date

level
No
Introduction to MATLAB: History,
1 CO1 K2 Chalk & Talk
1 basic features

Strengths and weaknesses, good

Chalk & Talk
2 programming practices and plan 1 CO1 K2
your code.

Creating MATLAB variables, Hands on

3 1 CO1 K4
overwriting variable Session

Error messages, making

corrections, controlling the K4 Hands on
1 CO1
4 hierarchy of operations or Session
precedence

Controlling the appearance of Hands on

5 1 CO1 K4
floating-point number Session

Hands on
6 Managing the workspace 1 CO1 K4
Session

Keeping track of your work Hands on

7 1 CO1 K4
session Session

Entering multiple statements per Hands on

8 1 CO1 K4
line, miscellaneous commands. Session

Hands on
9 Activity 1 CO1 K4
Session
 Activity based learning
(Model building/Prototype)
 UNIT I
Introduction to MATLAB

1.1 Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB is a software package for high-performance numerical computation and

visualization. It provides an interactive environment with hundreds of built-in
functions for technical computation, graphics, and animation. Best of all, it also
provides easy extensibility with its own high-level programming language. The
name MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory.

The diagram in Fig.1.1 shows the main features and capabilities of MATLAB.
MATLAB's built-in functions provide excellent tools for linear algebra computations,
data analysis, signal processing, optimization, numerical solution of ordinary
differential equations (ODEs), quadrature, and many other types of scientific
computations. Most of these functions use state-of-the-art algorithms. There are
numerous functions for 2-D and 3-D graphics , as well as for animation.

There are also several optional "toolboxes" available from the developers of
MATLAB. These toolboxes are collections of functions written for special
applications such as symbolic computation, image processing, statistics, control
system design, and neural networks. The list of toolboxes keeps growing with
time. There are now more than 50 such toolboxes.

The basic building block of MATLAB is the matrix. The fundamental data type is the
array. Vectors, scalars, real matrices, and complex matrices are all automatically
handled as special cases of the basic data type.

1.2 Basic Features of MATLAB

1. High-Level Language

This is a high-level programming language with data structures, control flow

statements, functions, output/input, and object-oriented programming. It permits
both, rapidly creating speedy throw-away programs, and creating complete, complex
and large application programs.

13
2. Interactive Environment

MATLAB provides an interactive environment that allows iterative exploration, design,

and problem-solving. It is a bunch of tools that a programmer can use. It includes
abilities for handling the variables in the workspace & importing/exporting data. It
also contains tools for development, handling, debugging, and profiling MATLAB files.

Fig.1.1 Schematic diagram of MATLAB’s main features

3. Handling Graphics

It offers built-in graphics useful for data visualizing, and tools for generating custom
plots. MATLAB holds high-level instructions specially for creating two and three-
dimensional data visualizations, animations, image processing, and graphical
presentation.

4. Mathematical Functions Library

It offers a huge library of mathematical functions needed for computing statistics,

linear algebra, numerical integration, filtering, Fourier analysis, optimization and
solving regular differential equations.

14
5. Application Program Interface (API)

MATLAB APIs allow users to write C / C++ and Fortran programs that directly interact
with MATLAB. These include options for calling programs from MATLAB (dynamic
linking), reading and writing MAT-files, and for calling MATLAB as a computational
engine. The users can utilize MEX API and Matrix API functions to interact with data
within the MATLAB workspace.
6. Toolboxes

A ” Toolbox” is a set of functions designed for a specific purpose and compiled as a

package. These Toolboxes include MATLAB code, apps, data, examples and the
documentation which helps users to utilize each Toolbox. Users can compile MATLAB
files to create toolboxes if they require sharing with others. There are separate
Toolboxes available from Mathworks, to be used for specific purposes, for example,
text analytics, image processing, signal processing, deep learning, statistic & machine
learning, and many more.

7. Accessing Data

MATLAB can natively support the sensor, video, image, telemetry, binary, and various
real-time data from JDBC/ODBC databases. Reading data from different databases,
CSV, audio, images, and video is super simple from an integrated environment.

8. Interfacing with Other Languages

Libraries written in Perl, Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB,
and many libraries for XML or SQL support can be employed as wrappers around Java
or ActiveX libraries.

7. Accessing Data

MATLAB can natively support the sensor, video, image, telemetry, binary, and various
real-time data from JDBC/ODBC databases. Reading data from different databases,
CSV, audio, images, and video is super simple from an integrated environment.

8. Interfacing with Other Languages

Libraries written in Perl, Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB,
and many libraries for XML or SQL support can be employed as wrappers around Java
or ActiveX libraries.

15
9. Data Processing

A vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra, Fourier analysis, filtering,
statistics, optimization, numerical integration and solving ordinary differential
equations. MATLAB’s numeric routines scale openly to parallel processing over
clusters and clouds.

Parallel Computing Toolbox distributes training across multicore CPUs graphical

processing units (GPUs), and clusters of computers with multiple CPUs and GPUs.

10. Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Beyond Statistics

Deep Learning Toolbox provides simple MATLAB commands for creating and
interconnecting the layers of a deep neural network. MATLAB provides an ML-rich
language library, allowing the script to be very short and equally effective as
compared to other languages. Automated feature selection and built-in hyper-
parameter tuning make fine-tuning the machine learning and deep learning models
easy.

11. Text Analytics

Text Analytics Toolbox offers algorithms for pre-processing, visualizing, analyzing, and
modeling textual data. It contains tools for handling raw textual data from sources
such as news feeds, equipment logs, surveys, social media, and even operator
reports. Models created with this toolbox can be used in applications such as
sentiment analysis, and topic modeling. Models created with the Text Analytics
Toolbox can also be combined with features from other data sources for building
machine learning models that use numeric, textual and other data types.

12. Multi-Platform Deployment

MATLAB allows to ‘export’ machine learning models anywhere including Java,

Microsoft .NET, Excel, Python, C/C++, CUDA (parallel computing platform and
programming model developed by Nvidia), enterprise IT systems, or the cloud. Or
deploy models to MATLAB Production Server for integration with web, desktop,
database, and enterprise applications.

16
 1.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
Every language has strengths and weaknesses. A programmer needs to know when
to use the various programming languages that exist.

Pros of MATLAB

It is one of the easiest languages to use ‘out of the box.’ This means that once you
download the language, you can start using it immediately, even without knowing
much about the language.

MATLAB IDE: It is included with the basic installation. Other languages have
multiple IDEs to choose from which can confuse new learners. It has one IDE that is
simple to use and optimized for new users.

Fast Development: It has lots of built-in functionality that makes it easy to write
scripts quickly. The syntax is straightforward and does not require an advanced
understanding of programming concepts to begin programming.

Easy to Learn: It handles back-end processes for the user, removing the
complexity required in other languages. The user-friendly syntax allows new
programmers to flourish and progress well.

Easy Data Visualization: Creating plots and graphs is as simple as it gets. MATLAB
plot(), plot3(), scatter(), and scatter3() functions are powerful yet effortless to learn.

Support: As it is a paid product, there is a support team willing to assist you with
issues. Open-source languages do not offer a support team.

Community: There is a steadily growing MATLAB community that posts on forums

to assist new users. This provides a helpful platform to receive advice for budding
users.

17
 Cons of MATLAB

Price: It competes with free open-source languages, as many individuals

throughout the world can not afford to pay for a license.

Python is one of its largest competitors, as many of the same functionality exists in
Python’s matplotlib and NumPy packages for free.

Speed: MathWorks intentionally made it easy to use, which comes at the cost of
speed. The language handles back-end processes, which other languages, such as
C++, allow the programmer to specify. Also, it is an interpreted language, which
means it converts code line-by-line into machine code every time you run a script.
This is slower than compiled languages, which convert scripts to machine code once
by creating an executable.

1.4 Good programming practices and plan your code

When writing a program, it is important to pick meaningful names for the variables.
Meaningful names make a program much easier to read and to maintain. Names
such as day, month, and year are clear even to a person seeing a program for the
first time. Since spaces cannot be used in MATLAB variable names, underscore
characters can be substituted to create meaningful names. For example, exchange
rate might become exchange_rate.

Good Programming Practice 1

Always give your variables descriptive and easy-to-remember names. For example, a
currency exchange rate could be given the name exchange rate. This practice will
make your programs clearer and easier to understand.

It is also important to include a data dictionary in the header of any program that
you write. A data dictionary lists the definition each variable used in a program. The
definition should include both a description of the contents of the item and the units
in which it is measured.

18
A data dictionary may seem unnecessary while the program is being written, but it is
invaluable when you or another person have to go back and modify the program at
a later time.

Good Programming Practice 2

Create a data dictionary for each program to make program maintenance easier.

The MATLAB language is case sensitive, which means that uppercase and lowercase
letters are not the same. Thus the variables name, NAME, and Name are all different
in MATLAB. You must be careful to use the same capitalization every time that
variable name is used.

Good Programming Practice 3

Be sure to capitalize a variable exactly the same way each time that it is used. It is
good practice to use only lower case letters in variable names.

Many MATLAB programmers use the convention that variable names use all
lowercase letters, with underscores between words. The variable exchange_rate
mentioned previously is an example of this convention. Other MATLAB programmers
use the convention common in Java and C++, where underscores are not used, the
first word is all lowercase, and all subsequent words are capitalized. The same
variable written in this convention would be exchangeRate. This convention is known
as "Camel Case." Either convention is fine, but be consistent throughout your
programs.

Good Programming Practice 4

Adopt a standard naming and capitalization convention, and use it consistently

throughout your programs.

19
 Good Programming Practice 5

If data must be exchanged between MATLAB and other programs, save the MATLAB
data in ASCII format. If the data will only be used in MATLAB save the data in MAT-
file format.

Working with variables, workspace and miscellaneous

commands:
Starting MATLAB

After logging into your account, you can enter MATLAB by double-clicking on the
MATLAB shortcut icon (MATLAB 2023a) on your Windows desktop. When you start
MATLAB, a special window called the MATLAB desktop appears. The desktop is a
window that contains other windows. The major tools within or accessible from the
desktop are:

The Command Window

The Command History

The Workspace

The Current Directory

The Help Browser

The Start button

When MATLAB is started for the first time, the screen looks like the one that shown
in the Figure 1.2. This illustration also shows the default configuration of the
MATLAB desktop. You can customize the arrangement of tools and documents to
suit your needs.

You are now faced with the MATLAB desktop on your computer, which contains the
prompt (>>) in the Command Window. Usually, there are 2 types of prompt:

20
>> for full version

EDU> for educational version

Note: To simplify the notation, we will use this prompt, >>, as a standard prompt
sign, though our MATLAB version is for educational purpose.

Fig1.2: The graphical interface to the MATLAB workspace

Matlab Vs Scilab

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2Viz14GDuA

21
 Using MATLAB as a calculator
As an example of a simple interactive calculation, just type the expression you want
to evaluate. For example, let's suppose you want to calculate the expression, 1 + 2*
3. You type it at the prompt command (>>) as follows,

>> 1+2*3

ans = 7

If an output variable is not specified, MATLAB uses a default variable ans, short for
answer, to store the results of the current calculation. Note that the variable ans is
created (or overwritten, if it is already existed). To avoid this, you may assign a
value to a variable or output argument name. For example,

>> x = 1+2 * 3
x=7

will result in x being given the value 1 + 2 * 3 = 7. This variable name can always
be used to refer to the results of the previous computations. Therefore, computing
4x will result in

>> 4*x

ans = 28.0000
Quitting MATLAB

To end your MATLAB session, type quit in the Command Window, or select File ->
Exit MATLAB in the desktop main menu.

1.5 Creating MATLAB variables

MATLAB variables are created with an assignment statement. The syntax of variable
assignment is

Variable name = a value (or an expression)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlgN4UHWvmU

22
For example,

>> x = expression

where expression is a combination of numerical values, mathematical operators,

variables, and function calls. On other words, expression can involve:

• manual entry

• built-in functions

• user-defined functions

1.5.1 Overwriting variable

Once a variable has been created, it can be reassigned. In addition, if you do not
wish to see the intermediate results, you can suppress the numerical output by
putting a semicolon (;) at the end of the line. Then the sequence of commands
looks like this:

>> t = 5;
>> t = t+1
t=6

1.5.2 Error messages

If we enter an expression incorrectly, MATLAB will return an error message. For
example, in the following, we left out the multiplication sign, *, in the following
expression

>> x = 10;
>> 5x
??? 5x
|
Error: Unexpected MATLAB expression.

23
 1.5.3 Making Corrections
To make corrections, we can, of course retype the expressions. But if the expression
is lengthy, we make more mistakes by typing a second time. A previously typed
command can be recalled with the up-arrow key .. When the command is displayed
at the command prompt, it can be modified if needed and executed.

1.5.4 Controlling the hierarchy of operations or

precedence
Let's consider the previous arithmetic operation, but now we will include
parentheses. For example, 1 + 2 * 3 will become (1 + 2) * 3

>> (1+2)*3

ans = 9 and, from previous example

>> 1+2*3
ans =7

By adding parentheses, these two expressions give different results: 9 and 7.

The order in which MATLAB performs arithmetic operations is :

Exponentiations are done first, followed by multiplications and divisions, and finally
by additions and subtractions. However, the standard order of precedence of
arithmetic operations can be changed by inserting parentheses. Parentheses can
always be used to overrule priority, and their use is recommended in some complex
expressions to avoid ambiguity. Therefore, to make the evaluation of expressions
unambiguous, MATLAB has established a series of rules.

The order in which the arithmetic operations are evaluated is given in Table 1.1. MAT
LAB arithmetic operators obey the same precedence rules as those in most
computer programs. For operators of equal precedence, evaluation is from left to
right.

24
 Table 1.2: Hierarchy of arithmetic operations

Now, consider another example:

In MATLAB, it becomes

>> 1/(2+3^2)+4/5*6/7

ans = 0.7766

or, if parentheses are missing,

>> 1/2+3^2+4/5*6/7

ans = 10.1857

So here what we get is two different results. Therefore, the importance of

precedence rule need to be emphasized in order to avoid ambiguity.

1.5.5 Controlling the appearance of floating point

number.
MATLAB by default displays only 4 decimals in the result of the calculations, for
example -163.6667, as shown in above examples. However, MATLAB does numerical
calculations in double precision, which is 15 digits. The command format controls
how the results of computations are displayed. Here are some examples of the
different formats together with the resulting outputs.

25
 >> format short

>> x=-163.6667

If we want to see all 15 digits, we use the command format long

>> format long

>> x= -1.636666666666667e+002

To return to the standard format, enter format short, or simply format.

Note - Up to now, we have let MATLAB repeat everything that we enter at the
prompt (>>). Sometimes this is not quite useful, in particular when the output is
pages in length. To prevent MATLAB from echoing what we type, simply enter a
semicolon (;) at the end of the command. For example,

>> x=-163.6667;

and then ask about the value of x by typing,

>> x

x = -163.6667

1.5.6 Managing the workspace

The contents of the workspace persist between the executions of separate
commands. Therefore, it is possible for the results of one problem to have an effect
on the next one. To avoid this possibility, it is a good idea to issue a clear command
at the start of each new independent calculation.

>> clear

The command clear or clear all removes all variables from the workspace. This frees
up system memory. In order to display a list of the variables currently in the
memory, type

26
 >> who

while, whos will give more details which include size, space allocation, and class of
the variables.

1.5.7 Keeping track of your work session

It is possible to keep track of everything done during a MATLAB session with the
diary command.

>> diary

or give a name to a created file,

>> diary Filename

where Filename could be any arbitrary name you choose.

The function diary is useful if you want to save a complete MATLAB session. They
save all input and output as they appear in the MATLAB window. When you want to
stop the recording, enter diary off. If you want to start recording again, enter diary
on. The file that is created is a simple text file. It can be opened by an editor or a
word processing program and edited to remove extraneous material, or to add your
comments. You can use the function type to view the diary file or you can edit in a
text editor or print. This command is useful, for example in the process of preparing
a homework or lab submission.

In Scilab

>> diary(“filename”) //File Creation

…… // type the content of the file

…….

>> diary(0) // To close the file

27
 1.5.8 Entering multiple statements per line.
It is possible to enter multiple statements per line. Use commas (,) or semicolons (;)
to enter more than one statement at once. Commas (,) allow multiple statements
per line without suppressing output.

>> a=7; b=cos(a), c=cosh(a)

b = 0.6570

c = 548.3170

1.5.9 Miscellaneous commands

Here are few additional useful commands:
• To clear the Command Window, type clc
• To abort a MATLAB computation, type ctrl-c
• To continue a line, type . . .

To view the online documentation, select MATLAB Help from Help menu or MATLAB
Help directly in the Command Window. The preferred method is to use the Help
Browser. The Help Browser can be started by selecting the ? icon from the desktop
toolbar. On the other hand, information about any command is available by typing

>> help Command

Another way to get help is to use the lookfor command. The lookfor command
differs from the help command. The help command searches for an exact function
name match, while the lookfor command searches the quick summary information
in each function for a match.

For example, suppose that we were looking for a function to take the inverse of a
matrix. Since MATLAB does not have a function named inverse, the command help
inverse will produce nothing. On the other hand, the command lookfor inverse will
produce detailed information, which includes the function of interest, inv.

>> lookfor inverse

28
In the current version of MATLAB, the doc function opens the on-line version of the
help manual. This is very helpful for more complex commands.

>> doc plot

Use lookfor to find functions by keywords. The general form is

>> lookfor FunctionName

29
 Assignments
Q.
No.
Question CO
Level
K Level

Determine the result of the following calculations using

1
SCILAB if a = 2.3, b = -2.3, c= π/2, x = 2/π, and y = √3:
[1]. (a2 + bc + x)
[2]. sin(c) + y/c CO1 K4
[3]. (a+c)/(x+y)
[4]. 1/(cos(c) + ln(x))
[5]. (a+c)3/b

Check if the following Boolean statements are true or

false based on the values of a, b, c, x, and y given above.
[6]. a > c
[7]. a = b
[8]. (2a+b)/x2 < 1
[9]. x + 2ab + b2 ≤ 23
[10]. 2ac = 2cb
Compute the following quantities:
2 25 1
and compare with (1 − 25 ) -1
25−1 CO1 K4
3 5 − 1 /( 5 + 1)2 − 1

Area = Πr2 with r =∏1/3 - 1 .

 UNIT I Question Bank
PART A
1. Define MATLAB? (K2, CO1)

MATLAB is a very powerful software package that has many built-in tools for
problem solving and developing graphical illustrations. The simplest method for
using the MATLAB product is interactively; an expression is entered by the user
and MATLAB immediately responds with a result. It is also possible to write
scripts and programs in MATLAB, which are essentially group of commands that
are executed sequentially.

2. Mention the various commands in MATLAB serve as an introduction and

allow you to get help? (K2, CO1)

info – will display contact information for the product.

demo – has demos of some of the features of MATLAB

help – will explain any command; help help will explain how help works.

helpbrowser – opens a help window.

lookfor - searches through the help for a specific word or phrase.

3. Mention various tools that are accessible in MATLAB? (K2, CO1)

The major tools within or accessible from the desktop are:

The Command Window

The Command History

The Workspace

The Current Directory

The Help Browser

The Start button

31
4. How can MATLAB variables be created? Give an example. (K2,CO1)

MATLAB variables are created with an assignment statement. The syntax of

variable assignment is

variable name = a value (or an expression)

For example, >> x = expression

mynum = 6

where expression is a combination of numerical values, mathematical operators,

variables, and function calls.

On other words, expression can involve:

manual entry

built-in functions

user-defined functions
5. What is meant by overwriting a variable in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

Once a variable has been created, it can be reassigned. In addition, if you do not
wish to see the intermediate results, putting a semicolon (;) at the end of the
statement suppresses the numerical output. Then the sequence of commands looks
like this: >> t = 5;

>> t = t+1

t=6
6. Discuss about default variable in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

MATLAB uses a default variable named ans if an expression is typed at the prompt
and it is not assigned to a variable. For example, the result of the expression 6+3 is
stored in the variable ans. >> 6+3

ans = 9

The default variable is reused any time just an expression is typed at the prompt.

32
7. Mention some of the rules for naming a variable? (K2,CO1)

Variable names are an example of identifier names.The name must begin with a
letter of the alphabet. After that, the name can contain letters, digits, and the
underscore character(e.g., value_1), but it cannot have a space.

There is a limit to the length of the name;

MATLAB is case-sensitive, which means that there is a difference between

uppercase and lowercase letters. So, variables called mynum, MYNUM, and
Mynum are all different.

Although underscore characters are valid in a name, their use can cause problems
with some programs that interact with MATLAB, so some programmers use mixed
case instead (e.g., partWeights instead of part_weights).

There are certain words called reserved words, or keywords, that cannot be used
as variable names.

Names of built-in functions can, but should not, be used as variable names.

Additionally, variable names should always be mnemonic, which means that they
should make some sense. For example, if the variable is storing the radius of a
circle, a name such as radius would make sense; x probably wouldn’t.

8. Mention some MATLAB commands that are related to variables?

(K2,CO1)

who - shows variables that have been defined in the command Window.

whos - shows variables that have been defined in this Command Window (this
shows more information on the variables, similar to what is in the Workspace
Window)

clear - clears out all variables, so they no longer exist

clear variablename clears out a particular variable.

clear variablename1 variablename2…. clears out a list of variables.

33
9. Mention various datatypes in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

Each variable has a type associated with it. There are many different data types, or
classes, available in MATLAB. You can build matrices and arrays of floating-point and
integer data, characters and strings, logical true and false values, and so on.

Integer data types are: int8, int16, int32 and int64. The numbers in the names
represent the number of bits used to store value of that type.

Floating point number datatypes are : single and double.

Character type: char and strings.

Logical type : used to store true/false values.

10. What is the use of format command in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

The format command can be used to specify the output format of expressions.
There are two options available in MATLAB for format.

format short (default) to display decimal points with four decimal places and
format long will result in 15 decimal places.

Example:
>> format long >> format short
>>2*sin(1.4) >> 2*sin(1.4)
ans= ans =
1.970899459976920 1.9708

11. What is continuation operator or the ellipsis in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

In MATLAB long expressions can be continued on the next line by typing three(or
more) periods, which is the continuation operator or the ellipsis. To do this, type part
of the expression followed by an ellipsis, then hit the enter key and continue typing
the expression on the next line.

>>3+55-62+4-5 …

+22-1

ans = 16
34
12. Mention the types of operators in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)
There are in general two kinds of operators.
(i) Unary operators and
(ii) Binary operators
Unary operators are operators which operate on a single value or operand.
Binary operators are operators which operate on two values or operands.

13. List the common operators that are used with numerical expressions in
MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

The common arithmetic operators are:

+ addition
- negation, subtraction
* Multiplication
/ division (divided by e.g. 10/5 is 2)
\ division (divided into e.g. 5\10 is 2)
^ exponentiation (e.g. 5^2 is 25)

14. Mention the order in which the expression 5-(6*(4+2)) is evaluated in

MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

In the given expression, first the addition is performed, then the multiplication, and
finally the subtraction, to result in -31.

15. Mention the operator precedence rule in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

The below table represents the precedence rule.

35
16. Explain the difference between these two statements: result = 9*2
and result = 9*2; (K2,CO1)

Using the semicolon at the end of the line will not show that operation in the
command window. So, for the first expression, we see that the result is shown in the
command window while for the other one, the variable is just shown in the
workspace.

>> result=9*2

result = 18

>> result=9*2;

17. Use the built-in function namelengthmax to find out the maximum
number of characters that you can have in an identifier name under your
version of MATLAB. (K4,CO1)

In MATLAB, there are different types of identifiers, for example, variable names,
function and class names, etc. There is an inbuilt function namelengthmax that
returns the maximum allowed length of an identifier in MATLAB. Usually, this
maximum length of an identifier depends on which version of MATLAB we are using
and so it can vary from user to user.

>> namelengthmax

ans = 63

Therefore, 63 characters is the maximum number of characters that can be used to

name a variable.

18. Explore the format command in more detail. Use help format to find
options. Experiment with format bank to display dollar values. (K4,CO1)

>>format long >>2*cos(45) ans = 1.050643977635459

36
>> format short
>> 2*cos(45)
ans =
1.0506
>> format bank
>> 6.22222
ans = 6.22
>> 8.12345
ans = 8.12
format
>> 6.11111111
ans = 6.1111

We can see that the format function can change the number of displayed decimal
points where format long will result in 15 decimal places and format short will result
in 4.

Typing format bank shown decimal places will be equal to 2 whilst typing just format
restores the default option equal to format short function.

19. Define tab completion feature in MATLAB? (K2,CO1)

MATLAB has a useful shortcut that is called the tab completion feature. If beginning
character in the name of a function is typed and hit the tab key, a list of functions
that begin with the typed characters pops up. Capitalization errors are automatically
fixed up.

Also if a function name is typed incorrectly, MATLAB will suggest a correct name.

>>abso(-4)

Undefined function or variable ‘abso’

Dis you mean:

>>abs(-4)

37
20. Create a variable ftemp to store a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
(F). Convert this to degrees Celsius (C) and store the result in a variable
ctemp. The conversion factor is C=[F-32] x 5/9. (K4,CO1)

>> ftemp=70;

>> ctemp=(ftemp-32)*5/9

ctemp = 21.1111

21. Experiment with the functional form of some operators such as plus,
minus, and times. (K4,CO1)

>> 3+2*8/6

ans =

5.6667

>> (3+2)*8/6

ans =

6.6667

>> 3-2*(8/6)

ans =

0.3333

It is necessary to watch out at the order of operation and the precedence of the
operators. Parentheses have the highest precedence followed by multiplication and
division while addition and subtraction have the lowest precedence.

22. What is the difference between x and 'x’? (K4,CO1)

Difference between x and ’x’ is the format. Without using the quotes, x would be a
variable name like:

38
>> x=5

x= 5

but if we use quotes, x variable is now representing a character x.

>> x='x'

x = ‘x’

23. Explain the difference between constants and variables. (K2,CO1)

Variables are used to store the values that might change or are not known ahead
of time. These are defined by the user with a chosen name.

Constants are values that are always the same and known, they do not change.
Some of these are,

24. Create two variables x any y and store numbers in them. Write an
expression that would be true if the value of x is greater than 5 or if the
value of y is less than10, but not if both of these are true. (K4,CO1)
>> x=7;
>> y=-3;
>> xor(x>5,y<10)
ans = logical
0

39
>> x=3;
>> y=-3;
>> xor(x>5,y<10)
ans = logical
1

Function xor gives back the output as true if only one statement is true. If both are
true, it will be false.

25. Use the equality operator to verify that 3* 10^5 is equal to 3e5?
(K4,CO1)

>> 3*10^5==3e5

ans = logical 1

2 equal operators should be used when verifying the equality of the statement.

26. In the ASCII character encoding, the letters of the alphabet are in
order: ‘a’ comes before ‘b’ and also ‘A’ comes before ‘B’. However, which
comes first – lower or uppercase letters? (K4,CO1)

>> int32('a')

ans =

97

>> int32('A')

ans =

65

Upper case letters come first in the ASCII character encoding. Function int32 shows
ASCII encoding off a specified character.

27. Are there equivalents to intmin and intmax for real number types? Use
help to find out? (K4,CO1)

40
Using help intmin and help intmax we can come to help to see functions realmin and
realmin that are equivalents to intmin and intmax.

>> realmin

ans =

2.2251e-308

>> realmin('single')

ans =

single

1.1755e-38

>> realmax

ans =

1.7977e+308

>> realmax('single')

ans = single

3.4028e+38

28. Use intmin and intmax to determine the range of values that can be
stored in the types uint32 and uint64? (K4,CO1)
Functions

intmin and intmax return the minimum and maximum value a variable type can
store.

intmin('uint32')

ans = uint32

41
intmax('uint32')
ans =
uint32
4294967295
intmin('uint64')
ans =
uint64
0
intmax('uint64’)
ans =
uint64
18446744073709551615

29. Use the cast function to cast a variable to be the same type as another
variable. (K4,CO1)

>>x='5’;
>>y=2;
>> z=cast(x,'like’,y)
z = 53
>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class Attributes
x 1x1 2 char
y 1x1 8 double
z 1x1 8 double

30. Use help elfun or experiment to answer the following questions:

Is fix(3.5) the same as floor(3.5)

Is fix(3.4) the same as fix(-3.4)

42
Is fix(3.2) the same as floor(3.2)

Is fix(-3.2) the same as floor(-3.2)

Is fix(-3.2) the same as ceil(-3.2) (K4,CO1)

Help elfun brings the help for elementary math functions. There it can be seen that
floor and ceil functions round up a number towards the minus and plus infinity
respectively. Function fix rounds up a number towards the 0.

fix(3.5)==floor(3.5)

ans =

fix(3.4)==fix(-3.4)

ans =

fix(3.2)==floor(3.2)

ans =

fix(-3.2)==floor(-3.2)

ans =

fix(-3.2)==ceil(-3.2)

ans =

43
31. what would be the result of the following expressions?
 ‘b’>=‘c’-1
 3==2+1
 xor(5<6,8>4)
 10>5>2
 result=3^2-20;
 0<=result<=10 (K4,CO1)
1. The ‘b’ >= ‘c’-1
The expression is based on the ASCII equivalent values of the characters.
>> 'b'>='c'-1
ans = logical 1
2. 3==2+1
ans = logical 1
3. xor gives false value as it only gives true value if only one statement is true.
xor(5<6,8>4)
ans = logical 0
4. 10>5>2
ans = logical 0

using multiple ’less than’ and ’greater than’ operators is valued starting with the first
statement from the left. Then, the outcome of that statement (true or false i.e.1 or
0) is valued against the right statement. For example:
5. >> result=3^2-20 result = -11
6. >> 0<=result<=10 ans = logical 1

This is true since the first statement is false (0<=−110<=−11) followed by the true
statement (0<=100<=10)

44
 Part-B Questions
Q. Questions CO K Level
No. Level

1. Discuss in detail the basic features of MATLAB? CO1 K2

2. Discuss in detail about operator precedence’s in

CO1 K2
MATLAB with suitable example?

3. Explain how does the appearance of floating-point

number is controlled in MATLAB? Discuss with suitable CO1 K2
commands?

4. Discuss about good programming practices in MATLAB? CO1 K2

Explore the format command in more detail. Use help

format to find options. Experiment with format bank to CO1 K4
5.
display dollar values.

Using only the integers 2 and 3, write as many

6.
expressions as you can that result in 9. Try to come up
with at least 10 different expressions (Note: don't just
CO1 K4
change the order). Be creative! Make sure that you write
them as MATLAB expressions. Use operators and/or built-
in functions.

7. A chemical plant releases an amount A of pollutant

into a stream. The maximum concentration C of the
pollutant at a point which is at a distance x from the
plant is: CO1 K4

Create variables for the values of A and x, and then for

C. Assume that the distance x is in meters. Experiment
with different values for x.
 Part-B Questions
Q. Questions CO K Level
No. Level

The geometric mean g of n numbers x, is defined as

the nth root of the product of x:

(This is useful, for example, in finding the average rate

CO1 K4
8. of return for an investment which is something you'd
do in engineering economics.) If an investment returns
15% the first year, 50% the second, and 30% the third
year, the average rate of return would be
(1.15*1.50*1.30)". Compute this.

An environmental engineer has determined that the

cost C of a containment tank will be based on the
9. CO1 K4
radius r of the tank:

Create a variable for the radius, and then for the cost.

A company manufactures a part for which there is a

desired weight. There is a tolerance of N %, meaning
that the range between minus and plus N% of the
desired weight is acceptable. Create a variable that
10. CO1 K4
stores a weight and another variable for N (e.g., set it
to 2). Create variables that store the minimum and
maximum values in the acceptable range of weights for
this part.

Write a scilab program to swap two numbers without

11. CO1 K4
using temporary variables.

Write a scilab program to convert centigrade to

12. CO1 K4
farenheit.
 Supportive Online Courses

Sl. Courses link

No.
1 Introduction to Programming with https://www.coursera.org/learn/matlab?spe
MATLAB cialization=matlab-programming-engineers-
scientists

2 Mastering Programming with https://www.coursera.org/learn/advanced-

MATLAB matlab-programming?specialization=matlab-
programming-engineers-scientists

3 Introduction to Data, Signal, and https://www.coursera.org/learn/matlab-

Image Analysis with MATLAB image-processing?specialization=matlab-
programming-engineers-scientists
 Real Time Applications in Day to
Day life and to Industry
Sl. No. Real Time Application

Object Detection Using YOLO v2 Deep Learning in

1.
MATLAB
This example shows how to train a you only look once (YOLO) v2 object
detector.
Deep learning is a powerful machine learning technique that you can use to
train robust object detectors. Several techniques for object detection exist,
including Faster R-CNN and you only look once (YOLO) v2.
This example trains a YOLO v2 vehicle detector using
the trainYOLOv2ObjectDetector function. For more information, see Getting
Started with YOLO v2 (Computer Vision Toolbox).
Load Dataset
This example uses a small vehicle dataset that contains 295 images.
Many of these images come from the Caltech Cars 1999 and 2001 data sets,
created by Pietro Perona and used with permission. Each image contains one or
two labeled instances of a vehicle. A small dataset is useful for exploring
the YOLO v2 training procedure, but in practice, more labeled images are
needed to train a robust detector. Unzip the vehicle images and load the
vehicle ground truth data.
unzip vehicleDatasetImages.zip
data = load('vehicleDatasetGroundTruth.mat');
vehicleDataset = data.vehicleDataset;
The vehicle data is stored in a two-column table, where the first column
contains the image file paths and the second column contains the vehicle
bounding boxes.
% Display first few rows of the data set.
vehicleDataset(1:4,:)
 Real Time Applications in Day to
Day life and to Industry
Sl. No. Real Time Application

Object Detection Using YOLO v2 Deep Learning

1.
The vehicle data is stored in a two-column table, where the first column
contains the image file paths and the second column contains the vehicle
bounding boxes.
% Display first few rows of the data set.
vehicleDataset(1:4,:)

ans=4×2 table imageFilename vehicle

_________________________________ ____________
{'vehicleImages/image_00001.jpg'} {1×4 double}
{'vehicleImages/image_00002.jpg'} {1×4 double}
{'vehicleImages/image_00003.jpg'} {1×4 double}
{'vehicleImages/image_00004.jpg'} {1×4 double}

% Add the fullpath to the local vehicle data folder.

vehicleDataset.imageFilename = fullfile(pwd,vehicleDataset.imageFilename);
Split the dataset into training, validation, and test sets. Select 60% of the data
for training, 10% for validation, and the rest for testing the trained detector.
For More Reference
https://in.mathworks.com/help/deeplearning/ug/object-detection-using-yolo-
v2.html?searchHighlight=yolo&s_tid=srchtitle_support_results_5_yolo
 Content Beyond the Syllabus
UNIT -I
AI, Data Science, and Statistics
MATLAB® makes data science easy with tools to access and preprocess data, build
machine learning and predictive models, and deploy models.

Using apps or with just a few lines of MATLAB code, you can apply statistical,
machine, and deep learning techniques to your work for designing algorithms,
preparing and labeling data, or generating code and deploying to embedded systems.
Extend AI modeling and data fitting workflows with specialized tools for:

Data types such as images, video, signals, audio, and text

Applications such as computer vision, audio and signal processing, text analytics,
wireless communications, and automated driving.

Train Classification Model in Classification Learner App

You can use Classification Learner to train models of these classifiers: decision trees,
discriminant analysis, support vector machines, logistic regression, nearest neighbors,
naive Bayes, kernel approximation, ensembles, and neural networks. In addition to
training models, you can explore your data, select features, specify validation
schemes, and evaluate results. You can export a model to the workspace to use the
model with new data or generate MATLAB® code to learn about programmatic
classification.

Training a model in Classification Learner consists of two parts:

Validated Model: Train a model with a validation scheme. By default, the app
protects against overfitting by applying cross-validation. Alternatively, you can choose
holdout validation. The validated model is visible in the app.

50
Full Model: Train a model on full data without validation. The app trains this
model simultaneously with the validated model. However, the model trained on full
data is not visible in the app. When you choose a classifier to export to the
workspace, Classification Learner exports the full model.

The app displays the results of the validated model. Diagnostic measures, such as
model accuracy, and plots, such as a scatter plot or the confusion matrix chart,
reflect the validated model results. You can automatically train one or more
classifiers, compare validation results, and choose the best model that works for
your classification problem. When you choose a model to export to the workspace,
Classification Learner exports the full model. Because Classification Learner creates
a model object of the full model during training, you experience no lag time when
you export the model. You can use the exported model to make predictions on
new data.

https://in.mathworks.com/help/stats/train-classification-models-in-classification-
learner-app.html

51
 Assessment Schedule
Tentative schedule for the Assessment During 2023-2024 Odd semester

Name of the
S.NO Start Date Portion
Assessment

1 IAT 1 11.09.2023 UNIT 1 & 2

2 IAT 2 27.10.2023 UNIT 3 & 4

3 MODEL 17.11.2023 ALL 5 UNITS

52
 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Digital Image Processing using MATLAB. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods,
Steven Eddins, Pearson Education, Inc., 2020.
2. MATLAB: A Practical Introduction to Programming and Problem Solving. Stormy
Attaway, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2019.ebook pdf
REFERENCES:
1.https://www.mathworks.com/content/dam/mathworks/mathworks-dot-
com/moler/exm/book.pdf
2. https://www.mathworks.com/help/releases/R2014b/pdf_doc/matlab/getstart.pdf

53
 MINI PROJECT SUGGESTIONS

Suppose you have a data set containing observations with measurements on

different variables (called predictors) and their known class labels. If you obtain
predictor values for new observations, could you determine to which classes those
observations probably belong? This is the problem of classification.
Fisher's Iris Data
Fisher's iris data consists of measurements on the sepal length, sepal width, petal
length, and petal width for 150 iris specimens. There are 50 specimens from each of
three species. Load the data and see how the sepal measurements differ between
species.
Fisher’s Dataset can be downloaded from Kaggle and the link is given below.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/vikrishnan/iris-dataset
Perform Classification using
(1) Discriminant analysis
(2) Naïve Bayes Classifier
(3) Decision Trees
Follow this tutorial
https://in.mathworks.com/help/stats/classification-example.html

54
 Thank you

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